View my collection

0 Useful+1 Voting

lock

Guangzhou Business Group Incident, also known as Business Group Rebellion, refers to the * * * incident caused by the opposition of Guangzhou business group and business circles organized by Sun Yat-sen to Guangzhou army from August 65438 to June 65438.

The Guangzhou Army described this incident as a counter-revolutionary rebellion, so it was also called the Guangzhou Commercial Group Rebellion. The Guangzhou business group described this incident of Sun Yat-sen's suppression of the business group as an atrocity of tyranny persecuting businessmen, so it was also called the Xiguan massacre [1].

Chinese name

Guangzhou merchant volunteers uprising

Foreign name

Guangzhou merchant volunteers uprising

date

65438+August 0924-65438+1October 0924 65438

location

Guangzhou City

Reason 1

Guangzhou army * * * heavy taxes.

Reason 2

Guangzhou Business Group Against Guangzhou Army

Reason 3

The armed forces of the Guangzhou business group have grown.

Reason 4

Guangzhou business people refused to join * * *

resistivity method

Hold a shopkeeper strike

Result 1

Sun Yat-sen sent troops to suppress.

Result 2

Guangzhou Armed Business Group was defeated and disarmed.

Conflict party

China * * * and Guangzhou Army * * *

Conflict party

Guangzhou Commercial Group and Guangzhou Citizens

commander

Jiang Zhongzheng and Chen Lianbo.

lose

The loss is close to HK$ 50 million.

casualties

There are about 2000 civilian casualties.

Since the late Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou Commercial Group has dared to confront * * * in order to safeguard its own interests. The Pearl River Delta region with Guangzhou as the center is one of the more developed regions in industry and commerce, and Guangzhou businessmen have strong economic strength. Therefore, no matter the court officials, revolutionaries or warlords, when they are in power in Guangdong, they all hope to get the political and financial support of Guangzhou businessmen.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the governors of Guangdong and Guangxi, the governors of the Republic of China and the governors came to Guangdong to take office, and they all met with representatives of business groups. When they make important policies, they usually call business leaders for advice. * * * The more they accommodate businessmen, the higher the prestige of business leaders in society and the greater their influence on local politics. When Guangzhou businessmen think that a certain policy has seriously damaged the interests of the business community, they sometimes take strikes and other ways to confront * * *. [2]

During the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), the public security was poor, and Guangzhou businessmen set up a Guangzhou business group to defend themselves on 19 12. Chen Lianbo is the head of the group and the director of the financial management department of Guangzhou Yueshang Public Security Maintenance Association (Commercial Group Office). He supports business group funds and borrows money to buy guns.

19 17 Chen Lianbo, a traitor, was appointed as the acting president of the Guangdong Merchants Security Council, further arming the business group.

1965438+In August 2009, Chen Lianbo became the head of Guangdong Commercial Corps. By 1924, the total number of business groups in Guangzhou has expanded to 13000. The business group remained neutral in all previous regime changes in Guangzhou, and was supported by some people in Guangzhou for protecting the interests of businessmen and maintaining public security and stability. [3-4]

Since 19 16, when Lu Rongting became the overseer of Guangdong, Guangdong has been controlled by warlords in Guangxi, resulting in local financial chaos. [5]

Introduction to Chen Lianbo 1920 10, Chen Jiongming led the Guangdong army to expel the Guangxi warlords who had been entrenched in Guangzhou for a long time, and began the era of "Guangdong people ruling Guangdong". [5]

1920165438+10 Chen Jiongming returned to Guangdong as governor and invited Sun Yat-sen, Tang and Wu to participate in politics.

1920165438+10 In October, Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou from Shanghai and reorganized Chen's army into the direct jurisdiction. The political opinions of Hou Chen and Sun gradually came into conflict. Chen Jiongming advocated "joint provincial autonomy", and Sun planned to suppress Beiyang warlords by force.

1922 16 In June, a shelling incident occurred in the presidential palace of Guanyinshan, and Sun Yat-sen broke with Chen Jiongming. [6]

1923, the forces controlled by Sun United with the warlords of Yunnan and Guangxi, defeated Chen Jiongming and gained control of Guangzhou. After Sun Yat-sen took control of Guangzhou, he reorganized the army because of the failure of the second protection movement. On the one hand, it collected civilians [7], on the other hand, it requisitioned the land of some groups such as temples for auction and issued a large number of banknotes to raise funds [8]. Garrison stationed all over Guangzhou confronted Chen Jiongming's troops, military expenditure increased, tax revenue increased substantially, and gambling banned by Chen Jiongming was lifted again to collect taxes. Due to the various behaviors of the army, a large number of people in society began to be dissatisfied.

1924 65438+ 10 * * was held to implement three major policies. Guangzhou businessmen were afraid that Sun Yat-sen would practise * * * productism with the help of the Soviet Union, and turned hostile to the * * * faction led by Sun Yat-sen..

In late May, 1924, Guangzhou City Hall issued a bill to levy new taxes on "unified road ownership", which caused dissatisfaction among Guangzhou business circles.

1924 from may to August, strikes occurred in various industries in Guangzhou. The business groups in Guangzhou and its surrounding areas set up the "Guangdong Business Group Army Joint Defense Command", with Chen Lianbo as the chief commander and Deng Jieshi and Chen Gong as the deputy commanders, and implemented * * * for Guangzhou. After the negotiation between Guangzhou Commercial Group and * * * *, * * decided to cancel the road property rights bill, and the general strike came to an end temporarily [9]. At the same time, the Guangdong business group held a meeting to try to set up a joint defense and discuss the purchase of additional weapons and equipment.

1On June 29th, 924, Sun Yat-sen held a military and police parade and tried to win the participation of the Guangzhou business group through various channels, but the business group did not respond. * * * and the armed forces of business groups * * * can no longer maintain this situation. [2]

On August 1924 and 10, the shipping group purchased a batch of guns and ammunition from the British businessman Li Nan foreign firm (according to the military, there were more than 9,000 guns, including 40 machine guns and more than 3 million bullets). ) British nationality (the other is Norwegian nationality. ) The ship Harvard was detained by the ship Gu Jiang led by Chiang Kai-shek on the river near Tianzi Wharf in Guangzhou. This batch of guns has been reported to Sun * * * before, but * * * thinks that the quantity does not match the arrival date (* * * announcement means that "the original case said that it arrived on the 40th, and now it is only six days from the 4th (June 5438+00), and the time does not match. According to the stub of the office of the commercial company, the number of guns received by the regiments exceeded 5,000, while the number of guns delivered by Harvard exceeded 4,000 instead of/10 000. How do we explain the gun surplus? 」) 。 [2]

In August 1924, 12, 15, 1000, more than 100 business representatives went to the marshal's office twice to demand the return of the seized arms. After being rejected, Guangzhou businessmen were organized to strike, and in the name of "the Republic of China's politics determines the national army", the business groups of all counties in the province were electrified to strike [9]. According to the business group, * * * allowed the business group to buy machinery first, but then detained the firearms. In the negotiation of returning the machinery, the business group has made great concessions, and both strikes were because of * * *' s remorse. [2]

On August 22nd, 1924 and 138 townships in more than 20 counties, including Nanhai, Panyu, Shunde, Taishan, Dongguan, Zengcheng, Xinhui, Qingyuan, Gaoyao, Qujiang, Yangjiang and Luoding, went on strike in succession to support the Guangzhou business delegation. When the business group went on strike for the first time, Sun Yat-sen planned to force businessmen to open the market by force on August 29th.

1924 On August 24th, Sun Yat-sen announced that Chen Lianbo was wanted in Guangzhou.

On August 28th, 1924, the Japanese Consul General in Guangzhou presented * * * to Liao, Governor of Guangdong Province. [2]

Guangzhou * * * said: "On August 29th, 1924, the British Acting Consul General in Guangzhou said:" If the authorities bombard Guangzhou, the British Navy will try its best to deal with it ". Under pressure, Sun Yat-sen had to give up the plan of using force, so Sun Yat-sen thought that the action of the business group was supported by Britain. "

But American scholar C. Martin Wilbur pointed out that Britain was not directly involved in the business group incident. The British Foreign Secretary is quite dissatisfied with the warning of Sun Yat-sen by the British Consul General and Major General in Guangzhou. Afterwards, the British Foreign Office instructed the British Minister to severely reprimand the consul general who acted without authorization. Scholar Zhang Junyi pointed out that some British businessmen participated in the purchase of machinery, but neither Britain nor Hongkong instigated or lured business groups to confront Sun Yat-sen's Guangzhou. [10] Beiyang * * * has been paying attention to the progress of the situation. According to the telegram sent by the military department of Beiyang Presidential Palace to Wu and others, the direct warlord instigated the business group to rebel against the Guangzhou army. [ 1 1]

On September 1924, 1, Dr. Sun Yat-sen published "External Statement on the Business Group Incident" and "To McDonald's in Britain * * * *", pointing the finger at Britain. Wang Jingwei, Hu and others opposed Sun Yat-sen's idea of solving the business group by force. Liao resigned from Sun Zhongshan as governor of Guangdong and Guangxi because his idea of strictly controlling the business group was blocked.

1On September 4th, 924, Sun Yat-sen left Guangzhou for Shaoguan, the base camp of the Northern Expedition. Guangzhou set up a station and appointed Hu as acting marshal and governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.

1924 September 15, Chen Lianbo, Chen Gongshou, etc. Send a telegram, denying the attempt to overthrow * * * by using the Guangzhou Commercial Group, and expressing support for Dr. Sun Yat-sen and obeying the Guangzhou Revolution. Hu cancelled the arrest warrants against Chen Gong.

On June 4th, 1924, Yueshang Group contacted Guangzhou and 100 counties and towns for a meeting in Foshan, and decided to launch a second strike and perform in Guangzhou again.

1924101On October 9, Sun Yat-sen returned some of the seized arms to the business group. The situation has subsided a little, and Sun Yat-sen has no intention of using force to solve the incident. However, when the Guangdong business group launched the second general strike, the Soviet Union finally delivered the first batch of weapons and ammunition to Guangzhou on 1924 and 1923 10 on October 7, according to the "Sun Feixuan" at the beginning of 1923, so the original situation changed greatly.

1924, 10, 10 in the afternoon, * * Guangdong District Committee mobilized 56,000 people from trade unions, peasant associations, youth league committees and Guangdong Engineering Corps to hold the "Double Ten Warning Festival" conference. [13] Zhou Enlai spoke at the meeting to warn the business team, and held a meeting after the meeting. At Xihaokou, Taiping South Road (now Renmin South Road), the * * * team was attacked by a commercial army, and more than 20 people were killed and 100 people were injured.

The army of the business group built a barricade in Xiguan, blocked the urban area, and posted slogans such as "Sun Wen closed down" and "Down with Sun * * *".

In the evening, Chen Lianbo's younger brother Chen Lianzhong called Deng Jieshi, Li Songshao and other business leaders for a meeting in Shamian, and decided that all the delegations in the old and new cities would meet in Xiguan at 5 pm on1October 1924 14, and it was planned to be on June 1924 15. [9][ 12][ 14- 15]

19241June1kloc-0/day, Sun Yat-sen organized a revolutionary committee and appointed Chiang Kai-shek, Wang Jingwei, Liao,,, and Tan Pingshan as plenipotentiary members of the revolutionary committee. [ 10]

19241kloc-0/2 In June, Sun Yat-sen's "Revolutionary Committee" was established as its chairman to solve the problem of business groups. [9]

14 June 14, Governor Hu ordered the dissolution of the business group. The next day, Guangzhou was announced.

1924 65438+ 10/5 in the early morning, Bao Luoting, Chiang Kai-shek, Liao, Tan Pingshan and other students from whampoa Military Academy 1 2, joined forces with Guangdong Army, Fu Jun, guards, workers' corps and farmers' corps, and were defeated and dismissed. At about 1 1 hour, the * * * army instigated barber workers to use about 300 cases of kerosene, which caused a fire, burned Xiguan shops and burned supporters of business groups, and the Xiguan business district in Guangzhou was seriously damaged [16]. Witnesses reported that the * * * army occupied the roof and shot at the business groups and refugees who fled to the street. A large number of refugees fled to Taiping Road and were killed.

1924 65438+1October 15 around 2 pm, the business group then stopped resisting [12][ 18]. Chen Lianbo fled back to Shamian, and Vice Captain Chen Shougong surrendered. [9] Xiguan business district resumed business in the evening and the incident subsided.

During this counterattack, some troops used about 300 cases of kerosene to cause a fire, burning Xiguan shops and business group supporters, and Guangzhou Xiguan business district was seriously damaged.

Guangzhou Commercial Group Rebellion Atlas (7 sheets)

It is reported that the property loss in this incident was close to HK$ 50 million, and about 2,000 civilians were killed or injured. Among them, Huang Feihong's "Baozhilin" was burned in this incident. * * * Collect protection fees from undamaged merchants, confiscate firearms from merchants participating in the business group, and punish 200 yuan, otherwise, * * * will be irresponsible. [4][ 16]

1924+0 1 On the eve of Sun Yat-sen's departure from Guangdong in June, Guangdong People's Federation sent a telegram in Hong Kong, accusing Sun Yat-sen of eleven major crimes: shaking the country and shaking Guangdong, engaging in * * * productism, leading troops to harm the people, undermining people's governance, destroying finance and depriving people of property. (Huazi Daily reported in June 1924+065438+ 10/5)

After the incident, Huangpu Military Academy set up a training regiment with a large number of firearms collected from the business group, and the basic development of the National Revolutionary Army began [19]. However, some business people in Guangdong turned to support the Guangdong Army in Chen Jiongming and donated money to support it. But in the end, Sun Yat-sen defeated Chen Jiongming with the support of the Soviet Union.

After the death of Sun Yat-sen in Beijing, Beijing decided to hold a state funeral, but it was jointly opposed by the Guangzhou General Chamber of Commerce and the Guangdong Autonomous Association. [4]

Getting Started Atlas More Atlas