The political party system is an important part of the national political system. What kind of political party system a country adopts is determined by many factors such as its economic, political, social and historical development. The differences of political party systems in different countries reflect the diversity of historical development of human society.

The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by China Productive Party is a basic political system in China. This system was gradually formed in the long-term armed struggle of the party leading the people to strive for national independence and class liberation, and it was constantly improved and developed in the great practice of our party leading the people throughout the country in socialist construction and reform and opening up. It is not only different from the multi-party or two-party system in western capitalist countries, but also different from the one-party system implemented in some countries. Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "The implementation of multi-party cooperation under the leadership of the China Communist Party is determined by the specific historical and realistic conditions in China, and it is also a feature and advantage of China's political system."

1840 After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. In order to change China, the bourgeoisie tried to take the capitalist road and implement parliamentary democracy and multi-party politics, but failed. 1905, Sun Yat-sen founded the China League, and political parties began to enter the political arena in China. After the Revolution of 1911, more than 300 political party groups191-1913 appeared in China. The bourgeois political parties represented by the Kuomintang led by Sun Yat-sen had fierce competition with the political parties that advocated constitutional monarchy and represented feudal forces. The Kuomintang won 392 seats in parliament, more than the sum of other major political parties. However, 19 13 In March, when Song was preparing to form a cabinet in the north, he was assassinated by Yuan Shikai at the Shanghai Railway Station. Later, Yuan Shikai coerced members of parliament to elect him as president, and soon restored monarchy, parliamentary democracy and multi-party politics all ended in failure.

After the establishment of the * * * production party in China, the Kuomintang cooperated with the * * * production party twice, but in the end they did not embark on the path of parliamentary democracy and multi-party politics. In the second national cooperation, in order to implement the anti-Japanese national United front policy and unite all classes and parties to resist Japan, our party established a "three-thirds system" regime in various base areas, that is, the * * * production party, the leftist progressives without party affiliation and the centrist each occupied 1/3, which was essentially led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, including all democratic parties. The democratic parties are also clamoring for unity and resistance to Japan, hoping to implement a multi-party system after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, and some even suggest taking the "third way". 1945 After the Japanese surrender, China signed the October 10th Agreement. However, in order to maintain the one-party dictatorship, the Kuomintang even tore up the agreement and provoked a full-scale civil war. He also assassinated patriotic Democrats such as Li Gongfu and Wen Yiduo, and declared the "Democratic Alliance" and other parties as illegal organizations. One-party autocracy disillusioned the "third way" and forced China's * * * production party to seize power through armed struggle. On the eve of the victory of China Revolution, on April 30th, 1948, China's * * * production party issued the "May 1st slogan" and put forward the political proposition of "convening a political consultation meeting quickly and establishing a democratic coalition government", and all democratic parties responded positively. 1949 September, all democratic parties and personages without party affiliation held a political consultative conference with our party, and formulated the People's Political Consultative Conference of China, which played a temporary constitutional role for a period of time, to jointly build a new China. During the preparation and convening of the new CPPCC, our party cooperated closely with all democratic parties and fully negotiated, which embodied the democratic spirit of leadership by the producer party and multi-party cooperation, and the political party system with China characteristics was initially formed.

After the founding of New China, our party has further strengthened its unity and cooperation with democratic parties. Many democratic parties and personages without party affiliation hold important positions in the legislative, administrative and judicial organs and the CPPCC, and play an important role in participating in and discussing state affairs. 1956 after the socialist transformation was basically completed, our party put forward the policy of "long-term existence and mutual supervision" and basically established the political party system with China characteristics. Later, despite the two major setbacks of 1957 anti-rightist expansion and the Cultural Revolution, the multi-party cooperation with * * * persisted through thick and thin.

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the democratic parties have further played an important role in building Socialism with Chinese characteristics. Since the reform and opening up, the democratic parties have become the political alliance of some socialist workers, builders of the socialist cause and patriots who support socialism, close friends who accept the leadership of the * * * production party and work together with the * * * production party, and participating parties who are unified in their progressiveness and extensiveness and committed to the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

In the long process of revolution and construction, the people of the whole country and the democratic parties gradually realized that only socialism can save China, and there would be no new China without the * * * production party. They historically chose the leadership of the * * * production party, and on the basis of summing up historical experience, based on China's national conditions, formed a political pattern of multi-party cooperation under the leadership of the * * * production party. The practice of revolution, construction and reform has proved that the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the * * * Production Party is a completely correct historical choice made by the * * Production Party, democratic parties and the people of the whole country.

Second, the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of China's * * * production party has practical advantages.

The multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the * * * production party in China is a political party system in which all democratic parties conduct political consultation, democratic supervision and participate in and discuss state affairs on the premise that the * * * production party is in power. It has distinctive China characteristics and realistic advantages, which is conducive to strengthening the unity of the people throughout the country, developing a broad patriotic United front, correctly handling contradictions among all social strata, better maintaining social stability, and mobilizing all positive factors to serve socialist modernization. It not only avoids the political turmoil caused by multi-party competition and mutual strife, but also avoids all kinds of disadvantages caused by one-party autocracy and lack of supervision.

First of all, it embodies the essential requirements of socialist democracy. The distinctive features of China's multi-party cooperation system are "* * production party leadership, multi-party cooperation, * * * production party in power and multi-party participation in politics", which fully embodies the essential requirements of socialist democratic politics. This system is embodied in the relationship between political parties, and the * * * production party is in a dominant position. This leading position is the correct choice of China people and democratic parties in the long-term revolution, construction and reform practice. The cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics needs the leadership of China * * * production party. In contemporary China, no political party can replace the * * * production party as the leading core of the 654.38 billion people. All democratic parties are soberly aware of the importance, necessity and practical significance of accepting the leadership of the * * * Party in China, and sincerely welcome and accept the leadership of the * * * Party. The leadership of China's * * * production party over the democratic parties is political leadership, that is, the leadership of political principles, political directions and political lines. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has stepped up consultations with various democratic parties, with constantly enriched contents and more standardized procedures. From 1990 to the end of 2006, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and their entrusted departments held more than 230 consultation meetings, symposiums and briefings, and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee presided over 74 meetings. * * * Before formulating major principles and policies, the production party held consultations and discussions with democratic parties in various ways, listened carefully and absorbed their opinions, and then rose to the will of the state through legal procedures. Democratic parties actively participate in the formulation of national policies and policies in different ways and participate in the management of state and social affairs.

In the relationship between political parties and state power, the * * * production party is the ruling party, the democratic parties are participating parties, and they are close friends who cooperate with the * * * production party. * * * The ruling position of the production party is formed by history and is clearly stipulated in the Constitution. The status of democratic parties as participating parties is established according to their beneficial role in China's history and contemporary political life. As a political alliance of socialist workers, builders of socialist cause and patriots who support socialism, the democratic parties, under the leadership of the Producer Party, participate in the management of state power and social affairs, which is an important embodiment of people's democracy. This is different from the western multi-party system or two-party system and the one-party system implemented in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. China is a multi-party cooperative system. As participating parties, the democratic parties have extensive and close cooperation with the * * * production party on the basis of sharing state power and being responsible to the people. All democratic parties and personages without party affiliation occupy a certain proportion in the organs of power at all levels, and people's congresses, governments, courts and procuratorates at all levels have members of democratic parties and personages without party affiliation in leading positions. From the Tenth National People's Congress in 2003 to the end of 2006, seven members of democratic parties and personages without party affiliation served as vice chairmen of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), 465,438+0 served as vice chairmen of provincial people's congresses, and 24 served as vice governors and other provincial administrative deputies. In 2007, two members of democratic parties and independents served as Minister of Science and Technology and Minister of Health respectively. (Quoted from the white paper "The Political Party System in China", 165438+2007 10)

In the relationship between political parties and society, the democratic parties and the * * * production party unite and cooperate, and * * * jointly shoulder the social management function. In contemporary China, with the in-depth development of socialist market economy and the reorganization of social structure, many emerging social classes and groups have emerged. Democratic parties have close historical and natural ties with many emerging social classes, thus forming a situation in which the * * * producers' party represents the broadest masses of the people, democratic parties and personages without party affiliation are associated with some social classes and groups, and * * * is committed to socialist construction. The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation is conducive to giving full play to the political advantages of democratic parties' extensive contact with different social classes and groups and leading social management in cooperation with the ruling party.

Second, it is conducive to the democratization of national political life. Multi-party cooperation and political consultation system are important forms to realize the people being the masters of the country. This system enriches the forms of democracy, enables democratic parties and people without party affiliation to participate extensively in state and social management, promotes the democratization and scientificization of decision-making, and provides an important guarantee for carrying forward socialist democracy and realizing the democratization of national political life. The form of democracy includes not only democratic voting on major issues, but also democratic consultation on major issues of concern. The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of China Productive Party is an important practice of democratic consultation. Since the reform and opening up, CPPCC institutions have been set up from the central government to the local governments, forming a system of meeting with the National People's Congress every year. As participating parties, the democratic parties participate in the political consultation of national policies and democratic supervision of state affairs, and cooperate with the * * * production party in various fields, which can better realize the people being the masters of the country and promote the democratization of the country's political life. On the one hand, the democratic parties express their opinions and suggestions on the state's major policies through fixed channels, and use their own organizational systems and independent party activities to help the ruling party form correct decisions; On the other hand, by recommending members to hold leading positions in state organs and participating in the decision-making and implementation of state policies, democratic parties have played the role of political consultation, democratic supervision and participation in the discussion of state affairs, and promoted the democratization of the country's political life.

Multi-party cooperation has the function of maintaining social stability. On the one hand, a big country with a population of more than one billion needs a strong leadership core of the production party to carry out modernization; On the other hand, social transformation and diversification of interests need more effective democratic participation. Multi-party cooperation helps to form a variety of interest expression channels, mobilize a wide range of social and political resources, resolve various interest conflicts, resolve interest conflicts, promote social stability, fully mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of democratic parties and people without party affiliation, give full play to their intelligence, properly handle contradictions among the people, and coordinate various interest relations.

Third, it is conducive to strengthening and improving party leadership. Through mutual supervision, especially the supervision of the * * * production party, the ruling party can hear different opinions and criticisms at any time, better understand the people's wishes and demands, and correct bureaucracy. The supervisory function of democratic parties is an important mechanism to effectively prevent corruption of the ruling party. The democratic parties in our country are close friends of the * * * production party, and their criticism and supervision can promote the * * * production party to strengthen and improve its leadership. The mutual supervision between the production party and the democratic parties in China is political supervision through criticism, opinions and suggestions, investigation and consultation on the basis of the Four Cardinal Principles. The purpose is to better devote ourselves to the same cause and achieve the same goal, not to bring down the other side. This kind of mutual supervision is positive, kind and benign, which is essentially different from the competition and intrigue of western political parties.

Fourth, it is conducive to avoiding the drawbacks of the western political party system. The relationship between western political parties is mainly the relationship of competition and struggle. The western multi-party system inevitably brings some disadvantages, such as civil strife, social unrest, frequent government changes and political instability. For example, during the period of 1946- 1958, the government of the Fourth Republic of France changed more than 20 times, and the average ruling time was less than six months, the longest exceeding 1 year and the shortest only two days. There were 44 cabinet changes in multi-party Italy from 1946 to 1983. The average life span of each government is 10 months, the longest is 2 years and 3 months, and the shortest is only 9 days. In the past ten years, Japan has had nine prime ministers. The frequent change of government is obviously very unfavorable to the stability and healthy development of the country.

Some developing countries blindly copy the western multi-party system or two-party system regardless of their national conditions and development stages, which leads to constant political party struggle, political turmoil, serious retrogression in economic and social development and profound lessons. For example, in the late 20th century, many African countries announced the implementation of multi-party system, with numerous political parties and fierce competition. As a result, political chaos and conflicts persist, leading to serious social unrest in almost half of the countries. Data collected by some foreign scholars show that the percentage of political instability and coups in developing countries is much higher than that of one-party system. Huntington, an American political scholar, believes that "in developing countries, the multi-party system is a weak political party system." The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China has not only prevented the disadvantages of one-party system, such as monopolizing power, lack of supervision and easy corruption, but also avoided the phenomenon of multi-party system attacking and competing with each other, giving full play to the beneficial role of social and political resources.

Third, the western multi-party system does not conform to China's national conditions, and China must adhere to the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by China's production party.

In western countries, the two major political parties (usually combined with other small parties) come to power alternately and take turns to govern. On the surface, they are very democratic, but in essence, they are the result of contradictions and struggles within the bourgeoisie and changes in power in these countries. No matter who comes to power, it will not fundamentally change the nature of bourgeois dictatorship in these countries.

There are many contradictions and conflicts of interest among the major groups within the bourgeoisie in western countries, and it is impossible for a single political party to fully represent the interests of each group. When the interests of various groups conflict, they will organize their own political parties to compete for or share state power, so that the state can adopt policies beneficial to this group, thus forming a two-party system or a multi-party system. The implementation of the two-party system or the multi-party system does not endanger the bourgeois state power. If the ideology of a political party endangers the bourgeois state power, it is either banned or excluded from party politics. After World War II, the American * * * production party once developed, but the bourgeoisie did not allow it to grow and develop. 1954, the us congress passed the producer control act, which stipulates that "producers shall not enjoy any rights, privileges and immunities enjoyed by legal organizations established according to us laws"; Later, McCarthy Act and Monte Act were passed to restrict the development of the * * * production party. As American scholar Lundberg said, "there is actually only one single political party in the United States, and that is the rich party." Deng Xiaoping hit the nail on the head and pointed out the essence of the western political party system: "What are the advantages of the multi-party system in capitalist countries? That multi-party system is determined by the competitive state of the bourgeoisie, and none of them represents the interests of the broad masses of working people. "

The bourgeoisie always tries its best to cover up the class nature of the party system and publicize the party's super-class nature. There are two types of western multi-party system: one is that several political parties in the multi-party system are bourgeois political parties, which is the most important type. The other is to introduce proletarian political parties into the multi-party political system, but this does not change the essence of its political party system to maintain bourgeois rule. 1982, the French ruling Coalition allowed the * * * production party to participate in the * * * ruling, but it required that it must support government policies to participate in the government, which restricted the trade unions under the leadership of France from organizing strikes. The purpose of the western political party system is to consolidate the bourgeois state power. Although the proletarian party will be allowed to participate in politics temporarily under special circumstances, it is impossible for the proletarian party to truly become the ruling party.

The political party system is determined by a country's certain economic foundation and serves it. The economic basis of multi-party system is the grouping and diversification of interests within the ruling class, and the western political party system just meets the requirements of this grouping and diversification of interests. China's national conditions, social systems and social conditions are quite different from those of western countries. Socialist public ownership, mainly the state-owned economy, has always been dominant in China's economic base, and the working class and all the people have an inseparable possession of state-owned means of production, which determines that there can only be one and only one unified working-class political party representing the fundamental interests of the working class and the overwhelming majority of the people in China. It is decided that there are no selfish groups and illegal factional activities in the working class as the leading class and the China * * * production party as the working class in China, the people of China and the vanguard of the Chinese nation, which is the fundamental reason why China does not engage in the western political party system. Of course, there are also individual economy and private economy in China, but these are necessary supplements to the socialist public ownership economy. The self-employed, private business owners, entrepreneurs and technicians of private scientific and technological enterprises, management technicians employed by foreign-funded enterprises and other social strata in China's social transformation are all builders of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Although they have different interests and needs and may have different views on some specific principles and policies of the country, this gap is not a gap between political direction and principles, but a contradiction among the people, and there is no deviation in fundamental interests. It can be solved through democratic consultation and overall consideration.

(Written by luginin and Zhang Hai)