We all studied historical records in middle school? "Chen She Family", which recorded the harshness of Qin Law, caused Chen Sheng and Guangwu to rise up:

It will rain heavily, the road will be blocked, and the temperature has already been lost. When time is lost, the law will be cut. Bobby Chen and Guangwu said:? If you die today, you will die if you plan something big. If you wait to die, how can you die? ?

In 209 BC, Qin Ershi ordered the recruitment of 900 laborers from the Huaihe River valley, and in Yuyang (now Miyun, Beijing), Chen Sheng and Guangwu were appointed as the captains of labor management. When the motorcade went to osawa Township, Qixian County (southwest of Suxian County, Anhui Province), it happened to be raining heavily and the road was blocked. I guess it was delayed. Anyone who misses the deadline should be beheaded according to the laws of the Qin Dynasty. Bobby Chen and Guangwu went on to discuss: Now even if you run away (get caught back), you are still dead, and you are still dead if you rise up. Is it okay to die for a country? ?

So he shouted? What kind of prince would like to have? , arise against the qin dynasty. Everyone recommended Chen Sheng as a general and Guangwu as a surname, and put forward? Is there no way to punish Qin without asking for trouble? Slogan, form a peasant uprising army. The first peasant uprising broke out in the history of China. Qin law was delayed? It has also become a general theory.

However, in June of 1975 and 1 1, a number of Qin bamboo slips were unearthed in Yunmeng County, Xiaogan District, Hubei Province. Because of the constant temperature of groundwater, they are well preserved. According to the arrangement of archaeologists, *** 1 155 pieces and 80 pieces are divided into ten parts, including: eighteen kinds of Qin laws, effective laws, miscellaneous books of Qin laws, etc. Most of them are legal provisions, recording the original provisions of more than 20 separate laws and regulations implemented in the Qin Dynasty.

Among them, there are transcripts of some provisions of the Qin law, which are recorded? In the crusade, but failed to do so. Three to five days overdue; Six to ten days, one shield; After ten days, you will get an armor. Water and rain, except xing. ?

This paragraph means to levy corvee for the country. If you delay collection, you should be fined. Be late for three to five days and reprimand; Six to ten days, one shield; More than ten days, fine. If it is impossible to start construction due to rainfall, it can be exempted from expropriation.

That is to say, according to the unearthed Qin bamboo slips, the state levies corvee, and the highest punishment for latecomers is only to pay a fine worth a pair of armor. Moreover, the lateness and lateness caused by heavy rain will not be punished, and the order to levy corvee will be cancelled.

What does this have to do with what Chen Zhiguang said during the uprising? It will rain heavily, the road will be blocked, and the temperature has already been lost. When time is lost, the law will be cut. ? On the contrary, it is worth studying whether the Qin law is wrong, whether the provisions of the Qin law are just pretending to be merciful without actual implementation, whether Chen Sheng and Guangwu deliberately distorted the law to encourage the uprising and deliberately exaggerated the punishment for being late for the corvee, or whether Qin Ershi revised the Qin law.

2。

Although this archaeological discovery can't overturn the relevant records in Historical Records, it brings a lot of research and thinking space, and subverts people's understanding of Qin law to some extent.

Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology found that there was no burnt red soil in the rammed soil layer of Epang Palace. There is no red soil to prove that there is no archaeological evidence of fire in Epang Palace.

It is reported that after the discovery of this evidence, Li Yufang, the captain of the archaeological team at that time, did not dare to publish this result, because Epang Palace was burned by Xiang Yu, and it has basically become a * * * knowledge. Finally, after the whole field archaeology, Epang Palace is simply an unfinished building, which has just been built and has not been burned. For an instant, the poor scorched earth is only the imagination of later generations.

3。

Speaking of Laozi's five thousand words, everyone knows that it is the Tao Te Ching, which has been called for more than two thousand years. In fact, before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the order of Laozi's 5,000-word chapters was different from that of Tao Te Ching now, and the order was just the opposite, so it was more appropriate to call it Tao Te Ching.

Is this nonsense? No, let's start with 1973 archaeological discovery of Mawangdui Han Tomb. More than 40 years ago, the silk book Laozi was unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha. There are two versions of Laozi, one is Depian and the other is Daopian. Especially after two articles, there are two second books. De? Tao? Two words, clearly separate the title.

Lao Zi, a silk book, was written before the twelfth year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty (BC 168). China's Wendi is called Liu Heng. Perhaps because of the name, the version after he became emperor is different from the previous version.

The first chapter of Laozi is in silk? Tao can be Tao, but it is not constant; A name can be a first name, but not a constant name? , now pass this in? Tao can be Tao, very Tao; Famous, very famous? It's different. In ancient times, the writing style should avoid the taboo of the emperor, and the name of the emperor could not be used by ordinary people, so I came to Heng. Non-constant road? It became? Unusual way? Yes This also shows that the silk book Laozi was written at least before Emperor China.

Another evidence is that the manuscript of Lao Zi's Tao Te Ching, which was found in the Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra Cave, is also the first and second volumes of the Tao Te Ching, without chapters, which is different from the order of the upper and lower volumes of the Tao Te Ching circulating today (Tao Te Ching is in front and the Tao Te Ching is in the back). /kloc-The bamboo slips unearthed in the 1970s were eight or nine hundred years earlier than those written in Dunhuang, and were also under the Classic of Virtue and the Classic of Taoism. Not only that, Han Feizi's Jie Lao and Yu Lao in the pre-Qin period also said that morality comes first.

At the same time, these unearthed ancient books have some characters besides the Classic of Virtue and the Classic of Taoism, which are slightly different from the versions we often see at present. If you read it carefully, you will find that the most obvious difference is that the current world version is more in line with it? Confucianism? Is this idea more suitable for unearthed ancient books? Taoism? Thought, can be a word, worlds apart.

Therefore, it can be suspected that Laozi's 5,000 words were written by Confucianism in the long handed down process. Hands and feet? So much so that many ideological realms in Tao Te Ching are interlinked with Confucianism.

Then, when was the reversal from Tao Te Ching to Tao Te Ching and the Confucian thought of words and expressions? I don't know, it is roughly inferred that it was the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the eighth year of Emperor Wu's succession, namely 134 BC, it was put into practice? To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone? Confucian scholars at that time deviated from Confucius according to the feudal rule of the rulers and the need to respect Confucianism alone? Take Tao as the purpose, rely on morality, rely on benevolence, and swim in art? The original intention of Confucianism was the emergence of a cynical culture that served feudal emperors, loyal to imperial power and imprisoned people's thoughts. It began to rewrite a large number of ancient classics, including Laozi's 5,000 words, which not only modified some contents, but also reversed the order of moral and Taoist scriptures, resulting in future generations knowing only the moral classics but not the moral classics.