(1) Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, Hong Xiuquan learned from the western Christian teachings, the Confucian idea of great harmony in China and the egalitarianism of peasants, and founded the religion of idolatry. The worship of God holds that "Emperor God" is the only true God, and everyone is equal before God, calling on the people to rise up and destroy "Yamaraja Demon" (the ruler of Qing Dynasty). It is characterized by expressing the ideal of equality and freedom of farmers in China with religious theory, which has a strong appeal. The Land System of China promulgated after Tianjin, the capital, highlighted the strong desire of the peasant class to abolish feudal land ownership, which was the ideological crystallization of the anti-feudal struggle of thousands of peasants in Qian Qian, and its goal was to establish an ideal society of "four similarities and two noes". Hong Ren and Wang Gan put forward the plan of developing capitalism in China for the first time through Senior Minister's New Chapter, but it was not the product of the peasant revolutionary practice and could not be implemented at all.
(2) The Boxer Movement: The slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" was anti-imperialist and patriotic, which reflected that the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation had become the main contradiction at that time. However, this slogan should be treated dialectically. "Fu Qing" is beneficial to win over the government troops, but it is easy for the masses to relax their vigilance against the Qing government. "Destroying the foreign countries" can mobilize the masses to participate in the anti-imperialist struggle, but it is generally exclusive.
2. The landlord class reform thought
(1) Germination of new ideas: With the deepening of the crisis of feudal rule and the emergence of the national crisis, Gong Zizhen and others advocated "putting the world into practice", which laid the ideological foundation for the germination of new ideas. During the Opium War, Britain strengthened its ship and sharpened its guns, which made some patriotic intellectuals wake up from the dream of "de-China" and actively sought ways to strengthen the country and resist aggression. Lin Zexu set up a translation hall in Guangzhou to compile the chronicles of four continents and laws of various countries, directly serving the anti-British struggle; He also actively imitated western warships and put forward the idea of establishing a new navy. Wei Yuan put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners and mastering their skills to control them" in the annals of the sea country. The characteristics of the new thought: it has a distinct imprint of the times; It also has a strong feudal color.
(2) Westernization Movement: Its guiding ideology is "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the application" (system as the main body and technology as the tool). Its slogan is "learn from foreigners to control foreigners" (learn from advanced western technology, suppress people's resistance, resist foreign aggression, and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty). The previous banner was "Self-improvement"; Later, under the banner of "seeking wealth".
3. Bourgeois thought
(1) Early reformist thoughts: With the development of capitalism in China and the introduction of western enlightenment thoughts, early reformists appeared in the Westernization School, represented by Wang Tao and Zheng. Their ideas in economy and culture are similar to those of Westernization School, and they advocate constitutional monarchy in politics. In essence, it reflects the interests and demands of the bourgeoisie.
(2) Kang Liang's thought of political reform: It is characterized by combining western capitalist political theory (constitutional monarchy) with China's traditional Confucianism. Kang Youwei's textual research on new learning and Confucius' political reform laid the theoretical foundation of political reform thought. Liang Qichao published a general discussion on political reform in The Times, pointing out that political reform is the only way to save the nation and survive. A Letter on the Bus transformed the thought of reform into a political movement of patriotism and saving the country. The debate between reformists and feudal die-hards revolves around whether to reform the law, whether to advocate civil rights and whether to advocate western learning. In essence, this is a direct confrontation between feudalism and capitalism. The Reform Movement of 1898 was the first ideological emancipation movement in modern China, which played an enlightening role in society.
(3) Revolution of 1911: At the beginning of the 20th century, the spreading centers of democratic revolutionary ideas were Shanghai and Tokyo, and Zhang, Zou Rong and Chen Tianhua were famous democratic revolutionary thinkers. In the "Three People's Principles" program, "nationalism" focuses on overthrowing feudal rule; "Democracy" (the core) focuses on the establishment of a bourgeois republic; "People's livelihood" is the land program of capitalism. The debate between revolutionaries and royalists (reformists = royalists = constitutionalists) (the second ideological emancipation trend in modern China) revolved around such issues as whether to overthrow the Qing government by violence, whether to implement democratic politics and whether to change feudal land ownership. The essence is the struggle between different factions within the bourgeoisie about the mode of struggle and the form of political power. After the Revolution of 1911, the concept of democracy and harmony was deeply rooted in people's hearts, and "democracy and harmony" and "saving the country through industry" became the two major social trends of thought at that time.
(4) New Culture Movement: With the further development of China's capitalist economy, the bourgeoisie politically demanded the implementation of democratic politics, Yuan Shikai set off a counter-current of respecting Confucius and restoring the ancients in the cultural field, and the Western Enlightenment was further introduced to China, resulting in the New Culture Movement (the third ideological emancipation movement in modern China). The guiding ideology in the early stage was democracy and science. "New Youth" is the main position; Peking University is the main base. In the early stage, he mainly advocated democracy and science, and opposed tyranny and superstition. Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old literature. It thoroughly criticized feudal orthodoxy, but did not treat traditional culture and foreign ideas dialectically, let alone combine them with the practice of workers and peasants' struggle.
(5) The New Three People's Principles: 1924, the first congress of the Kuomintang adopted the Declaration of the National Congress of China, which developed the old Three People's Principles into the new Three People's Principles, increased the anti-imperialist equality of all ethnic groups in China in terms of nationalism, increased the anti-imperialist individuals and groups to enjoy all freedoms and rights in terms of civil rights, increased the content of controlling capital in terms of people's livelihood, and actually established "alliance with".
4. Proletarian thought:
(1) The spread of Marxism in China: In the late period of the New Culture Movement, Li Dazhao published articles such as Comparative View of the French-Russian Revolution, Victory of the Common People and Victory of Bolshevism, which raised the banner of socialism for the first time in China; The May 4th Movement promoted the spread of Marxism and prepared the ideological foundation for the establishment of China's * * * production party. After the early organization of the local * * * production party was established, Marxism was publicized in a planned and organized way, which further promoted the combination of Marxism and the workers' movement in China.
(2) The Thought of Armed Separatism of Workers and Peasants: Mao Zedong expounded the correct revolutionary road of establishing base areas in rural areas, encircling cities in rural areas, and finally seizing political power by armed forces through articles such as Why the red regime in China can exist for a long time, Jinggangshan struggle, and a single spark can start a prairie fire. It organically combines the agrarian revolution, armed struggle and base construction. This is a shining example of combining the universal truth of Marxism with the concrete practice of China revolution.
(3) The Yan 'an Rectification Movement from 65438 to 0942 was not only an ideological emancipation movement, but also a universal Marxist education movement. The main contents of this rectification movement are: opposing subjectivism, sectarianism and stereotyped Party writing. This rectification movement laid the ideological foundation for the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the national new-democratic revolution.
(4) Mao Zedong Thought: It was identified as the guiding ideology of the Party at the Seventh National Congress in the Communist Party of China (CPC), and it is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Party. It includes agrarian revolution, armed struggle, guerrilla warfare, worker-peasant alliance, United front, long-term war of resistance, mass line, correct leadership of the party and many other aspects. But the essence of his thought is: seeking truth from facts and proceeding from reality.
(V) Thought of "Two Musts": Mao Zedong pointed out at the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee that comrades must continue to be modest and prudent, guard against arrogance and rashness, and must continue to work hard.
(6) 1957 Rectification Movement: The background is that the domestic contradictions behind the enemy lines were basically solved after the completion of three transformations; In his speech "On Correctly Handling Contradictions among the People", Mao Zedong pointed out that it is necessary to distinguish between two kinds of contradictions of different nature, take correctly handling contradictions among the people as the theme of national political life, and carry out it according to the formula of "unity-criticism-unity"; The content is anti-bureaucracy, anti-sectarianism and anti-subjectivism; The purpose is to let the whole party learn to correctly handle contradictions among the people, which is conducive to socialist construction.
(7) Discussion on the standard of truth: It denied the wrong view of "two whatevers" and re-established the ideological line of seeking truth from facts, which was a profound ideological emancipation movement and laid the ideological foundation for the convening of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee.
(8) Deng Xiaoping Theory (built with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory): Its development process includes: the recovery work is brewing; The third middle school of the eleventh session has been produced; The Twelfth National Congress put forward the characteristic theory; The basic line at the beginning of the 13th National Congress; Article 14 Market economic system; The basic program of the 15th CPC National Congress and Deng Xiaoping Theory are the Party's guiding ideology. It also includes the concept of "one country, two systems".