Force-dominated recovery method

In the Restoration Movement, Yan Fu was a reformist thinker who opposed stubborn conservatism and advocated restoration. He not only expounded the necessity, importance and urgency of reform, but also translated the evolution theory of British biologist Huxley to "contend with nature".

Choosing "the survival of the fittest" and "the times must move forward, and the future is better than today" as the theoretical basis for saving the country and surviving, which had great influence at that time. After the Reform Movement of 1898, he devoted himself to the translation of western bourgeois philosophy and social theory and natural science works, and was a bourgeois enlightenment thinker. Yan Fu believes in Darwin's theory of evolution and Spencer's vulgar theory of evolution. This is the theoretical basis of his political thought and educational thought. In Yuan Qiang, Yan Fu pointed out that the strength of a country depends on three basic conditions: "First, strong blood and physical strength, second, strong intelligence and wisdom, and third, strong virtue and justice. "He fantasizes about strengthening national prestige through bourgeois physical, intellectual and moral education. Therefore, today, politics should be unified in three aspects: one is to drum up people's strength, the other is to enlighten people's wisdom, and the third is to promote people's morality. The so-called drum up people's strength means that the people of the whole country should have a healthy body, opium should be banned, and the bad habit of foot binding should be banned; The so-called enlightened people's wisdom is mainly to replace the imperial examination with western learning; The so-called new people's morality mainly refers to abolishing autocratic rule, implementing constitutional monarchy, advocating "respecting the people" and demanding reform, and advocating political reform, but he also advocates that "it is impossible to get together." "The specific method of" eliminating without outburst "is realized through education, that is, in China at that time, constitutional monarchy can only be implemented after enlightened by people's wisdom. In a word, the theory of "saving the country through education" is a prominent ideological feature of Yan Fu.

Yan Fu advocated that political reform must be carried out, otherwise the country would perish. The first step of reform is to abolish stereotyped writing. Yan Fu elaborated on the harm of stereotyped writing: stereotyped writing can harm the country, unless it destroys itself, and the harm lies in making the world incompetent. What can it do if it deprives the world of talents? There are three great evils: "first, ignorance", "second, bad intentions" and "third, wandering hands". Yan Fu advocates running more schools. He once discussed that western countries attach importance to education and appreciated the compulsory education that "people don't study and blame their parents". Because the ignorance and wisdom of China people are far from each other, they naturally cannot surpass others. Based on this idea, Yan Fu actively runs schools. Besides personally serving as the prime minister of Beiyang Naval Academy for twenty years, he also helped others to run schools, such as Tianjin Russian Museum and Beijing Yi Tong Academy. Yan Fu called for the establishment of a complete school system to popularize education in order to "educate the people". According to the system of capitalist countries, he proposed that school education in China should be divided into three sections, namely, primary school hall, middle school hall and university hall. Children before primary school admission 16; Middle school absorbs 16 to 2 1 year-old teenagers who are fluent in arts and sciences and have a primary school foundation; Study in the university hall for three or four years, and then enter a special school for professional study in different disciplines. At the same time, we should also send smart people who have studied well abroad to study and cultivate talents with expertise in learning.

In addition, Yan Fu also attached great importance to women's education. He appreciated the establishment of Zheng Jing Girls' School at that time. It is believed that this is the beginning for women in China to get rid of the shackles of feudal ethics, and it is also the beginning for women in China to become self-reliant. Starting from the purpose of saving the nation from extinction, he thinks that women's self-improvement is "the deepest foundation of the country". He also advocated that women, like men, should not only study in girls' schools, but also participate in social activities. If you don't participate in social activities, there is no difference between the girls' school and the feudal private school, so it is meaningless. Obviously, he considered women on the premise of social change, especially women's own liberation, so he emphasized the importance of participating in social activities for girls' school students, which is why he is higher than the average person in women's education.

Yan Fu advocated western learning and opposed the Westernization School's view that "middle school is the body and western learning is the use". He has repeatedly put middle school and

Comparison of western learning: "China attaches the most importance to the Three Cardinal Principles, and Westerners say that equality comes first;" China kisses, while Westerners Shang Xian; China governs the world by filial piety, while the west governs the world by public; China respects the Lord and the west enriches the people ... also for learning. China is knowledgeable, while westerners rely on manpower. In short, western learning is "academically false and true." He also pointed out that "China people are fond of the past and ignore the present, while western manpower is superior to the past." "It must have been awkward in the past." So he thinks that even if Yao, Shun and Confucius were born today, they should learn from the West. To save the nation and survive, we must learn western learning and learn the western "ambition": "It is not that western learning is beneficial to foreign languages, but that it is only superficial to abandon it in foreign languages." He believes that "middle school has the body of middle school, and western learning has the body of western learning." Divided into two sides, the combination will stop. " He believed that we should realize "consistency between body and use" and "consistency between sex and use", reform the political system, and put forward the asset stage education policy of "taking freedom as the body and democracy as the peace".

From the viewpoint of "consistency of body and use", he specified the teaching contents and methods in each stage in the envisaged academic system. In his view, in the primary school stage, the purpose of education is to make children "reach an appropriate text for each article", "familiarize themselves with classics and make sense of history", "learn old lessons, nine times out of ten", and translate "the simplest and most practical general studies" in western learning with easy-to-understand words as auxiliary reading materials. In teaching methods, more explanations are used to reduce the workload of reciting. In the middle school stage, "Western learning" is the mainstay, "foreign language classes account for seven tenths and Chinese classes account for three tenths", and it is stipulated that "everything is taught in foreign languages". In college, I mainly studied "western learning". As for "Chinese", it means "I have to take exams without homework; There are books, no classes, and scholars who listen to books spare no effort. " He believes that for teenagers, they should be guided to analyze and learn some specialized knowledge so that they can benefit from it. The problem of scientific method is an important aspect of Yan Fu's view of western learning. He once translated Moeller's Famous Studies (formal logic) and actively promoted and introduced "Famous Studies". He believes that induction and deduction are two important means to establish science. For thousands of years, there have been more "deduction" and less "induction" in China, which is one of the reasons why there are many academic lies and the national economy and people's livelihood are sick. Yan Fu pays more attention to induction, advocates "observing and investigating in person" and opposes "those who ask and talk more are all between words (paper and ink) and don't know the facts". He once used Huxley's words: "Reading and learning wisdom are second-hand. He who can take the universe as my outline and everything as my words is the one who can really learn from his ears. "

Lin Zexu

We advocate banning opium, resisting western aggression, safeguarding China's sovereignty and national interests, controlling our impatience and commanding the battle with a cool and rational mind!

Yuanwei

Wei Yuan is a progressive thinker, historian and patriotic scholar who resolutely opposes foreign aggression. He actively urged the Qing government to carry out reforms, emphasizing: "There are countless laws that have been harmful for hundreds of years, and there are infinite laws that can benefit and avoid disadvantages, and they are not easy to simplify and be flexible." He focused on the reform in the economic field. Before and after the Opium War, he put forward some plans and measures to reform water conservancy, water transport and salt administration, demanding that the disadvantages be eliminated in order to benefit the national economy and people's livelihood and "the more ancient it is, the more convenient it is". These thoughts not only had progressive significance at that time, but also played a positive role in promoting the later bourgeois reform and reform movement.

Wei Yuan resolutely opposed the invasion of China by western capitalism and put forward anti-aggression ideas and methods. He has a certain understanding of the power of the people, which is consistent with Lin Zexu's view that people's hearts can be used, and puts forward the idea that "just people can be used". He was inspired by the anti-British struggle of Sanyuanli and Taiwan Province people. After Sanyuanli people beat the British invaders, he enthusiastically eulogized Sanyuanli people's anti-British struggle, angrily denounced the shameful behavior of the capitulators to clear the way for the invading army, and wrote in Atlas of the Sea. He also said that "Guangdong killed barbarians, and those who donated ships were righteous people", and "Taiwan Province smuggled two birds, and those who attacked barbarians in South Australia were also righteous people". He advocated using and relying on the people as the main force to resist foreign aggression, which was in sharp contrast with the reactionary policy of the capitulators that "protecting the people is better than protecting the bandits".

In order to effectively resist, he opposed "wave war" and advocated "defending for war". He summed up the experience and lessons of the Opium War and put forward the second strategy of self-defense counterattack: first, it is better to defend Haikou than to defend Haikou, and it is better to defend inland rivers than to defend Haikou; On the one hand, it is better to train sailors than to train local soldiers, and it is better to train water brave than to train water engineers. It advocates adopting the strategy of luring the enemy in depth and "setting a tiger to fish" to annihilate the invaders. This kind of local people who think they are familiar with the situation, give full play to their strengths and enthusiasm for resisting the enemy to organize anti-aggression armed forces and adopt flexible strategies and tactics, which is in line with the objective reality at that time and is completely feasible.

Wei Yuan, like Lin Zexu, was the most insightful person who "opened his eyes to see the world" during the Opium War. He not only invaded loyal opposition, but also attached importance to understanding and learning western science and technology as an important method to deal with aggression. He well carried out and waved Lin Zexu's understanding and learning of western thoughts and practices in Atlas of the Sea, and put forward the correct slogan of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", thinking that "those who are good at learning from foreigners can control foreigners; Those who are not good at learning from foreign countries should be controlled by foreign countries, and learning western "skills" should be promoted to a major event related to national security, which had a great impact on society at that time. In view of the ignorance of the feudal die-hards at that time who regarded western advanced technology as "strange skills and cunning", he pointed out that "useful things, that is, strange skills and cunning" must be carefully studied. For example, it includes "Heavenly ruler, Thousand-Li Mirror, Dragon Tail Car, Phoenix Saw, Water Saw, Steamboat, Self-ignition, Self-rotating cymbals and gold scales, all of which are beneficial to the people." It is advocated that "coastal businessmen voluntarily set up factories and bureaus to build shipbuilding machinery, either for their own use or for sellers' listening". He also proposed that "a translation library should be set up to read foreign books" and that "those who can build western warships, fireboats, flying guns and rockets and mines in Fujian and Guangdong provinces should be born in Hakka" to reward scientific inventions. He believes that this can "take the western skills as the skills of China", gradually change the backward face of China, and thus achieve the purpose of "controlling foreigners". He is full of national pride and confidence in the wisdom of the Chinese nation. He believes that "China's wisdom is everywhere", China "has no shortage of talents" and "no shortage of materials", and China is rich in mineral resources and has its own favorable conditions. He believes that the people of China have the ability to master the new western production technology, and can gradually achieve "no need to rely on foreign countries". He pointed out that as long as we work hard, in a few years, it will be "the people of the East China Sea and the people of the West Sea", and China will become rich and strong, overtaking the western capitalist countries.

Wei Yuan not only advocated learning advanced production technology from the West, but also admired and admired the democratic system of capitalist countries. He praised Switzerland for "no throne, no princes" and "selecting village officials and directors", which is the "Peach Blossom Garden of the West". He also said that "tribes in northern California (referring to the United States) can replace the monarch, and it can survive in the world unharmed." Under the long-term rule of feudal autocracy, China dared to praise the political system without monarch and emperor, which was a courageous opinion.

On the issue of taxation, Wei Yuan advocated cultivating and protecting tax sources, pointing out that "those who are good at empowering the people should support their roots with salaries". He accused exorbitant taxes, saying that "people who are not good at empowering the people will cut leeks and cut a bed every day, and they will never finish running." He believes that heavy taxes destroy taxpayers' property and the foundation on which the country depends. Enriching the people and returning to China; The revival of the middle class led to the emergence of towns and wells. ""Why not grow rice and millet for a reason? "There is no tax on the autumn harvest, and the price of foreign silver is high, which is more than the official grain straw." Wei Yuan advocated that the state should use taxes to protect the development of industry and commerce. He believed that "those who do not enrich the people are poor, those who do not live in danger are in danger, and those who perish are not in the country". His emphasis on enriching the people mainly refers to businessmen. Put forward this idea. Contribute to the development of Chinese national capitalism. Wei Yuan also made some analysis on the reasons for the high and low production and operation costs and their impact on fiscal revenue. For example, he believes that the high cost of Huai salt is due to the high floating fees and extortion of merchants. If the monopoly system of fine merchants is abolished and bulk merchants are allowed to transport and sell by ticket, the cost and price can be greatly reduced, which can not only promote salt sales and resist smuggling, but also increase the national salt tax revenue. Wei Yuan's view is extremely rare in China's economic thought before19th century.

gong zizhen

Gong Zizhen's life can be divided into three stages:

Before I was 20, I studied classics and literature at home. He was educated by his mother since he was a child and likes reading poems. Since I was 8 years old, I have studied and studied classics, history and universities. /kloc-When he was 0/2 years old, he learned Shuowen from his grandfather Duan Yucai. He searched for surnames and anecdotes; Say words with classics, and say classics with words; Test the ancient and modern official system; Used in bibliography, epigraphy, etc. At the same time, in literature, it also shows the talent of creation. /kloc-when he was 0/3 years old, he wrote "Perceptual Discrimination", which was "the beginning of the collection"; 15 years old, chronological poetry; In the fifteenth year of Jiaqing (18 10), 19 years old, who wrote lyrics by sound, should have passed the provincial examination in Shuntian, and was ranked 28th in the Chinese vice list. This can be said to be a summary of Gong Zizhen's study before she was 20 years old.

20-28 years old, passed the provincial examination and was admitted to the official level. Gong Zizhen is 2 1 year-old, and her unique talent is manifested in the compilation of Three Volumes of Poems of Huairen Pavilion and Two Volumes of Poems of Red Zen. Duan Yucai said in his preface that he "wrote poetry and prose, occasionally a history of Confucian classics, and he was extremely arrogant." . You Xi is a long and short sentence ","Creating thoughts and words is like Li Hanzhi's writing an article ",and he thinks that" if you cherish yourself with a weak crown, your talents will be unique and your temperament can be expected "(Preface to Huairen Pavilion). Twenty-three years (18 18), I took the provincial examination in Zhejiang and was recruited. The examiner is the famous sinologist Gaoyou Wang. The following year (18 19), I failed in the senior high school entrance examination. In the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820), he became an official and served as cabinet secretary. During this period, he gradually came into contact with the social and political reality, realized political corruption from the frustration of the exam, and produced the requirements and ideas of reform, and learned the biography of the ram from Liu, which was full of hurtful words and scolding words. He has written political papers such as On Ming and Liang, On the occasion of B and C, Respect for Seclusion and Average. In the twenty-second year of Jiaqing, he consulted Wang Maosun, the "Wuzhong Zunsu", and wrote Essays and Poems. Wang thinks that his "slanderous remarks about sitting down are all in his eyes" (Chronology of Border Setting). In the same year, he began to quit poetry. Today, there are poems of this period, such as "Anti-Travel, Original Rhyme in Two Weeks" and "Miscellaneous Poems, written in the capital since spring and summer, with four poems in ten".

29 years old until death. After Jiaqing failed in the senior high school entrance examination in 24 years, he took five more exams. In the ninth year of Daoguang (1829), he was admitted to six subjects and was a scholar at the beginning. At the age of 38, he continued to hold a humble office. In the meantime, he is still a book in the cabinet. In the fifteenth year of Daoguang (1835), he moved to Zongren House. Instead, the priests in the main hall of the Ministry of Rites walked. Two years later, he added the host and guest. This official position is very humble and difficult. He resigned at the age of 48 and returned to the south (19th year of Daoguang 1839). At the age of 50, he died suddenly in Yunyang Academy in Danyang (21 years of Daoguang 184 1), which was the second year of the Opium War. During this period, he realized the political reality more and more, put forward many reform suggestions, wrote many famous comments, and wrote many famous poems and essays during this period. Suggestions for reform, famous comments such as Discussion on the Establishment of Western Regions, Discussion on the Prohibition of Ships in Southeast China, First Preface of Ruan Shangshu's Chronicle, Preface of an Imperial Envoy Hou Guanlin, and historical and philosophical papers such as Ancient History. There are also many famous literary prose articles, such as Catch a Gun, Book Jinling, Jihai Surpassing Yangzhou in June, and Sick Plum House. Many of his famous poems, such as A Young Man's Journey to the Duke, Ode to History, Songs of Falling Flowers in the Western Suburbs and Ji Hai's Miscellaneous Poems, are also works of this period. Gong Zizhen's Academic Thought of Mohist Politics Gong Zizhen lived in a new historical stage in which a unified feudal country was facing decline and collapse and headed for semi-colony and semi-feudalism. Domestic class contradictions have become increasingly acute, and the forces of foreign capitalist aggression have deepened.

Gong Zizhen was deeply aware of the serious crisis of feudal countries from her youth, and she had a special sensitivity. "Autumn doesn't surprise Tang Yan, and the sunset still loves roadside crowing." Liang Qichao said: "The world is peaceful and peaceful. If the other generation (referring to Gong Zizhen and Wei Yuan) is overwhelmed by worries, they will always point to the sky and plan the world." As early as the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing, he pointed out that "at the beginning of the establishment of the capital, it was almost everywhere, and the rich households became poor households and the poor households became hungry households", and "the overall situation of the provinces could not be supported in a month" ("Proposal on Building Provinces in the Western Regions"). During his three years in Daoguang, he deeply realized that foreign capitalist aggression had caused a serious national crisis and pointed out that "pro-British and pro-foreign is really a huge fraud. If you don't obey, you will knock on the customs, and if you don't obey, you will insult the country "(the first preface of Ruan Shangshu Chronicle). He not only keenly felt the crisis of the times, but also actively suggested saving it; He affirmed the inevitable changes in the future era, and sent out passionate fantasies and hopes.

Gong Zizhen's academic thought also changed greatly around the age of 30. He severely criticized the orthodox textual research and resolutely abandoned it, accepted the influence of the Spring and Autumn Annals school, and learned from Liu, "Learning from you, I am willing to sell cakes for Tokyo" ("Miscellaneous Poems have been in the capital since spring and summer, four out of ten"). But he affirmed the useful part of textual research; At the same time, it also criticized the "bad habits" of Confucian classics in modern literature, and advocated "applying the world to practice" and that academics should serve the real politics. Since then, he has more consciously linked academic research with real political and social issues, and his research topics have become more extensive. He studied geography as "the study of heaven, earth, east, west, north and south", especially devoted to contemporary laws and regulations and frontier ethnic geography, and wrote Atlas of Mongolia, with 56 books completed in 10; He also put forward positive suggestions on realistic political and social issues, such as advocating resisting foreign capitalist aggression, consolidating the northwest frontier's "provincial capital in the western region" and "prohibition in the southeast". With the growth of life experience and historical knowledge, and the gradual maturity of political and academic thoughts, he deeply discussed the origin and development of the universe and social culture, completely unified the study of Confucian classics, history, schools, primary schools, geography and contemporary laws and regulations, and formed a fairly complete view of history. He said: "The world of the Zhou Dynasty is the history of officials. There is no language outside history; There are no words outside history; There is no one outside history. History is Zhou Cun, and history is dead. " (The Theory of Ancient History (Part II)) It is influenced by Zhang Xuecheng's viewpoint that all six classics are history, but it is broader, more accessible, more complete, more scientific and more combative than what Zhang said. He attributed the merits and demerits of ancient history and culture to historians, and took contemporary historians as his own responsibility. He believes that historians are worthy of respect because they can stand tall and criticize the real political society objectively and fairly from a comprehensive perspective. In fact, this is to link history with current political and social issues, that is, "current affairs", and to comprehensively criticize the decadent real political society under the slogan of "respecting history" by using the changing and developing viewpoint of Yang Gong School in Spring and Autumn Annals. This is the embodiment of the "hidden heaven and earth" he admired in respecting and hiding. After middle age, Gong Zizhen's career was frustrated, and her thoughts were deeply mired in contradictions, troubles and pains. "Sitting and thinking are all based on trivial plans" ("Yu Lin Guan writes an inkstone and ink book, and finally writes a cross"). Sometimes I want to console myself by "collecting literature". "Crazy literature consumes middle age and is also a late bloomer in this life" (Meng Yi); I even want to "make a big heart" and give my fantasy to Buddhism in order to get rid of the world. However, he loves his motherland and cares about reality. He can't rule out the "outer edge" and finally can't become a Buddha. Gong Zizhen's thoughts are dominant. Although his criticism is not thorough and the goal of improvement is unclear, his political thought and attitude are always positive. He saw that the realistic rule of the Qing Dynasty was "sunset" and "sunset", and he was convinced of the great changes in the future era and sent out great enthusiasm and hope. He was an enlightenment thinker who advocated reforming the decadent status quo and resisting foreign capitalist aggression and bourgeois reformism in modern times on the eve of the great change of feudal society in China. I have to retire because of political reform.