Chinese name: shenzhou spaceship.
Mbth: shenzhou spaceship
Country: People's Republic of China (PRC)
Launch base: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Nature: Manned Spacecraft
Launch rocket: Long March II F carrier rocket.
Advanced nature: the top three in the world
History: China's first manned spaceship.
The spacecraft structure is divided into four parts: orbital module, return module, propulsion module and additional module.
The orbital module is barrel-shaped and is the place where astronauts work, live and rest. The layout design of the orbital module was adjusted to install application system equipment and astronauts' food and drinking devices. There is a hatch at the bottom of the back end of the orbital module, through which astronauts can enter the return module. The outer side of the orbital module is equipped with two solar cell wings similar to bird wings, and the electric energy required by the orbital module is provided by these two solar cell wings.
The return cabin is the only cabin for manned spacecraft to return to Earth. The spacecraft took off, rose into orbit, returned to land, and the astronauts were all in the return capsule. The return capsule of Shenzhou VI is shaped like a clock, and its hatch is connected with the orbital module. Astronauts can enter the orbital module through this hatch. The return capsule is the command and control center of the spacecraft, and the astronaut seat is installed in the capsule. When the spacecraft takes off, ascends and returns to the ground, the astronauts are lying in their seats. Instruments and equipment that astronauts need to monitor and operate during flight are also installed in the return capsule. Astronauts can judge and understand the work of the spacecraft at any time through these instruments, and can also manually intervene in the work of the spacecraft's systems and equipment when necessary.
Propulsion cabin is also called instrument cabin or equipment cabin. The propulsion cabin is 3.05 meters long, 2.50 meters in diameter and 2.80 meters in bottom diameter. Install propulsion system, power supply, track brake, and provide oxygen and water for astronauts.
It is cylindrical, loaded with the engine and propellant of the propulsion system, and provides the power needed for the spacecraft to adjust its attitude and orbit, brake and slow down, as well as some equipment of the power supply, environmental control and communication system. There are a pair of solar wings on both sides, and the area of the solar wings is 2.0×7.5 meters except the triangular part. Together with the battery wing of the front orbital module, the power generated will be three times that of Soyuz, exceeding 1.5 kW on average, which is almost equivalent to the power provided by the power supply of Fukang AX New Wave Automobile. In addition to providing a lot of power, these battery wings can also rotate around the connection point, so that no matter how the spacecraft moves, it can always maintain the best direction to obtain the maximum power, eliminating a lot of maneuvers of "leaning toward the sun", so that the spacecraft can keep observing the earth while ensuring that the solar array faces the sun.
At the back of the equipment cabin is the propulsion system of the spacecraft. The main propulsion system consists of four large main engines, which are located at the bottom center of the propulsion cabin. Four pairs of small thrusters for attitude correction are arranged around the side skirts of the propulsion cabin, saying that they are smaller than the main thrusters and much larger than other auxiliary thrusters. In addition, there is a small auxiliary propeller outside the propulsion cabin skirt.
Additional segments are also called transition segments.
Shenzhou-1 launch time:1October 20th1999165438+6: 30: 7.
Shenzhou II launch time: 200 1 year 1 day 1 day 1 hour for 3 seconds.
Shenzhou III launch time: 22: 00 15 seconds on March 25th, 2002.
Shenzhou IV launch time: 00:40+65438 on February 30th, 2002.
Shenzhou 5 launch time: 9: 00 June 65438 +20031October Astronaut: Yang Liwei.
Launch time of Shenzhou VI: June 65438+1October 65438+February 9: 00: 00 Astronaut: Nie Haisheng, Fei.
Shenzhou VII was successfully launched on 2 1: 10: 04 on September 25th, 2008. Astronaut: Zhai Zhigang, Jing Bo Ming spacewalk!
Shenzhou-1 was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center 1999 165438 at 6: 30 on October 20th, and the spacecraft return capsule landed successfully in the central part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at 3: 041the next day. For the first time, this launch adopted a new mode of vertical assembly of test spacecraft and rocket assembly in technical workshop, vertical transportation to launch site as a whole, long-distance test and launch control. On the basis of the original TT&C network, a new land-based TT&C network in China, which conforms to the international standard system, was put into use for the first time in this launch test. During the spacecraft's on-orbit operation, the ground monitoring and control system and four "Roy" survey ships distributed on the high seas tracked and monitored it, and successfully carried out a series of scientific experiments. The successful launch and recovery of shenzhou spaceship is a milestone in China's space history, which marks a new major breakthrough in manned space technology.
Shenzhou II spacecraft was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on 20011,and its return capsule successfully returned to the ground after 7 days in orbit. Shenzhou II spacecraft is the first full-scale unmanned spacecraft in China, which consists of three parts: orbital module, return module and propulsion module. Compared with Shenzhou-1 experimental spacecraft, the system structure of Shenzhou-2 spacecraft has been expanded, its technical performance has been improved, and its technical status is basically the same as that of manned spacecraft. "Shenzhou II" carried out experiments in the fields of space life science, space materials, space astronomy and physics in microgravity environment for the first time on the spacecraft, including: crystal growth of semiconductor photoelectric materials, oxide crystals, metal alloys and other materials; Protein and other biomacromolecules grow in space crystals; The space environmental effects of plants, animals, aquatic organisms, microorganisms and isolated cells and tissues were tested. During the spacecraft's in-orbit operation, all kinds of instruments and equipment have stable performance and work normally, and a lot of valuable data have been obtained. Compared with Shenzhou-1 experimental spacecraft, the system structure of Shenzhou-2 spacecraft has been expanded, its technical performance has been improved, and its technical status is basically the same as that of manned spacecraft.
Shenzhou III spacecraft was successfully launched on March 25th, 2002 by the "Long March II F" bundled high-thrust launch vehicle at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Gansu, China. On April 1 day, the return module of Shenzhou III spacecraft was normally separated from the orbital module in space as planned. After 7 days of flight test, the return capsule full of scientific and technological experimental instruments and equipment returned to the ground on April 1 day. The orbital module stayed in orbit in space for more than 180 days, and * * * circled the earth for 282 1 circle. It successfully completed a series of scientific experiments such as space environment monitoring, atmospheric composition monitoring and infrared detection, and obtained a lot of valuable scientific research data. "Shenzhou III" is the prototype of unmanned spacecraft, and its technical state is exactly the same as that of manned spacecraft, except that there are no astronauts on it. "Shenzhou III" is equipped with human metabolism simulator, anthropomorphic physiological signal equipment and human dummy, which can quantitatively simulate many important physiological activities parameters of space life such as heartbeat, blood pressure, oxygen consumption and heat production in astronauts' breathing and blood circulation system. The spacecraft is equipped with an escape system, which can ensure the life safety of astronauts if there is an unexpected failure during the rocket launch.
On February 30th, 2002, the Shenzhou IV spacecraft developed by China was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center and successfully entered the scheduled orbit. On June 5438+/KOOC-0/October 5, 2003, Shenzhou IV flew in space for 6 days/KOOC-0/8 hours as scheduled and circled the Earth/KOOC-0/08 times. After completing the scheduled space science and technology test mission, it landed accurately in central Inner Mongolia. The technical state of this spaceship is exactly the same as that of a manned spaceship, except that there is no manned spaceship. During the flight, Earth observation, materials science, life science experiments, space astronomy and space environment exploration were carried out successively. According to the requirements of official manned flight, several emergency rescue areas on land and at sea were set up in this test, and rescuers were in place and conducted related drills.
Shenzhou 5 Spacecraft At 9: 00 on June 65438+1October 2003, Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft independently developed by China was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. At 9: 09: 50, Shenzhou 5 entered the scheduled orbit accurately. This is China's first manned space flight. The 38-year-old astronaut who carried out the mission in Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft was Yang Liwei. He is the first generation of astronauts trained in China. He circled the earth in space 14 times. After a safe flight of 2 1 hour, 23 minutes and 600,000 kilometers, it successfully landed at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia at 6: 23 on 16.
Shenzhou VI spacecraft was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China in June+10/October 65438+February 2005. According to Zhang Bainan, chief designer of Shenzhou VI spacecraft system, Shenzhou VI has the same configuration as Shenzhou V, and consists of three modules: the return module, the orbital module and the propulsion module. Because there was no rendezvous and docking mission on this flight, the spacecraft cancelled the additional segment. According to the state of Shenzhou VI spacecraft flying in space, the installation order of the three modules from front to back is: orbital module, return module and propulsion module.
At 2 1: 00 on September 25th, 2008, the Shenzhou VII manned spacecraft carrying three astronauts from China, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng, was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. On September 27th, 16: 4 1: 00, astronaut Zhai Zhigang made his first extravehicular activity, and China became the third country in the world to master the technology of extravehicular activity.
Shenzhou VII spacecraft consists of orbital module, return module and propulsion module. The orbital module of spacecraft is newly developed, and the function of "air lock module" is added to the shenzhou spaceship orbital module for the first time, including the decompression recovery system in the cabin, wired and wireless communication system for extravehicular activities, display interface for extravehicular activities, lighting and camera devices, and interface support system for extravehicular spacesuits, etc. Install "Tianlian-1" data relay satellite terminal, which has the function of downloading images and sounds. Humanized design concept runs through the whole process of design, development and production, and Shenzhou VII embodies the perfect combination of human and spacecraft in ergonomics everywhere. The Shenzhou VII astronauts reported that it was the most beautiful and comfortable spaceship in history.