Other word formation methods

(mixed method)

Mixing method, that is, mixing two words or taking parts of each to make a new word. The second half represents the subject; The first half represents attributes.

News broadcast → news broadcast

Television broadcast → television broadcast

Smoke and fog → smoke

Helicopter Airport →heliport Helicopter Airport acronym, that is, a new word is formed by the first letter of the word. There are two main pronunciation forms, that is, each letter is pronounced separately; As the pronunciation of words.

Very important person →VIP (reading alphabetic sounds) VIP; big shot

TV → TV (reading letters and sounds) TV

English as a foreign language test → TOEFL TOEFL

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Cutting, especially in informal usage, sometimes we reduce some polysyllabic words into one syllable, thus producing truncated words. Generally speaking, cutting methods can be divided into the following three types (the latter two methods are not common):

A. Truncation suffix: ad = advertisement, demo = demo, expo = exposition, pro = professional, gents = gentlemen's toilet (men's toilet), pub = public house (hotel) and stereo (hotel).

B. Truncated words: telephone = telephone, airplane = airplane, parachute = parachute, helicopter = helicopter.

C. Truncate the beginning and end of the word: flu = flu, tec = detective, refrigerator = refrigerator (affix).

English affixes can be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Generally speaking, prefixes only change the meaning of words, but not the part of speech. Suffixes not only change the meaning of words, but also change the part of speech of words. (prefix)

A. prefix indicating negation

In-, im-, il-, ir- means "no" and "conversation" For example: inefficient, infrequent, inappropriate, impossible, illiterate and irregular.

No means "nothing", "lack" and "opposite". For example: non-aggression, non-conductor, meaningless, non-smoking, non-fiction, non-violence, non-production, non-existence and uninterrupted. For example: unhappy, unemployed, indifferent, unsuccessful, unhappy, revoked, silent, uninstalled.

B. prefixes indicating the opposite order or negation

De- stands for "reverse action", such as dispersion, thawing, desegregation and demotion.

Dis- stands for "reverse action" and "no". For example: disappearance (disappearance), discount (discount), disagreement (inconsistency), disadvantage (disadvantage), disobedience (disobedience), disorder (disorder), djsloyal (injustice).

C. prefixes expressing contempt

Mal means "serious", "bad" and "bad", such as abuse, deformity, malfunction and malnutrition.

Misstands for "wrongly" and "astronomy". For example: misleading (misleading), misconduct (misconduct), misreading (mispronouncing), misunderstanding (misunderstanding), misconduct (wrong behavior), misprinting (misprinting).

Fake-meaning "fake", "fake" and "imitated". For example: pseudoclassicism, pseudograph, pseudomorphology, pseudonyms.

D. Prefixes indicating degree or scale

Co stands for "ly" and "On the basis of equality". For example: co-education (common education system), Coheir (common heir), copilot (co-pilot), cohabitant (cohabitation) and cooperative (cooperation).

Mini stands for "small", such as minibus, taxi and mini-bar.

Over- means "too much". For example: excessive anxiety, overpopulation, overcrowding, overwork, and exorbitant prices.

Sub means "below", "below" and "further". For example, subconscious, subordinate, substandard, secondary and sub-average super means "beyond" and "very special". For example: supernatural, supermarket, superman, super sensitive.

E. prefixes indicating direction and attitude

Anti means "against" such as: anti-war (anti-war), anti-imperialism (anti-imperialism), anti-missile (anti-missile), anti-music (unorthodox music) and anti-poet (unorthodox poet).

Contra- stands for "opposition", "relative" and "contrast". For example: contraception, conflict, violation. Anti means "in the opposite direction", "responding" and "responding". For example: counter (offset), counter-attack (counterattack), counter-revolution (counter-revolution), counter-attack (prevention), countermeasure (counter-strategy), counter-control (counter-accusation), anti-culturist (counter-culture), counter-attack (counter-attack), counterpart (equivalent person or thing).

F. Prefixes indicating time and order

Ex stands for "former", for example, former president, former soldier and ex-husband.

Fore- means "before", "before" and "in advance", for example, prediction, foretaste, prediction, forerunner, forerunner-means "after" For example, post-war, post-election, post-classic period and post-liberation) pre mean "before". For example, before the war, before school and before marriage, it means "again" For example: recall, reassembly, reconsideration, rearrangement.

G. prefixes representing numbers

Bi- means "two" and "there are two". For example: bimonthly (once every February), bilateral (bilateral), bilingual (bilingual)

Poly-, multi- stands for "many", such as polygon (people who know several languages), polygon (polygon), polygamy (polygamy), multi-lateral (multiracial) and multi-objective.

Semi stands for "half" and "part". For example: semicircle, semiconductor, hemispherical.

Mono-, uni- stands for "single" and "having one". For example: monoxide (Monoxide), Monosyllabic (Monosyllabic), Monolingual (Monolingual)

Pent (a)-means "five". For example: pentagon, pentathlete, pentahedron.

Dec(a)- means "ten", such as decathlon, decathlon, decathlon, decathlon, 10g, 10m, 10m.

A. noun suffix

1) Noun suffix derived from nouns:

——DOM means "domain", "realm" and "condition". For example: freedom, kingdom, martyrdom, boredom, bureaucracy. -eer stands for "good at" and "engaged in". For example: mountaineer (climber), auctioneer (auctioneer), engineer (engineer), profiteer (speculator, profiteer), essayist (pamphleteer), blackmailer (blackmailer).

-ful means "the quantity or number to be filled". For example, a bite, a hug, a full basket, a spoon, a handful and a full bag mean "status" and "conditions". For example: friendship, relationship, members, authors, leaders, dictatorship.

2) Noun suffixes derived from adjectives

-ity is a very common suffix used to form abstract nouns from adjective roots. For example, sound, false

(Dishonest), quickness, diversity, realism, decency, realism and regularity can be added to any adjective quite freely. For example: carelessness, happiness, usefulness, kindness, selfishness and accidents.

3) Noun suffixes derived from verbs

-al stands for "the act or result of". For example, arrival, rejection, removal, survival and signal ants are the main forms of actors. For example, containment, competitor, participant and lubricant -ee stand for "the person who is the object of the verb". For example, absentee, refugee, employee and nominee -er/ or nouns that constitute actors. For example, creators, survivors, drivers, new york people, singers, actors and executives-age means "actions" and "examples". For example, covering, draining, shrinking and leveraging mean "the process or state of" and "the product of". For example: protection, completion, examination, consideration, organization, hunger, recognition, foundation.

-ment means "the result of", such as: arrangement, surprise, announcement, management, employment, entertainment.

B. Verb suffix

There are few common verb suffixes in English, and only -ize has the strongest word-formation ability.

-ate is mainly combined with noun roots, such as: orchestrate (orchestral), laminate (sliced), hyphenate (hyphenated) -en and adjectives, such as: deafen (deaf), sadden (sad), tauten (tight), quick (fast) and ripple (fast). Widen (make wide), harden (make hard), widen (make wide)-if is combined with adjectives and nouns, such as: simplify (make simple), enlarge (enlarge), code (compile), beautiful (make beautiful), identify (recognize), electrify (electrify)-for example: modernize (modernize).

C. adjective suffix

1) comes from the adjective suffix of nouns.

-ed stands for "possession", such as simple mind, blue eyes, strange shape, blond hair and blue eyes. -full means "full" and "offering". For example: useful (useful), meaningful (meaningful), concerned (serious), doubtful (doubtful), successful (successful), helpful (helpful) -ish means "something similar". For example: naive, stupid, snobbish, Swedish, Turkish-less means "no". For example: careless (careless), useless (useless), meaningless (meaningless), harmless (harmless), homeless (homeless)

-like means "like". For example, childlike, monkey-like and politician-like means "having the quality of …" For example: friendliness, loving mother, brother, cowardice, daily, weekly.

2) Adjective suffixes derived from verbs

-able stands for "the kind dominated by v-ed" For example: acceptable (washable), drinkable (drinkable), manageable (inevitable), visible (visible) -ive For example: attractive (attractive), effective (effective), possessive, productive, expansive and expandable.

D. adverb suffix

-ly can be widely added after an adjective, which can often be interpreted as "in a way/way" or "to a certain extent". For example, personal (in person), calm (obviously), extreme (extremely), obvious (cordial), eager (eager) and sincere (simple) -wise can be used to express ways and scales, such as horizontal. But it is most commonly used to mean "in …", which is equivalent to "as far as …". Weather (as far as weather is concerned), education (as far as education is concerned), taxation (as far as taxation is concerned) and curriculum (as far as curriculum is concerned). These new words are adverbials in sentences, which are equivalent to ….

For example:

In terms of dollars, business is better than ever, but not so good in terms of profits. Judging from the dollar amount of transactions, business is indeed more prosperous than in the past, but in terms of profits, the situation is not necessarily better than in the past.

"From the figures, the problem is not serious," Mr. Ji Lennhammer said. Mr. Ji Lennhammer said: "From a numerical point of view, the problem is not that serious." (mixed)

Patchwork is a method of combining one word with another word to form a compound word. From the morphological structure, the hybridization method can be roughly

Divided into the following four categories:

A. Take the beginning of the first word and the end of the second word.

-Motel (car+hotel)

-Channel Tunnel (Channel+Tunnel)

-brunch (breakfast+lunch) brunch

-TV (TV+radio) TV broadcasting

-Smoke (smoke+fog)

-bit (binary number) bit (binary unit)

Keep the original form of the first word and delete the first part of the second word.

-News broadcast (news+radio) news report

-Travel (Travel+Catalogue) Travel Experience Seminar

-lunarnaut (Moon+Astronaut) Astronaut on the Moon

-airtel (Aviation+Hotel) airport hotel

-Faction (fact+fiction) documentary literature

-slimnastics (Slim+Gymnastics) weight-loss gymnastics

Keep the original form of the second word and delete the tail of the first word.

-paratroopers (paratroopers+troops) airborne troops

-docudrama (documentary+drama)

-medicare (Medicare+Nursing) health care plan

-helipad (helicopter+helipad) helipad

-psywarrior (psychology+warrior) psychological warfare expert

-Remote diagnosis (TV+diagnosis) remote detection

D. delete the end of the first word and the second word.

-Interpol (International Police)

-Motor-propelled dual-purpose vehicle (motorcycle) light pedal motorcycle.

Communication satellite (communication+satellite)

-Situation comedy (situation+comedy) Situation comedy

-Comint (communication+intelligence) communication information

-Science fiction (science+fiction) Science fiction

In modern English, many mixed words have been firmly established, which have become powerful examples of the formation of new words. For example: from cheeseburger (sandwich with cheese) to beefburger (sandwich with beef), shrimpburger sandwich with shrimp); From motel to botel (boat+hotel) and Aquatel (water+hotel); From washeteria (laundromat washing+cafeteria) to candyteria (self-service candy store) and luncheteria (self-service snack bar). (rear formation)

The reverse order method is just the opposite of the affixation method in the next section. Affix method is to use this affix to form a new word, and reverse order method is to remove the wrongly recognized suffix to form a new word. For example, by deleting -- ion from TV, TV was reversed. The new words created by this word formation are called reverse words. Most negative words belong to verbs, and nouns and adjectives are the prototype words that constitute the most negative words.

A. Nouns-> Verb. For example:

-peddlers peddle

-Liar? Fraud (fraud)

Beggars (beggars)

Donation (donation)

-editor edit

-The speaker

Thief (theft)

-Resurrection? Resurrection (Resurrection)

Aggressive (aggressive)

-Temporary guardianship

-Freedom Association Freedom Association (AFA)