First, the United States' fostering policy. Mainly manifested in:
First, Japan's monopoly and political transformation. After World War II, the United States occupied Japan alone for seven years, which ensured the integrity of Japan's territory and the singleness of its social system and ideology, and was conducive to Japan's long-term stable development. The United States has also carried out political transformation of Japan based on democracy and legal system. Robert? Edelstein and Gene? Michael. Professor Paul said: "In order to succeed, we must immediately carry out extensive institutional reforms, that is, creatively break down the obstacles that hinder Japan's economic recovery or economic growth." (1) If the chaebol is dissolved, to a certain extent, it will remove the feudalism and exclusivity based on family blood relationship in large enterprises, eliminate some feudal drawbacks of chaebol enterprises, create favorable conditions for more equal competition among enterprises, and a group of capable newcomers will be promoted to leadership positions. The agricultural land reform basically disintegrated Japan's semi-feudal land system, liberated agricultural productivity, expanded the rural market, and made Japan enter a relatively pure capitalist society. Due to the strategic needs in the Far East, the United States also retained the Japanese emperor and emperor system, and reformed the Japanese fascist and militaristic regimes with the principle of "separation of powers" in the United States. These measures of the United States provided a reliable guarantee for Japan to embark on the road of peaceful construction and concentrated development after the war.
Due to the needs of the "cold war", it gave strong support to the recovery and development of Japan's economy. The United States abandoned its war claim against Japan and withdrew its plan to demolish Japan's military industry as war compensation. From June 1947 to March 1948, the United States put forward two new schemes, which greatly modified the previous "compensation scheme" and reduced the demolition of industrial equipment to 30% of the scheme. By May 1949, Japan simply announced the cancellation of all reparations. (2) In the early postwar period, the United States gave Japan more than $2 billion in aid and loans, and provided Japan with a large amount of energy and raw materials such as oil, coal and iron ore. Thus, it promoted the revitalization of Japan's economy after the war, and the "nuclear umbrella" strategy of the United States greatly saved the cost of security and defense.
Second, the two regional wars in Asia have provided important opportunities for Japan's economic development. Especially the Korean War, greatly promoted the pace of Japan's post-war economic recovery. The war caused a "upsurge of special needs". The invading US military placed a large number of military orders, bought cheap labor services from Japanese manufacturers, and swept away the unsalable inventory products of Japanese enterprises 1 000- 1 500 million yen, which changed the passive situation in which Japan's economy was struggling in financial austerity. According to statistics, from the outbreak of the war to 1953, the special income was 128 billion dollars, and the generalized special income was 2.38 billion dollars. Japan's foreign exchange reserve was only $200 million in 1949, but it did not increase to165438+400 million in 1952, an increase of nearly five times in three years. The proportion of special needs income in foreign exchange income reached 38. 1% in 1953, and the number of direct beneficiaries exceeded 200,000. Special income stimulated the recovery of Japanese economy, increased the income of workers, promoted the growth of effective demand, and provided favorable conditions for increasing the import of raw materials and advanced technology and updating backward equipment. The outbreak of the Korean War and the resulting changes in the international situation promoted the rapid development of Japan's foreign trade. The Korean War gave Japan an opportunity to expand its import and export, and Japan's export trade usually increased substantially. 1950 in July, Japan's total exports increased to 74 million US dollars, an increase of 18% over June, setting a record for Japan's monthly exports after the war. 1950 In the first half of the year, Japan exported 50 million US dollars per month, and jumped to 80 million US dollars in the second half. It can be said that the Korean War is a panacea for Japan's economy. ③
Second, the strong state intervention and leadership of the Japanese government is the source of economic development. The implementation of state monopoly capitalism is mainly manifested in the state's strengthening of macro-management of the economy.
First, according to the characteristics of different stages, the government promotes economic take-off through various plans at different stages of economic development. Such as Hatoyama's five-year plan for economic self-defense, Kishi Nobusuke's new long-term economic plan and Ikeda's national economic multiplication plan.
Second, the government is committed to the cultivation and development of emerging industries, guiding and regulating the development of emerging industries. For example, the Law on Cultivation of Synthetic Resin Industry, the Law on Temporary Treatment of Revitalization of Electronic Industry and the Law on Special Treatment of Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing have been passed successively. Through the implementation of these plans, not only the industrial structure has been adjusted, but also the development direction of export-oriented economy has been established, and the government's macro-management of the economy and the adjustment of domestic economic life have been implemented. Of course, if the market chooses, then any form of government intervention is redundant. For these industries, after confirming that the market will definitely not choose, the government will make choices in an appropriate way, and the government will take the intervention of laws, financial and tax systems and intermediary organizations to coordinate interests and make up for them.
Third, the government determines the main direction of economic development, formulates new economic policies, and realizes the transformation from "building a country through trade" to "building a country through science and technology". Japan's domestic market is small, and industrial products are heavily dependent on exports. For this reason, the government put forward the slogan of "building a country through trade", and the export trade grew rapidly, from 1960 to 1970. Japanese industrial production grew at an average annual rate of 13.6%, while export trade grew at an average annual rate of 16.9%. The Japanese government believes that science and technology are the core elements of national strength, and in order to adapt to the vigorous development of the new technological revolution, it has put forward the strategic idea of "building the country through science and technology". Japan attaches great importance to the multifaceted role of technology in national development and has adopted an economic and technological development model from imitation to innovation. According to statistics, from 1950s to 1977, more than 29,000 foreign technologies were introduced, and then they were improved, supplemented and developed according to their own economic characteristics and technical basis, becoming new technologies of "Japanese". Of course, many people attribute economic growth to strong government intervention. Despite government intervention, Japan's economy has developed according to its own laws most of the time. According to an important study, economic freedom is still the core element of economic growth. ④
Third, Japan's modern enterprise management system and the improvement of enterprise spirit.
Japanese enterprises implement a strict and flexible scientific management system. In 1950s, many large enterprises in Japan implemented "lifelong employment system" and "seniority sequential wage system", which organically combined the interests of employees and enterprises and gave employees a sense of dependence and security. Secondly, widening the pay gap between employees makes employees feel that only by continuous competition and innovation can they get high pay, thus creating a sense of pressure. Enterprises attach importance to "emotional investment" in employees, actively coordinate labor relations, and cultivate employees' professionalism of "taking the factory as their home". This "Japanese company" model helps Japan to cultivate strong industrial capabilities. ⑤ Enterprise managers attach importance to spiritual investment. As Akio Morita, general manager of Sony, said, "There are no mysteries and secrets in excellent Japanese companies. The success of an enterprise depends on people, not some theories, plans or government policies. The first task of Japanese enterprise managers is to establish good relations with employees and cultivate the feelings of being like a family and being as close as lips and teeth. In Japan, companies that do well are those that can make all employees share the joys and sorrows and share the fate with * * *. Apart from Japan, I haven't found any country adopting this simple management method. Practice has strongly proved that it is effective. " In Japan, business managers try their best to cultivate family-like feelings with workers, not only caring about their work, but also their lives; Not only the workers themselves, but also their families. Workers' birthdays, weddings, diseases and funerals are even more opportunities for enterprises to "emotionally invest". For example, Seibu Group holds a unique shoeshine ceremony every year. First, senior employees shine shoes for new employees, and then new employees shine shoes for their predecessors. The presidents of the head office and branch offices personally attended this grand ceremony, which was broadcast to the whole country by the TV station via satellite, so as to cultivate the spirit of employees' love for the company and promote exchanges among colleagues. ⑥ Japanese modern enterprise spirit is closely related to Japanese traditional familism and family concept. Japanese familism and family concept are different from China's clan system and family concept linked by blood relationship. The starting point of Japanese family concept is that the family is a public institution. Therefore, the traditional extended family relationship and the prevailing "nepotism" in China have been excluded, and it can be more harmonious, closer and United than the western structure, and become a social cohesion. Japanese scholars say: the unit of western society is individuals, and individuals gather to become countries, while the social unit of Japan is families, and families gather to become countries. Therefore, under the propaganda and education of "integration of labor and capital" and "taking enterprises as home", the Japanese family-oriented concept has changed into the company-oriented concept, forming a kind of work spirit of unity and forge ahead.
Fourth, the positive influence of Japanese traditional culture and education.
First, the cultural environment of the island country has promoted the opening of Japan. Before the American occupation after World War II, foreigners never invaded and conquered Japan, and there was no large-scale immigration of foreigners. The long-term stable and relatively closed environment has made the Japanese develop a special national consciousness. In their ideas and feelings, foreigners have a clear dividing line with the Japanese nation, which naturally forms their affinity and cohesion, and at the same time forms the foreign nation's psychology of "being different inside and outside", which has become one of the bases of Japanese enterprises' group consciousness of uniting to compete with foreign countries. Therefore, Japanese traditional culture is compatible, inclusive and coexisting, and it is an open and pluralistic cultural complex. Of course, in international cultural exchanges, it is always "accepting a lot and paying little".
The second is the cultural psychology of neglecting thinking, emphasizing practicality and effectively absorbing and digesting foreign advanced cultural achievements. Japanese cultural psychology emphasizes reality, practicality and practicality, and Japan can be called the best inheritor and practitioner of the world's advanced culture. In modern times, the Japanese successfully absorbed and digested modern European science and technology, and it was extremely rapid and effective. ⑨
Third, their attitude of refusing to fail and admitting humiliation is deeply rooted in their psychology. Japanese corporate culture can easily tolerate low returns, but it is difficult to tolerate complete failure. Attending in Japan, it is a deep-rooted tradition to study wholeheartedly. In Japanese companies, the learning atmosphere is very strong.
Fourth, Japan's education system is universal. The education system in the Edo era has begun to take shape in compulsory education, and the compulsory education for all in the early years of Meiji Restoration was based on this. After World War II, the Japanese government made the development of education a national policy. In the extremely difficult financial situation, we will adhere to compulsory education in primary and junior high schools and provide free meals and textbooks for primary and junior high school students. 1947, the Japanese government increased the compulsory education for three years, and allocated 6% of the gross national product for education every year. This has improved the cultural and scientific knowledge level of the people and played an important role in improving the quality of the people. Because the government attaches great importance to the cultivation of talents, education is the first priority, and people give full play to their talents and apply what they have learned. After the war, 60% of Japan's economic growth was achieved by technological progress.
To sum up, after World War II, Japan's economy was able to create miracles because it fully combined its superior history, geography and culture, and used the favorable international environment to create more advantages to develop its own achievements.