1) juxtaposition of different sides, not including juxtaposition. For example, the environment, including natural environment and social environment. If "ink" is interpreted as bad environment, we can discuss the topic of "black" or "not necessarily black" from two aspects: natural environment and social environment. ?
There is a training question in the first volume of the Chinese textbook for senior high school. The topic provides three materials, and it is required to summarize a topic and write a discussion paper. The first "near Zhu Zhechi, near Mexico is black" can be used as a point of view; Second, "oranges are born in Huainan, oranges are born in Huaibei ..." "Water and soil are different", focusing on the natural environment; The third idiom story of "and while one man guards it is full of fun" focuses on the social environment. It can be seen that this problem is based on horizontal thinking and horizontal conception training. ?
The following is a passage from Anhui examinee "A Black Ink Side":
Modern scientific research also shows that it is acquired factors that play a decisive role in talent growth. Among them, the influence of acquired environment is very important. Isn't Fang Zhongyong a typical example?
We know that man is the product of the environment. Without such an environment as the earth, there would be no human beings, let alone human subjective initiative. From this perspective, sometimes people are really powerless to the environment. ?
Maybe some comrades will say, have you seen the pine trees on the cliff? Didn't they grow up in such a bad environment? Oh, yes, but after all, no towering trees or dense forests can grow on the cliff. ?
……?
Under the condition that our social environment has not been fundamentally improved today, instead of arbitrarily exaggerating the role of subjective initiative for those innocent middle school students who are just young, it is better to give them some preventive precautions to minimize the harm that society may cause to their immature hearts. ?
……
The above fragments are discussed from the perspective of environment-natural environment-social environment. ?
2) The juxtaposition of points and surfaces is inclusive. For example, the fragment of Zhejiang examinee's answer sheet:
In the case that none of us have become "saints" and all have shortcomings of one kind or another, I think we should stay away from "Mohism" and avoid being influenced by it. We can often see some reports about how some people have degenerated from outstanding young people and even party member cadres into sinners. Aside from his personal thoughts, I think the material lure from the outside world, the pursuit of enjoyment and the wooing of criminals are all important factors for him to get into the water. It can be seen that under the attack of various bad habits, it is easy to lead to a person's transformation. ?
……?
Teenagers are immature and easily influenced by all kinds of wrong ideas. Therefore, we should always warn everyone that "those who are close to Mexico are black", pay attention to the surrounding environment and stay away from all kinds of bad atmosphere. ?
-First, "everyone", listing "outstanding young people and even party member cadres", and then emphasizing "teenagers": it is proved from the surface that "all people close to Mexico are black". ?
3) Positive and negative juxtaposition. "Those who are close to ink are black", that is, horizontal positive and negative juxtaposition. The following is a fragment of Shandong examinee's answer sheet: it is precisely because of the truth that "those who are close to Mexico are black" that when making friends, we are often willing to associate with enterprising and virtuous people and stay away from those low-quality villains. Didn't Meng Mu move three times just to give Mencius a good environment and associate with good people? I remember a classmate in primary school, who was usually very progressive in thought, but after entering junior high school, he got mixed up with some hooligans and idled around all day. As a result, he was caught committing a crime. Isn't this a typical black man who approaches the ink?
-this is a parallel argument from the good and bad aspects of making friends, that is, positive and negative. ?
Second: positive and negative combination, vertical and horizontal combination, dialectical thinking.
Vertical and horizontal combination can often prove the argument more effectively. The following is a passage from a class I volume in Beijing:
In ancient China, there was a story of "Three Major Movements in Meng Mu". Mencius used to live next to artists, so he couldn't stop listening to them. When Mencius moved to the butcher's house, he often went to kill pigs. Mencius didn't concentrate on reading until he moved to the school hall. So he became a great thinker. Although this story has the meaning of belittling the working people, it is clear that everyone close to Mexico will be black. Confucius' "you must choose your neighbor when you live, and you must be an official when you walk" also illustrates this truth. "Ink" is pervasive, and those who approach ink are black. The arrest of four brothers and sisters in Guangzhou at the same time also illustrates this point. It is precisely because the two brothers get along with each other day and night that this tragic drama happened. As Mr. Lu Xun said: "The children of farmers have long known about plowing, the children of soldiers have learned to dance swords and guns, and the children of scholars have learned to write and splash ink." What you learn is that you are exposed to more things. ?
This analysis is not so good, but the argument structure is clear. The overall layout is vertical, from ancient times to the present. But not exactly in chronological order: Mencius, Confucius, today's four brothers in Guangzhou, Lu Xun, the chronological order is reversed. In fact, this is vertical and horizontal, ancient: examples, famous sayings; Today; Examples and famous sayings. Longitudinal: ancient-present; Horizontal: Examples-famous sayings. ?
Adversity is not conducive to the growth of talents.
We believe that adversity is more conducive to people's growth for three reasons. First, we believe that adversity increases people's ideas and knowledge. When we find ourselves going the wrong way, we will know how to go the wrong way better, so our life knowledge and various experiences will be richer. Second, we believe that adversity broadens people's horizons and patterns. When we find this road more difficult than we thought, we will have higher expectations and be more prepared next time. If a person expects him to finish a problem in three minutes, but it takes him eight minutes, he will be ready in eight minutes next time. Thirdly, we believe that adversity helps to stimulate our potential. We have risks and challenges on the road, and we will inspire this ability that we have never imagined ourselves. Psychologically, if a teacher challenges a child's higher-than-expected ability in the process of learning, the development result will be better.
In the process of the growth of modern only child, parents always try their best to eliminate all interference and let him grow up smoothly. He has hardly experienced any hardships. Where does adaptability come from? How can he not afford to lose when he encounters setbacks?
There is an old professor's son. From elementary school to high school, he has been among the best in his studies and other aspects. He has never lost. However, after attending a key university, it is difficult to monopolize the redundant heads of many top students. He lost, but he can't afford to lose. Because of his low test scores, the school let him fail, so he dropped out of school and ran away. Four students who failed the college entrance examination in a key high school in a city committed suicide by taking poison and were rescued in time. We all remember that Gu Cheng, a young poet who was once active in poetry, committed suicide just because of a little emotional setback, and a dazzling meteor fell like this. It hurts and makes people feel sorry ... there are too many similar examples of people who grew up in prosperity and fell down and couldn't get up when they encountered a little setback. In real life, in addition to these typical incidents of suicide and running away, the incidence of other psychological problems of teenagers is also very high, especially the only child. We often see that some students are unwilling to associate with others because they feel that their self-esteem has been hurt by what others have said to them. Even if it is your own fault, you don't have the courage to admit it. When others point out their mistakes, they will be denied, defeated, praised, complacent, criticized, attacked and suppressed. The fundamental reason is that this result should be directly related to the discomfort of setbacks during the child's growth.
Look at Zhang Haidi, a typical representative who grew up in adversity. Take Paul as an example. She remolded a brand-new self in front of us with perseverance and life. She overcame the disease with tenacious perseverance and sang the true meaning of life with her life ... She remolded her life value in the face of major setbacks, which made every healthy person feel guilty. How many times can there be in life? Struggle after major setbacks is the best realm of life, which is a kind of sublimation!
Heroes have suffered a lot since ancient times and have never been too handsome. Look at the growth experiences of some Nobel Prize winners, such as Madame Curie, Ding Zhaozhong and Pavlov. Did they not grow up in hard adversity?
Therefore, we believe that adversity is conducive to the growth of children! Jade must be cut into pieces In order not to let our children suffer setbacks and failures and bear all kinds of pressures and challenges in life, we need to carry out some frustration education from an early age. If the pain of oysters is condensed into pearls, then after repeated setbacks, they will naturally form indomitable perseverance, fearless courage and indomitable character. Although they may fall, it is still a difficult journey as long as they get up-Lugo. They will face up to setbacks, control them, solve them and overcome them. Adversity is more conducive to cultivating talents.
The PRESIDENT: Thank you for your statement. Next, please ask Wenxiu Yang, the opposing teacher, to further elaborate the opposing point of view in 3 minutes. Please welcome.
Opposing Debate (Wenxiu Yang): Dear Chairman and Opposing Debater:
When we debate "adversity is good for the growth of talents or adversity is not good for the growth of talents", remind the debater of the other side to make clear what prosperity and adversity mean.
The so-called abundance means that on the road of life, social objective conditions provide people with more favorable development, and people can make full use of it to develop themselves. The so-called adversity means that people encounter many unfavorable factors and setbacks in the process of moving towards their ideal goals. We insist that "adversity is not conducive to the growth of talents"
First of all, adversity is extremely harmful to success, which is not only not conducive to the growth of talents, but also hinders success. This is obvious. Everyone, including other debaters, is striving for a good environment, which is prosperity. Both parents want to create a good environment for their children, and they all want their children to become talents. If adversity is conducive to the growth of talents, why not create a more "reverse" environment to help children succeed? The good environment and conditions you have created are undoubtedly obstacles and stumbling blocks to children's success. It is obviously a fallacy for the debater to insist that "adversity is conducive to the growth of talents".
Many people lament "untimely birth". The social environment of the Cultural Revolution, which we still remember vividly, can be called adversity. Is this environment more conducive to the growth of talents? The answer is no, the social atmosphere that despises education and talents does not leave room for talents' wisdom and talent to play. How can I become a talent? However, with the reform and opening up, "respecting knowledge and talents", talents have a suitable environment for growth and function, and that is prosperity. Many talents are born at the right time and catch up with the good opportunity to make contributions. In the final analysis, they are in a good time to make the best use of their talents. Without such prosperity, their beautiful dream of success can only be a dream and will not come true. We always insist that "adversity is not conducive to the growth of talents"
We always try to change our environment and turn adversity into prosperity. It is precisely to make more people no longer live in adversity. Countless revolutionary martyrs shed their blood, even regardless of their own lives, and strive for a rich life for everyone. Even Mao Zedong couldn't help sighing that "countless revolutionary martyrs gave their lives for the benefit of the people". If we regret not living in troubled times today, I really don't know what we would think. If "adversity is conducive to the growth of talents, then these great men, their mistakes in history are really incalculable! What a sinner! "
We always insist that "adversity is not conducive to the growth of talents."
PRESIDENT: Thank you, Teacher Yang, for your speech. Next, please ask Mr. Yu Haifeng to take three minutes to further elaborate the positive views. Please welcome.
Yu Haifeng: Dear Chairman and debaters, hello!
Just now, our second debate made a full speech from a realistic point of view. Our position is firm: adversity is conducive to the growth of talents. Let me reiterate our unchangeable position from the facts proved by history: adversity is conducive to the growth of talents.
2,000 years ago, Mencius said: If God wants to send a great mission to Sri Lanka, he must first suffer from his mind, work hard on his bones and muscles, starve his body and skin, empty his body, and mess with his actions. In other words, if people want to do something, they must always suffer hardships and exercise.
In ancient China, outstanding figures such as Zuo Qiuming, Sun Bin and Sima Qian were all tempered in adversity and made outstanding achievements. The ability to resist adversity. As a talent, it is inevitable that you will encounter adversity. Studying history, we will find that most people succeed in adversity, but few people can succeed in prosperity. This truth is easy to understand, because in adversity, if you want to get rid of adversity, you must work harder. There are countless examples of success in adversity. King Wen was arrested for playing Zhouyi. Zhong Ni wrote Spring and Autumn Annals; Qu Yuan's exile is a tribute to Li Sao. Zuo Qiu is blind and has "Mandarin"; The foot of Sun Tzu's Art of War has been revised; Not Shu, but Shi Wei's "Lu Lan"; Han Fei imprisoned Qin, Difficult and Lonely Anger; Three hundred poems, the move of the underground sages, are also angry. "
As the saying goes: the sword front comes from sharpening, and the plum blossom fragrance comes from bitter cold. Where there is a will, there is a way. If we cross the rubicon, 120 Qin Guan will belong to Chu after all. Hard-working people are rewarded by heaven, and they have tasted courage. More than 3,000 armour can swallow Wu. How hard life is, it has sharpened people's will, the road is bumpy, and people are learning.
How many people's success comes from setbacks and adversity: Confucius traveled around the world to preach "benevolent government", and he was cold-shouldered and faced with many difficulties all his life. In his later years, he became a saint of the Chinese nation by writing Spring and Autumn Annals; Sun Bin, a military genius, envied Pang Juan. He was whipped and his feet were cut off. He pretended to be crazy and went back to Qi State to help the King of Qi defeat Wei Jun's The Art of War and become the originator of military affairs. Emperor gaozu Liu Bang and Xiang Yu competed for the world, but they were defeated again and again. Finally, they turned defeat into victory and founded the Han Dynasty. The great Russian scientist lomonosov was born in a remote and poor fishing village in the Arctic Circle. He fished all the year round and was abused by his stepmother. However, he was unwilling to be arranged by fate in his predicament. He left for the pursuit of knowledge, studied hard and observed diligently, and finally became a greater scientist than thinking. When Dickens, an English writer, was seven years old, his father went to prison for debts, and his mother made a living by washing clothes for others. He had to work in a shoe factory since he was a child, suffering from poverty and anxiety, but he didn't get depressed in adversity, made progress in knowledge, and eventually became an outstanding realistic writer in Britain. Gorky, a great Soviet writer, was born in a free and poor family. When I was a child, I helped my family by picking up junk and became a generation of celebrities by indomitable spirit ... These talented people all became talents in adversity, so it can be said that without adversity, there would be no achievement and glory.
The PRESIDENT: Thank you for your statement. Next, please listen to the other teacher Zhu Hongmei's speech for 3 minutes. Please welcome.
Three Comments on Anti-Party (Zhu Hongmei): Hello, Madam President, friends and teachers who are anti-Party.
Need to remind another debater that Confucius and Zhang Haidi are special cases of billions of people at home and abroad in the last 5,000 years. After they made some achievements, they turned the hard environment into a ring conducive to work and study, and most of their achievements were made in an environment conducive to work and study. And most of us learn to succeed in a relatively stable and suitable environment.
As the saying goes: the soldiers and horses have not moved, and the food and grass go first. No matter what you do, you must have certain conditions to prepare. According to Maslow's demand theory, human beings will have higher demand only if they have the conditions to live and study. African refugees live in an environment where there is no food to eat and no place to live. Even in the face of the adversity mentioned by another debater, is it possible for them to build a space shuttle?
When we say prosperity, we don't mean a doting environment. It is not the fault of children that children can't become useful people, but the failure of parents' education. This is not the reason why children get rich. On the contrary, parents' doting creates adversity for children, and parents deprive children of the opportunity to exercise. We can use prosperity to learn more knowledge and skills. As we all know, it takes a lot of time and energy to learn a new skill. What is the life of children living in remote mountainous areas in what opponents say is adversity? They are caught in a vicious circle of herding sheep-getting married-having children-letting children herd sheep, which is one of the basic reasons why the countryside lags behind the cities and the west lags behind the east.
By adversity, the opposing debater means an unfavorable environment, if I understand correctly. People's constant exploration and efforts are the process from adversity to prosperity, in which many detours are bound to be taken and a lot of time and energy are wasted. Then we can make fewer detours in prosperity and learn more knowledge and skills, which will greatly shorten the journey of success. Everyone is pursuing the right time, the right place and the right people, which shows that we all need prosperity. So my blessing to you is: bon voyage, not all the way against the wind. I reiterate our view that adversity is not conducive to the growth of talents, and only prosperity is conducive to the growth of talents. thank you
PRESIDENT: Thank you, Teacher Zhu, for your speech. The two sides have finished their statements, and then they will enter the stage of free debate. This is an era of confrontation, eloquence and wisdom. I hope both sides can perform better. Before the free debate begins, I remind both parties that each of you has four minutes to speak, and the active party will speak first. Ok, the free debate officially begins. (omitted)
President: The free debate just now was really witty and wonderful, which feasted our eyes. After eight minutes of intense free debate, we now enter the final round of the competition-the concluding speech stage. First of all, please ask Mr. Sun to make a summary statement on the four arguments against each other. The time is four minutes. welcome
Four arguments against the opponent (Sun): Dear Chairman and friends of the opponent, hello!
Our first debate, the second debate and the third debate have fully expounded our views from the ideological field, material field, social environment and other aspects. After free debate, we must find that even the other side's example was successful only after turning the corner. In adversity, it is difficult to have a chance to do things in a down-to-earth manner, and it is difficult to have a chance to grow. Even if there is no opportunity, can it be beneficial to people's growth? Times make heroes! If you are in prosperity, you can give great people a good development environment and maybe make greater achievements. Therefore, we firmly believe in our own point of view: "Adversity is not conducive to talent growth, prosperity is conducive to talent growth!"
Although prosperity and adversity are inevitable life situations in the process of human growth, relatively speaking, prosperity is more conducive to human growth. First of all, from the perspective of people's physical and mental development, on the one hand, scientific nutrition supply and sound public health system are more conducive to people's physical growth, on the other hand, prosperity is more conducive to people's mental growth. In the midst of prosperity, we can feel the warmth of family, the care of society and the value of friendship, so as to have. Secondly, from the perspective of people's socialization process, on the one hand, wealth is more conducive to meeting the growth needs of all stages of life, on the other hand, wealth is more conducive to the maturity of people's social roles, the sustainable development of society, sound institutional arrangements, and harmonious daily life, which provides a more benign space for the maturity of people's social roles, and good winds help me get ahead. As far as education is concerned, countries that attach importance to education investment in the world have higher national quality and more scientific and technological achievements that attach importance to scientific research investment. The economics department of Harvard University ranks first in the world. Why? Mainly because Harvard has first-class professors, abundant financial resources, strict system guarantee and all other prerequisites, it ensures that Harvard students can win the first place.
Our country attaches great importance to the input of human and material resources from national policies to school strategies. Since the reform and opening up, the state has increased its investment in education, and a large number of talents have emerged in the field of education. China's education has always been at the forefront of the world. Moreover, we also donated money to poor areas to help students, and founded many Hope primary schools, just to create conditions for those children who dropped out of school because of adversity. It is also because leaders, educators and caring people firmly believe that "adversity is not conducive to talent growth, and prosperity is conducive to talent growth", which is our view.
Our school received a lot of money to equip teachers and students with microcomputers, which improved teachers' office conditions, students' learning conditions, built plastic runways, wind and rain playgrounds, and so on. All this is to create a cradle suitable for talent growth for teachers and students, because all teachers and students in our school know a truth: "Adversity is not conducive to talent growth, prosperity is more conducive to talent growth!"
From the Opium War to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and then to the War of Liberation, China experienced the baptism of many wars. The working people are in dire straits and their lives and property are threatened. How can it be conducive to the growth of talents? Dear opponent, do you still want this kind of adversity to happen again? I believe you will definitely answer: "Never!" Then please support our view: "Adversity is not conducive to talent growth. ! "
PRESIDENT: Thank you, Teacher Sun. Finally, we asked Mr. Zhu Hong to make a concluding speech. The time is also four minutes. Please welcome.
Quadrant Debate (Zhu Hong): Hello, Chairman, judges and everyone present.
Just now, we listened carefully to the other debater's statement, which was wonderful. But we feel that the other party has not clearly realized who is light and who is heavy in concept and essence. I have to emphasize again:
1, subjective initiative in adversity. What we are discussing today is a comparative topic. Growth is development, and development depends on motivation. Adversity provides the possibility for individual's positive development, that is, he can stimulate people's subjective initiative to the maximum extent and give full play to people's potential. Psychologically, this situation becomes stress. The Old Man and the Sea is Hemingway's classic work. The image of Santiago, a Cuban old man, has become the idol of many people. He struggled with marlin and all kinds of sharks for three days and nights by faith, and didn't catch a fish for 84 days. He is over 40 years old. Where does his strength come from? It is adversity that inspires its subjective initiative. Comfort in prosperity cannot have such a great influence on people.
2. Sustainability in adversity. Our concept has been clarified. When trying to overcome adversity, the subject must make corresponding self-adjustment according to his own motivation, so as to achieve the ultimate goal of surpassing adversity and seeking positive development. The attempt made in this process is conducive to the long-term and even lifelong development of the subject, so that he can overcome more difficult "adversity" in his future survival according to his own experience in overcoming adversity.
3. Reversibility in adversity. The existence of adversity is only meaningful to the parties concerned. The role played in personal growth is also determined by the performance of the parties. Everyone should have heard that a college student can't peel eggs; Then, for this college student, even an egg with a shell is adversity; It can be seen that people who grow up in prosperity may not be able to respond flexibly to the adversity that needs to be dealt with in reality; On the other hand, if his parents let him take care of himself at an early age, he may encounter "adversity" in the process of learning to peel eggs, but peeling eggs has become "prosperity" at this time, and what he can bear will be more meaningful challenges to his life, rather than facing an egg blankly.
4. The process of adversity. The basic idea of the new curriculum standard emphasizes: attaching importance to the process of students' learning. That is, the emotional experience, practical experience and personal experience gained in learning are regarded as part of the learning results. The psychology of middle school students will not change much when they study well, and it is impossible to form memories quickly and profoundly without strong stimulation.
Come back to our teaching. Let's talk about teachers first. Every teacher knows what the open class has brought you. Whether it is successful or not, it brings progress and thinking to individuals, requires more labor in class than usual, and will encounter all kinds of "adversity" in operation. The process of solving many problems has really promoted our progress. Let's talk about students. Too much emphasis on appreciation education provides fertile soil for children to satisfy themselves. We don't see many children around us: just listen to praise, ignore or accept criticism. Adversity is a good teacher, which can make children objectively realize their lack of knowledge and ability from difficulties, and then constantly improve and improve.
Ladies and gentlemen, no one wants our children to lack courage, confidence, thinking and forge ahead because they rely too much on the role of "prosperity" in their growth, and all this, some adversity in life can help them find it. Edgar faure, a French educational thinker, submitted a research report to the Director-General of UNESCO in 1972, and then the Commission for International Education Development of UNESCO compiled Learn to Live. The educational slogan put forward by the United Nations for the 2 1 century is "learn to be a man". In the era of rapid development, the purpose of putting forward such a slogan is obvious, that is, let us all learn to find our own cheese.
As the saying goes, you can only be a master if you have suffered. The so-called bitterness is the bitterness brought by adversity. The so-called man is not a general utilitarian idea, but he can be more open-minded and far-sighted than the average person in life, and he can handle things with ease. If we live in a quiet environment without wind and waves since childhood, we will only see a little sunshine and the temperature we can adapt to, which is undoubtedly a frog in the well; In the final analysis, the growth of individuals is only the natural law of birth, aging, illness and death. Therefore, we reiterate our view that adversity is more conducive to human growth. If you want to make your life more exciting, then choose to face adversity bravely! I ended my speech with Hemingway's words: "I can be destroyed, but I can't be defeated!" " ! "