Wang Chong's Lun Heng: Wang Chong, a materialist thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote Lun Heng, opposing "the feeling between heaven and man" and criticizing the idea of superstitious ghosts and gods.

Sima Qian's Historical Records: Sima Qian, an outstanding historian in ancient China, wrote Historical Records. Historical Records records the history from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is the first biographical general history of ancient China.

Han Shu by Ban Gu: Han Shu by Ban Gu, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the first dynastic history of China. Describe the historical events of the Western Han Dynasty. Ban Gu slightly changed the genre of Historical Records, changed "book" into ambition, and cancelled the aristocratic family.

Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses: Located in the east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong, Shaanxi Province, it is the largest art treasure house unearthed in the world so far.

The invention of paper: During the Western Han Dynasty, China was able to make paper. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuch Cai Lun improved papermaking on 105 and made plant fiber paper. China was the first country in the world to invent papermaking.

Mathematics and Astronomy: Nine Chapters of Arithmetic in Hanshu was advanced in the world at that time. Zhang Heng, an outstanding scientist and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented the seismograph, which is the earliest instrument to determine the direction of earthquakes in the world, more than 1000 years earlier than Europe.

Chapter III Culture of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties

Spread of Buddhism: Buddhism was introduced to Chinese mainland in the late Western Han Dynasty. When Emperor Hanming was in the East, he built the White Horse Temple. Buddhism was widely spread in the Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasties, especially in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Liang Wudi was a Buddhist in the Southern Dynasties. During the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Kumarajiva translated scriptures in Chang 'an. Fa Xian Biography, written by Fa Xian, a eminent monk in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is an important document to study the history of Asia in the early 5th century.

The establishment of Taoism: the rise of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the formation of a complete religious system in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Fan Zhen's Deism: Fan Zhen was an atheist thinker in the Southern Dynasties of China. His book "The Theory of Deity Extinction" systematically expounds his atheistic thoughts and criticizes the idea of immortality of the soul and karma advocated by Buddhism.

Zu Chongzhi: He is the first mathematician in the world to make the value of pi accurate to seven decimal places.

Inventor Ma Jun: Invented the keel waterwheel (rollover).

Jia Sixie's Qi Yao Min Shu: This is a summary of the experience of working people in agriculture and animal husbandry in the north, mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Wang Xizhi's Calligraphy: Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was later called the "Book Sage".

Tao Yuanming's Poems: Tao Yuanming was the greatest poet in the Six Dynasties.

Exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Korea and Japan: A large number of Silla students came to Chang 'an, some returned to China, or took the imperial examinations to serve as officials in the Tang Dynasty. The culture of the Tang Dynasty had a great influence on Silla. Pyongyang, the capital of Silla, is modeled after Chang 'an in Tang Dou. Silla also imitated the Tang Dynasty system and adopted the imperial examination system to select officials. The characters created by Silla people are to read Chinese characters in Silla and combine Silla with Chinese characters. Japan sent "envoys to Tang" 13 times, and some foreign students and monks went to Tang. Japanese student Ma Lu Abe (Chao Heng in Chinese) went to the Tang Dynasty, and Jian Zhen, a monk of the Tang Dynasty, went to Japan to spread Buddhism six times at the invitation of Japanese monks. The culture of the Tang Dynasty had a great influence on Japan. Japanese students Kong Hai and Kibi No Asomi Makibi created Hiragana and Katakana of Japanese characters according to the radicals of cursive script and regular script respectively. The architectural form of Ping 'an Beijing in Japan imitates Chang 'an. Japanese diet, clothing and customs were also influenced by the Tang Dynasty.

The contact between the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu: During the Zhenguan period, Xuanzang went to Tianzhu to learn from the scriptures. Xuanzang named Tianzhu "India" when he translated the scriptures, and his disciples compiled "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang" based on his oral travel notes, which provided valuable information for the study of ancient Central Asia, Indian Peninsula countries and the exchanges between China and the West. While in Tang Gaozong, I ching monk went to Tianzhu, and wrote "Biography of Buddhist monks seeking dharma in the Western Regions of Datang". The maritime trade between the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu was frequent. Sugar cane, pepper, cotton cloth and jewelry from Tianzhu were introduced into the Tang Dynasty, and silk, tea, porcelain and paper from the Tang Dynasty were introduced into Tianzhu. Emperor Taizong also sent people to Tianzhu to learn the technology of boiling sugar.

The contact between Tang Dynasty and Dashi: Dashi was a big country in West Asia and North Africa at that time. China's papermaking technology was introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty, and later spread to many countries in Africa and Europe through big food merchants.

Chapter V Sui and Tang Dynasties Culture

Woodblock printing and the invention of gunpowder: China was the first country to invent printing in the world. The earliest block printing with exact date in the world is the Diamond Sutra paper printed in the Tang Dynasty in 868 AD. Books in the middle of the Tang Dynasty recorded the method of making gunpowder. At the end of the Tang dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military.

Monk and his party: The astronomer monk and his party in the Tang Dynasty measured the length of meridian for the first time in the world.

Tang Herbal Medicine and Qian Jinfang: In Tang Gaozong, the government organized the compilation of Tang Herbal Medicine, which was the first pharmacopoeia compiled and promulgated by the state in the world, 800 years earlier than that in Europe. Qian Jin Fang, written by Sun Simiao, a famous medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty, was later called "King of Medicine".

Zhao Zhouqiao: Li Chun, an outstanding craftsman in Sui Dynasty, built Zhao Zhouqiao, the oldest stone arch bridge in the world.

Shi Tong and Tong Dian: Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong is China's first historical theory work. Du You's General Code is the first special history of China's laws and regulations system.

Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi: The famous poets in the Tang Dynasty are Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi. Li Bai lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and was called "Poet Fairy". Du Fu lived in an era of prosperity and decline in the Tang Dynasty. People call him "the sage of poetry" and his poems are called "the history of poetry". Bai Juyi lived in the declining era of the Tang Dynasty.

Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Founded in the pre-Qin period, 67% of the grottoes were completed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, making it one of the largest art treasures in the world.

Chapter V Culture of Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties

The development and spread of three great inventions: movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in Northern Song Dynasty. 400 years before Europe. Movable type printing spread eastward to Korea and Japan, and westward to Egypt and Europe. During the Warring States period, the working people in our country invented a tool to indicate the direction-Sina. In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was made into a compass for sailing. The compass later spread to Arabia and Europe. At the end of the Tang dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military; During the Northern Song Dynasty, gunpowder was widely used in the military, and there was a workshop specializing in manufacturing gunpowder in Kaifeng, the capital. Tubular firearms appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty; In the Yuan Dynasty, gunpowder spread to Europe through Arabs.

Scientists Shen Kuo and Guo Shoujing: Shen Kuo, a famous scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, created the "Twelve Qi Calendars", which was 800 years earlier than Britain; Meng Qian Bi Tan introduced the scientific achievements of the Northern Song Dynasty. The chronicle of Guo Shoujing, a scientist in Yuan Dynasty, is 300 years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar. He presided over the nationwide astronomical survey, with the northernmost part in Siberia and the southernmost part in Xisha Islands.

Historiography in the Song and Yuan Dynasties: Sima Guang, a famous politician and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty, presided over the compilation of "A Mirror with Resources", which is an outstanding chronicle of ancient China and records the history from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties. Yuan Shu, a historian of the Southern Song Dynasty, founded the historical genre of Chronicle, sorting out the historical facts recorded in Zi Tong Zhi Jian in chronological order, and describing the beginning and end of each event with special topics.

Song Ci: The main literary achievement in Song Dynasty is Ci. Famous poets are Su Shi, Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji.

Yuanqu: In the Yuan Dynasty, the main achievement of drama was Yuanqu. Guan Hanqing, a famous Yuan composer, wrote Dou Eyuan.

Economic development and the germination of capitalist production relations: South China vigorously develops double-season rice, and Lingnan region also has three-season rice. High-yield crops such as corn and sweet potato originated in the United States are gradually popularized in Fujian and Guangdong. Tobacco native to America was also introduced into China by Luzon. Songjiang, Hangzhou and Huzhou have developed cotton textile industry. Porcelain industry in Ming Dynasty entered a period dominated by blue and white porcelain. Explosive blasting is used in mining, and coke is used as fuel in metal smelting. A large number of agricultural products are put on the market and become commodities. Some large industrial and commercial cities have emerged. Suzhou and Hangzhou are the center of silk industry; Songjiang is the center of cotton textile industry; Jingdezhen is the center of porcelain industry; Chengdu is a tea market; Yangzhou is a salt distribution center; Guangzhou, Ningbo, Quanzhou and Fuzhou are foreign trade ports. In the late Ming Dynasty, silver became a common currency. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, in the silk weaving industry in the south of the Yangtze River, the phenomenon of "machine users contribute, machine workers contribute" appeared. The relationship between the owner and the mechanic is the relationship between employment and being employed, which indicates the emergence of capitalist bud.

Peasant War in the Late Ming Dynasty: Shaanxi: Outbreak. Henan: Put forward the slogan of "even land and free of grain", which touched the feudal land system. Xi 'an: Establish the "Dashun" regime. Beijing: Overthrow the Ming Dynasty.

The Qing army entered the customs: 1644, when the Qing army entered the customs and occupied Beijing, the Qing dynasty began to rule the whole country.