1. Self-improvement: In the early days of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School established a number of modern military industries under the banner of "self-improvement" and adopted advanced western production technologies. Under the auspices of Li Hongzhang and others, a number of large-scale modern military industries such as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Jinling Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and Tianjin Machinery Bureau came out one after another. In just a few years, China has possessed the production capacity of cast iron, steelmaking and machinery for various military products, including new weapons such as cannons, firearms, ammunition, mines and ships.

2. Seeking wealth: In the later period of the Westernization Movement, in order to solve the difficulties of military industry in terms of capital, fuel and transportation, the Westernization School set up many civilian industries under the banner of "seeking wealth". 1872, Li Hongzhang established China Merchants Bureau for Ships in Shanghai. This is the first private enterprise founded by the Westernization School. Only three years after its establishment, China Merchants recovered more than two million silver13 million for the Qing government, and also developed overseas business, breaking the monopoly of foreign shipping companies.

These changes show that with the establishment of military industry, the Westernization School realized that the strong national defense foundation lies in the economic development of the whole country, which needs the support of energy, steel and other industries. At the same time, in order to safeguard national interests, we should also develop the national economy and "compete for profits" with foreigners. As a result, they put forward the slogan of seeking wealth, and civil industry and new transportation industry also developed.

Extended data:

During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Beiyang Navy was completely annihilated, which marked the complete loss of the strength of the Qing navy and the bankruptcy of the 35-year Westernization Movement. 19th century, the world has been in the era of social Darwinism, and the failure of any international or domestic struggle may be regarded as backwardness. The Westernization Movement was also classified into this category because of its defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, but it was only one of a series of "failures" in China's modern history. Although the process of "self-improvement" can be criticized, the traditional structure of China has been broken-the Westernization Movement took the introduction of technology as a means to enrich Qiang Bing; The Reform Movement of 1898 believed that constitutionalism could save the country. During the May 4th Movement, China people realized that the reform should start with ideas.