Chapter 1 Earth and Map

I. Earth and the Earth

1. Understand the shape and size of the earth (P3 figure 1.2)2. Model of the earth-globe.

(1) Meaning: A scaled-down model modeled after the shape of the earth.

(2) Significance: It is convenient for us to understand the face of the earth and the distribution of various geographical things on the surface of the earth.

3. Weft and warp (0.7 in figure 65438+P5)

(1) Latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earth axis and surrounding the earth.

⑵ Meridian: a semicircle connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude vertically.

(3) Earth axis: the imaginary earth rotation axis.

(4) Two poles: the intersection of the earth axis and the earth surface.

5] Characteristics of warp and weft:

Special point warp and weft

The shape is characterized by a semicircle, and two corresponding meridians form warp coils, which divide the earth into two equal hemispheres, and each latitude forms a latitude circle.

Length characteristics: the longitude lines are all equal in length, the latitude is the same, the length is the same, the equator is the longest, and it contracts to the poles to a point.

Indicate the north-south, east-west direction

[6] Special warp and weft yarns

① Special latitude

Equator-the longest latitude, is the starting point of latitude, and the north latitude is represented by the letter n; South of the equator is the southern latitude indicated by the letter S, which is also the dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres.

30 parallel-the dividing line between low latitude and middle latitude; 60 latitude is the dividing line between middle and low latitudes and high latitudes.

② Special warp yarn

0? Meridian, also known as prime meridian, is the starting point of longitude. East longitude is represented by the letter e, and west longitude is represented by the letter w, passing through the former site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England.

180 longitude-roughly consistent with "international international date line".

20 w-East hemisphere, west hemisphere,160 e-West hemisphere.

(7) The dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres: equator (0 parallel); The dividing line between the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere: 20 W,160 e.

(8) Latitude and longitude variation law:

(west longitude) (east longitude)

10

20

180

10

20

180

The bigger the west, the bigger the east.

10

10

20

20

90

90

equator

4, using the warp and weft network positioning

(1) The meaning of latitude and longitude net: a grid formed by interweaving latitude and longitude on a globe or map.

⑵ The function of latitude and longitude net: to determine the position of a point on the earth's surface.

Second, the movement of the earth.

1, the rotation of the earth (Figure 1. 15 is at P9)

(1) Meaning: The earth keeps spinning around its axis. (2) Direction: from west to east. ⑶ Cycle: one day (about 24 hours).

(4) Phenomenon: alternating day and night, local time difference.

2. The revolution of the earth (1.19 in figure1)

Meaning: The earth moves around the sun. (2) Direction: from west to east. ⑶ Period: one year (about 365 days).

⑷ Features: The included angle between the orbital plane of the earth and the earth axis is 66.5.

5] phenomenon:

① The direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the Tropic of Cancer; (2) the change of solar altitude angle at the same location;

③ the change of the length of day and night in the same place; ④ In the same place, the light and heat of the sun are different in different seasons, that is, they are formed in four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.

(6) vernal equinox (about 2 1 March), summer solstice (about 22 June), autumn equinox (about 23 September) and winter solstice (about 22 February, 65438).

Once the four seasons are divided (for example, in the northern hemisphere and vice versa in the southern hemisphere):

March, April and May are spring; June, July and August are summer;

9, 10, 1 1 three months is autumn; The month of 12, 1 2 is winter.

Hyphenation area

Northern temperature drive

Southern temperature zone

Northern cold region

Cold region in south China

There are extreme days and nights.

There are extreme days and nights.

There is direct sunlight.

There is no polar day and night, directly

There is no polar day and night, directly

90

90

Arctic circle 66.5 degrees

(Antarctic Circle) 66.5

(Tropic of Cancer) 23.5

(Tropic of Capricorn) 23.5 degrees

(Equator) 0

3. Five regions of the earth (figure 1.20 in P 12)

Third, the map

1, the basic elements of a map (three elements of a map)

(1) scale

① Concept: the ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance.

(2) Forms of expression: numbers, characters and line segments.

(2) Direction explanation:

① General plan: face the map from north to south, from left to west, and from right to east.

② Map with beacon: According to the direction, the beacon arrow generally points to the north.

③ Map with latitude and longitude net: According to the orientation of latitude and longitude net, the longitude line indicates the north-south direction and the latitude line indicates the east-west direction.

(3) Legend and Notes

Legend: various symbols used to represent geographical things.

② Note: The words used to describe the names of geographical things or the numbers used to describe the number of geographical things are called the "language" of the map.

③ Common legend: (Figure 65438 in P 14+0.24)

Railway Bian Feng

2. Interpretation of topographic map

(1) Calculation method of ground height (Figure 1.27 in P 16)

① Altitude (absolute height): the vertical distance from a point on the ground to the sea level.

For example, Mount Everest is 8844.43 meters above sea level, and Turpan Basin is-155 meters above sea level.

② Relative height: the vertical distance from one place to another. Example: the flagpole is off the ground 15m.

⑵ Topographic map types: contour topographic map, layered color topographic map and topographic profile map.

Contour: A line on a map connecting points at the same height.

Isobathymetric line: Connect points with the same depth in the ocean into a line on the map.

⑶ Interpretation of contour topographic map: (P 16 map 1.29)

① Judging the steepness of slope according to the density of contour lines: sparse contour lines indicate gentle slope; Dense contours indicate steep slopes.

② According to the contour shape, determine the terrain type: peak, ridge, valley, saddle and steep cliff. The curved part of the contour line protrudes upward to indicate the valley and downward to indicate the ridge; The part between the two peaks is a saddle; Where contour lines overlap, it means a steep cliff.

(4) Five basic landforms on land: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins. On topographic maps, elevation is used to represent the ups and downs of the ground. On the layered color topographic map, green represents plains, blue represents oceans, yellow represents alpine plateaus, and white represents glaciers.

Step 3 get information from the map

⑴ Common map types: guide map, traffic map and administrative map.

(2) The corresponding relationship between scale size and map scope and details:

The size of the scope indicates the detail or conciseness of the content.

Large-scale small details

Small-scale oversimplification

In the case of the same map, the larger the scale, the smaller the field scope and the more detailed the geographical information; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

Chapter II Land and Sea

I continents and oceans

1, Earth? Water polo?

(1) The land area of the earth's surface accounts for 29%, and the ocean area accounts for 7 1%, which is summarized as "seven points of ocean and three points of land".

⑵ Distribution: The land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, and the ocean is mainly concentrated in the southern hemisphere.

⑶ China manned space flight: 2003+00. 15, Yang Liwei, Shenzhou 5 spacecraft; 2005. 10. 12, Nie Haisheng, Fei, Shenzhou VI spacecraft; On September 25th, 2008, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming, Jing Haipeng, Shenzhou VII spacecraft. 14 geography review outline for senior high school entrance examination

2. Seven continents and four oceans

(1) Basic concepts of sea and land: (P28 Figure 2.5)

concept

The mainland, the mainland and the islands near them

A large area of land

Land of small island area

The central part of the ocean

The ocean is a part of the ocean, located at the edge of the ocean, with a small area and close to the mainland.

A narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

(2) The general trend of land and sea distribution:

① Six continents: Eurasia, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, North America and South America.

② Seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania (P29 Figure 2.6).

③ Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

④ Continental demarcation line: (P30 Figure 2.7)

Asia and Europe: Ural Mountains → ural river → Caspian Sea → Great Caucasus Mountains → Black Sea → Turkish Strait (connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea).

Asia and Africa: Suez Canal (connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea). North and South America: Panama Canal (connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean).

Asia and North America: Bering Strait.

(3) Asia is the largest continent; Europe is the smallest continent; The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean; The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean. Antarctica is the continent with the longest longitude span; The Arctic Ocean is the ocean with the longest longitude span.

Second, changes in land and sea.

1, vicissitudes of life

(1) Phenomenon: The oceans and land on the earth are constantly changing.

⑵ Cause: The change of the earth's crust and the rise and fall of sea level are the main reasons. In addition, human activities will also cause changes in land and sea.

For example, Mount Everest at the top of the earth today used to be an ocean.

2. Two theories about the formation of sea-land contour.

The main evidence of the theoretical content of theoretical names

Continental drift theory (1) 200 million years ago, the continents on the earth were interconnected and surrounded by a piece of Wang Yang.

(2) Later, the mainland split and slowly drifted away, forming the distribution of seven continents and four oceans today. ①

Q:

Coincidence of continental contours

② Similarity of several ancient strata in Chinese mainland.

(3) Similarity of several plants in Chinese mainland.

Plate tectonics theory ① The earth's surface composed of rocks is not a whole block, but is composed of plates.

② The main plates are constantly moving.

③ The interior of the plate is relatively stable, the boundary is active, and there are many volcanoes and earthquakes. (1) the formation of Alps and Himalayas.

② The formation and changes of the Rift Valley and the Red Sea.

(3) The expansion of the Atlantic Ocean.

note:

① The theory of plate tectonics is developed on the basis of continental drift theory, and it is currently recognized as the most extensive and relatively perfect theory.

② Six plates: Asia-Europe plate, America plate, Africa plate, Pacific plate, Indian Ocean plate and Antarctica plate. The Pacific plate is almost entirely ocean. (Figure 2 in P37.19)

③ The two major seismic zones caused by plate movement are: Mediterranean-Himalayan seismic zone; Pacific rim seismic belt.

Chapter III Weather and Climate

First of all, the changeable weather

1, weather and its influence

(1) Meaning: refers to the atmospheric conditions of a place in a short time, such as rain or shine, wind and rain, cold and heat.

⑵ Features: short time (time), big difference (space) and big change (change).

(3) Impact: The weather has a profound impact on traffic, life, agricultural production, military and other human activities.

2. What will the weather be like tomorrow?

⑴ Weather forecast: Meteorologists will release the weather situation through the analysis of weather data.

(2) the production process of weather forecast:

Obtaining meteorological information from all over the world → Satellite receiving and dispatching → Information processing → Analysis and judgment → Forecast.

⑶ Weather forecast forms: TV, newspaper, Internet, radio, SMS and telephone.

(4) The contents of the weather forecast:

① Satellite cloud image: blue indicates the ocean, green indicates the land, and white indicates the cloud area.

(2) Urban weather forecast: explain the routine conditions such as sunny and rainy weather, wind, temperature and precipitation in a day, and also make special forecasts such as sandstorm, air quality, sea waves, hail and fog.

5] Common weather symbols (Figure 3.6 on page 46)

We need clean air.

Evaluation method of air quality: the level of air quality is related to the amount of pollutants contained in the air, which is expressed by pollution index. The pollution index is small, which is beneficial to human health; A large pollution index is harmful to human health.

Air quality level, air pollution index and air quality status

First class 1~50 excellent

Secondary 5 1~ 100 is good.

Grade iii 100~200 light pollution

Grade 4 moderate pollution is 200~300.

Grade 5 > 300 heavy pollution

Second, the temperature and its distribution

1, temperature and life

⑴ Temperature: The temperature of air, usually expressed in degrees Celsius.

Daily average temperature = sum of temperature observations in one day ÷ observation times.

Monthly average temperature = 1 sum of monthly and daily average temperatures ÷ days of the month.

Average annual temperature = sum of average monthly temperatures in a year/months (12)

(2) Impact on human activities: Temperature affects people's basic necessities of life, agriculture and transportation.

2. Changes in temperature

(1) Daily variation (Figure 3 in P5 1.12)

① Concept: Temperature change with a period of one day.

② Variation characteristics: The highest temperature in a day appears around 2 pm (14 pm), and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

③ Daily temperature range = maximum temperature-minimum temperature

(2) Annual change (Figure 3 in P5 1.13)

① Concept: Temperature change in a one-year cycle.

② Variation characteristics: The temperature changes in the northern and southern hemispheres are just the opposite.

On land: the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10. Ocean: The temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in August and the lowest in February.

③ Temperature annual range = highest monthly average temperature-lowest monthly average temperature.

⑶ The temperature change curve is usually used to indicate the temperature change in a place within one year.

⑷ Drawing method of annual temperature change curve: one horizontal month, two vertical temperatures, three fixed points and four connecting lines.

3. Temperature distribution

(1) isotherm: the connection of points with the same temperature.

⑵ indicates that the temperature varies around the world, which is usually represented by an isotherm diagram.

⑶ Influencing factors: latitude position, land and sea position and topography.

(4) Distribution law:

① Latitude difference: Generally, the temperature is high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes. (Figure 3 in P53.17)

② Sea-land difference: the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low in the same latitude zone in summer; Winter is the opposite.

③ Vertical variation: the temperature decreases with the elevation, and the temperature decreases by about 0.6℃ with each elevation of 100 m..

5] Interpretation of isotherm diagram:

① The isotherm is closed, with a high temperature center and a low temperature center.

② Where isotherms are dense, the temperature difference is large; Where the isotherm is sparse, the temperature difference is small.

[6] The world's "hot pole" Sahara desert, the world's "cold pole" Antarctic continent.

Three. Precipitation and its distribution

1, precipitation and life

⑴ Precipitation: Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively called precipitation, among which rainfall is the main form of precipitation.

⑵ Measurement: The instrument for measuring precipitation is a rain gauge, and the unit for expressing precipitation is generally millimeters.

(3) Impact on human activities: Precipitation affects traffic and agricultural production.

2. Seasonal variation of precipitation (Figure 3 in P55.19)

(1) Monthly precipitation histogram is usually used to indicate the seasonal variation of precipitation in a place within one year.

⑵ Plotting method of precipitation histogram: one horizontal month, two vertical and one water, three columns.

⑶ Main precipitation types: convective rain, orographic precipitation and frontal rain.

3. Precipitation distribution (Figure 3.2 1 in P56)

(1) Isoprecipitation Line: the connecting line of points with the same precipitation.

(2) It shows that the differences of precipitation around the world are usually represented by isoprecipitation charts.

⑶ Influencing factors: latitude position, land and sea position and topography.

(4) Distribution characteristics:

① There is abundant precipitation near the equator and less precipitation in the polar regions;

② On both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland;

③ In temperate regions, there is more precipitation in coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas;

④ There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope in mountainous area.

5] The "rain pole" of the world is begging for help, and the "dry pole" of the world is the Atacama Desert.

Fourth, the climate of the world.

1, regional differences in climate

⑴ Climate: It is the average weather condition of a place for many years, which generally does not change much. For example, Kunming has four seasons like spring.

⑵ Two elements of climate: temperature and precipitation.

(3) the difference between climate and weather:

Time-varying situation

The weather changes in a short time.

The climate is relatively stable for a long time, with little change in general.

1. Russia's terrain between the two plains is the Ural Mountains. The river between the plateau and the mountain is the Lena River.

2. The largest country in the world adjacent to China is Russian. If you choose a place on the earth, if you want to face north all around, you should choose the South Pole.

3. According to the theory of plate tectonics, Australia is located in the Indian Ocean plate. The scarcest natural resource in the Middle East is water. The most abundant resources are petroleum resources.

4. The climate of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is dominated by plateau and mountain climate. What are the characteristics of Japan's climate? Monsoon and ocean. Arabs are mainly distributed in West Asia and North Africa (or the Middle East).

Honshu is the largest of the four big islands in Japan. What kind of economy is the main processing trade economy in Japan? Malacca Strait is located between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island, connecting the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

6. The climate in most parts of Central Asia is dominated by temperate grassland climate. The main race in the Middle East is white.

7. The country that produces the most gold in the world is South Africa. The river known as the "golden waterway" of the United States is the Mississippi River. 68. The country with the widest distribution of coniferous forests in the world is Russia. The densely populated area in the United States is the Great Lakes region in the northeast. The main factor causing a large-scale temperate continental climate in North America is the blocking of western mountains.

9. There are many steep, deep and tortuous fjords on both sides of Scandinavia, which are caused by glaciation. The Great Lakes are caused by glaciation.

10. At present, the uninhabited continent in the world is Antarctica. Japan is a country with frequent geological disasters such as volcanoes and earthquakes. Because Japan is at the junction of the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate. Russia is a country spanning Europe and Asia.

1 1. The continent dominated by plains is Europe. The continent known as the "ice plateau" is Antarctica. The continent with the highest average altitude in the world is Antarctica.

12. The topography of South Asia is divided into three major topographic areas: the northern part: the mountainous area dominated by the Himalayas; Central: Indus Plain and Ganges Plain; South: Deccan Plateau is the main plateau.

13. The population and cities in Southeast Asia are mainly distributed along the Yangtze River and the estuary delta. The climate of Malay archipelago is characterized by high temperature and rainy all the year round. The biggest desert in the world is the Sahara desert. The largest tropical desert in the world is located in North Africa.

14. 1995 ~2000, the average natural growth rate of the world population was 1.3%, and that of Asia was 1.4%. In 2000, the total population of the world was 6.055 billion, and the total population of Asia was 3.68 billion. If the world increases1year in 200 1 00, the population of Asia will increase by 66.

15. The most widely distributed climate type in sub-Saharan region is savanna climate. The Nile is the longest river in the world, with a total length of 6600 kilometers. When Beijing time (East Zone 8) is 14: 00, Moscow (East Zone 3) should be 9: 00. 20 14 geography review materials for senior high school entrance examination

16. Rotate Australia's three topographic regions 900 counterclockwise, which is most similar to India's national topography. India's largest industrial zone is located in the northeast.

17. America's most

Q:

The big city is new york, the "Motor City" refers to Detroit, and the steel is Pittsburgh. The aircraft manufacturing center is Seattle.

18. Importance of geographical location in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia is located at the "crossroads" of Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Located between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island, Malacca Strait is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is the shortest sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

19. The river called "Mother Volga River" by Russians is the Volga River, with a total length of 3,600 kilometers, which is the longest river in Europe. Shipping is of high value. Through the canal, the river is connected with the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Azov Sea and the Caspian Sea, and is called the "Five Navigable Seas".

In order to further strengthen ties, a regional international organization called the European Union (EU) was established in Western Europe. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. At present, the largest international organization in the world is the United Nations, with its headquarters in new york, USA.

2 1. "country riding on sheep's back": Australia is the country that exports the most sheep and wool in the world. The canals and straits from the Red Sea to the Black Sea via the Mediterranean Sea are: Suez Canal and Turkey Strait.

22. The United States is a big agricultural country in the world, and the conditions for agricultural development are: cultivated land accounts for10% of the world's cultivated land area; Plains account for more than half of the country; There are many rivers and lakes, and the plain area is rich in water resources. There is much precipitation in the east, and the light and heat conditions are good.

In the United States, what is called the world's high-tech industrial base is the "Silicon Valley" located in the southeast of San Francisco. The only country in the world that occupies a continent alone is Australia.

24. The indigenous people in North America are Indians. Antarctic glacier, the largest water body with fresh water reserves. The continent with the highest natural population growth rate is Africa. Nuclear power accounts for 70% of France's electricity generation.

25. France's industry is very developed, and important industrial resources such as coal and iron are relatively rich. Industries with automobile and aircraft manufacturing as the main body occupy a prominent position in the world, and industries such as clothing, food and medicine have strong market competitiveness.

26. The three major landforms of the United States are the Appalachian Mountains in the east, the central plains in the middle and the Rocky Mountains in the west.

27. More than 80% of immigrants in North America are Europeans and their descendants. The largest country in western Europe is France. Russia is rich in forest resources and has the largest coniferous forest in the sub-frigid zone in the world.

28. The country called "volcano country" in the world is Indonesia. Because the country is located at the junction of Indian Ocean Plate, Pacific Plate and Eurasian Plate, its crust is active and there are many volcanoes and earthquakes.

29. From the perspective of continents and regions, the origin of corn is North America. The dividing line between North and South America is the Panama Canal. Egypt is a country spanning two continents: Asia and Africa.

30. Symbols of Paris, France: Eiffel Tower, Arc de Triomphe and Louvre. The largest distribution area of tropical rain forest in the world: Amazon plain tropical rain forest area.

3 1 American City Basketball Team Chicago Bulls, Houston Rockets, seattle supersonics, Detroit Pistons. The lowest land in the world is along the Dead Sea.

The largest continent in the world is Asia. The continents have different topographical features, and the continent with the lowest average elevation is Europe. Latitude and topography are the main reasons for the wide range of temperate continental climate in North America.

33. The Antarctic region is a treasure trove of scientific research, and the first scientific research station established in China is the Great Wall Station. Jerusalem is regarded as the holy city by Islam, Christianity and Judaism.

Traditionally, the so-called "Nanyang Archipelago" in China refers to the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia. Europe is the most economically developed continent among all continents. Latin America refers to the American region in the southern United States.

35. There are many steep, deep and tortuous fjords on both sides of Scandinavia, which are formed by glaciers. The largest archipelagic country in the world is Indonesia.

Three countries bordering the Baltic Sea: Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

The most densely populated area in the United States is the Northeast. The aborigines in the Arctic are mainly Inuit (Eskimos).