Trade knowledge, common terms and explanations of foreign trade transportation FOB
(FOB ... named port of shipment)
Free on board at the port of shipment means that the seller delivers the goods to the ship designated by the buyer at the agreed port of shipment. According to the International Chamber of Commerce's explanation of FOB:
The seller's basic obligations:
(1) Go through the export customs clearance formalities and bear all costs and risks until the goods are delivered to the ship at the port of shipment.
(2) At the agreed time and port of shipment, load the goods on the ship designated by the buyer by the usual port method, and send the shipping notice to the buyer.
(3) Submit the agreed documents or corresponding electronic information (EDI) to the buyer.
Basic obligations of the buyer:
(1) Charter the ship on time, set sail at the agreed port of shipment to pick up the goods, pay the freight, and notify the seller of the name of the ship and the port loading date.
(2) bear all expenses and all risks of loss or damage when the goods cross the ship's rail at the port of shipment.
(3) Receiving documents or corresponding electronic information as stipulated in the contract and paying the loan.
Change of FOB terms
(1)FOB berth terms means that the loading fee is handled by liner, that is, the seller does not bear the loading fee, but the team does not mean that the goods traded on FOB must be shipped by liner. As for who will bear the loading fee, it depends on the chartering conditions adopted by the buyer when chartering.
(2) Hook FOB The seller will only deliver the goods to the hook designated by the buyer, and the seller will not bear the subsequent shipping costs.
(3)FOB stowage In order to properly place and distribute the goods loaded on the ship, the goods need to be padded and arranged after loading, which is called stowage, and the stowage expenses shall be borne by the seller.
(4) After loading FOB balanced goods, in order to keep the pressure balance borne by the ship and the safety of navigation, it is necessary to mobilize and level the bulk goods piled into the cabin, which is the flat cabin, and the seller shall bear this cost.
cost and freight
(Cost and freight ... Specify the port of destination)
Translated into cost and freight, it means that the seller must bear the cost and freight required to transport the goods to the agreed destination port, in which the cost is equivalent to the FOB price.
The seller's basic obligations:
(1) Provide the goods stipulated in the contract, be responsible for chartering, booking shipping space and paying freight, load the goods on time at the port of shipment, and fully notify the buyer after loading.
(2) Go through the export customs clearance procedures, and bear all risks before the goods reach the ship's rail at the port of shipment and the expenses of delivering the goods to the ship at the port of shipment.
(3) Provide relevant documents or corresponding electronic information as stipulated in the contract.
Basic obligations of the buyer:
(1) Bear the risk of loss or damage when the goods cross the ship's rail at the port of shipment, as well as the additional expenses caused by the event after the goods are loaded.
(2) Receiving the goods at the destination port stipulated in the contract, and going through import customs clearance procedures and paying import taxes.
(3) Receive all documents or corresponding electronic information provided by the seller and make payment according to the contract.
Deformation of CFR terms
(1)CFR berth terms means that the unloading fee is handled by liner, and the buyer does not bear the unloading fee.
(2)CFR arrival means that the seller shall bear the unloading fee; This includes freight.
(3)CFR Ex Pulley Fee (CFR Ex Pulley) refers to the fee that the seller is responsible for lifting and unloading the goods from the cabin to the place where the hook arrives (dock or barge). If the ship can't dock, the expenses of renting the barge and unloading the goods from the barge to the shore shall be borne by the buyer.
(4)CFR FOB means that after the goods arrive at the port of destination, the buyer opens the cabin by himself and bears the unloading expenses from the bilge to the dock.
Cost Insurance and Freight
(Cost, insurance and freight ... named port of destination)
Cost, insurance and freight. According to this term, the price factor includes the usual freight from the port of shipment to the agreed port of destination and the agreed insurance premium, so the seller not only has the same price as C&; amp； In addition to the same obligations in clause F, the buyer shall also handle freight insurance and pay the insurance premium. According to the term CIF, although the seller arranges the transportation of the goods and handles freight insurance, the seller does not undertake the obligation to ensure the delivery of the goods to the agreed destination port, because CIF is a term for delivery at the port of shipment, not for delivery at the port of destination, and CIF is not a "CIF price". There are also some changes in the term CIF, such as: CIF liner conditions, CIF landing, CIF ship hook delivery, the buyer does not bear the unloading fee; For CIF bilge delivery, the seller will not bear the unloading fee. The above changes are only to clarify who will bear the unloading expenses, and will not affect the delivery place and the boundary of risk transfer.
Agricultural credit administration (USA)
(Free carrier ... named place)
Deliver the goods to the carrier (designated place). It means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier designated by the buyer at the designated place. That is, when the seller leaves the goods in the custody of the carrier and goes through the export customs clearance procedures, it is deemed to have fulfilled the delivery obligation. If the buyer does not specify the exact place, the seller may choose the place of delivery in the designated area or range and hand over the goods to the carrier for safekeeping.
The seller's basic obligations:
(1) Go through the export customs clearance procedures, deliver the goods to the carrier designated by the buyer at the designated place on the agreed date, and give the buyer sufficient notice of the delivery of the goods.
(2) bear all risks and expenses before the goods are delivered to the carrier.
(3) Provide the agreed documents or corresponding electronic information to the buyer.
Basic obligations of the buyer:
(1) Enter into a contract to transport goods from the designated place at its own expense, and notify the seller of the name of the carrier in time.
(2) The seller shall bear all risks of loss or damage of the goods from the time of delivery.
(3) Receive the delivery voucher or corresponding electronic information as stipulated in the contract, and pay the purchase price as stipulated in the contract.
Freight paid to ... (short for carriage paid to ...)
(Freight paid to the destination of ...)
Freight paid to the designated destination. According to this clause, the price component includes the usual freight from the place of shipment to the agreed destination, so the seller should conclude a transportation contract, transport the goods to the destination at his own expense, and deliver the goods to the carrier within the agreed time, which means that the delivery obligation is completed.
The seller's basic obligations:
(1) Go through the export customs clearance procedures, be responsible for concluding the transportation contract, transport the goods to the agreed place at the designated destination, and give the buyer full notice of the delivery of the goods.
(2) bear all expenses and all risks of loss or damage of the goods before the goods are delivered to the carrier, as well as the loading fee and usual freight from the place of shipment to the destination.
(3) Provide the agreed documents or corresponding electronic information to the buyer.
Basic obligations of the buyer:
(1) The seller shall bear all risks of loss and damage of the goods from the time of delivery.
(2) Pay all expenses and unloading fees except the usual freight incurred during the transportation of the goods.
(3) Receiving the goods from the carrier at the destination, receiving the documents or corresponding electronic information, and paying the loan according to the contract.
Cataloging in publication
(Freight and insurance are paid to the designated destination of ...)
Freight and insurance are paid to the designated destination. To conclude a transaction according to this clause, the seller should not only undertake the same obligations as CPT, but also take out marine insurance to bear the risk of loss or damage of the goods in transit.
The seller's basic obligations:
(1) Go through the export customs clearance procedures, conclude the transportation contract and insurance contract at its own expense, deliver the goods to the designated destination on schedule, and give the buyer sufficient notice of the delivery of the goods.
(2) Before the goods are delivered to the carrier, bear all expenses and all risks of loss and damage to the goods.
(3) Submit the agreed documents or corresponding electronic information to the buyer.
Basic obligations of the buyer:
(1) The seller shall bear all risks of loss and damage of the goods from the time of delivery.
(2) Pay all expenses and unloading fees except the usual freight incurred during the transportation of the goods.
(3) Receiving the goods from the carrier at the destination, receiving the documents or corresponding electronic information, and paying the payment according to the contract.
EXW，FAS
(ex works, ex ship ... named port of shipment)
EXW translates as ex works. It means that the seller delivers the prepared goods to the buyer at his location (such as workshop, factory or warehouse) to fulfill the delivery obligation, and the buyer is responsible for export customs clearance and bears all risks and expenses of transporting the goods from the seller's location to the expected destination. Free on board at the port of shipment. It means that the seller delivers the goods to the ship at the designated port of shipment, that is, the ship hook arrives at the place where the delivery obligation is fulfilled. The division of risks and expenses between the buyer and the seller should be based on the ship's side. All costs and risks before the goods are delivered to the ship (possibly including the lighterage fee and the risk loss of the goods during the lighterage) shall be borne by the seller. FAS terminology requires the buyer to go through export customs clearance procedures.
Desdaf
(delivery at the border ... named place, delivery on board ... named port of destination)
DAF translates as frontier delivery. The seller is responsible for handling the export customs clearance procedures, transporting the goods to the designated place at the border after they are ready, and fulfilling the delivery obligations before the customs clearance in neighboring countries. The expenses and risks of the buyer and the seller are separate. The border delivery place is the border. Before the goods are handed over to the buyer for disposal, the seller shall bear all expenses and risks, and after delivery, the buyer shall bear all expenses and risks. Free on board at the port of destination. The seller shall transport the goods sold to the agreed port of destination and deliver them on board. The division of responsibilities, expenses and risks between the buyer and the seller shall be subject to the handover procedures on board the ship at the port of destination. The seller shall bear all expenses and risks before handing over the goods to the buyer on the ship at the port of destination; The buyer shall bear all costs and risks from the time the goods on board are handed over to him for disposal, including unloading and handling customs clearance procedures for the import of the goods.
Ddudek, DDP
(dock delivery, duty-paid delivery, duty-paid delivery ... named destination)
DEQ translated into port of destination wharf delivery. The seller goes through the import customs clearance formalities at the agreed destination port, pays customs duties, taxes and other related expenses, unloads the goods to the dock, delivers them to the buyer, and fulfills the delivery obligations. The seller shall bear all responsibilities, expenses and risks arising from delivery, and the buyer shall bear all responsibilities, expenses and risks after delivery at the port of destination. DDU translated into duty-paid delivery. When the goods are delivered to the designated place, the seller must bear all costs and risks (excluding customs duties, taxes and expenses and risks that should be borne when importing). DDP translated into delivered duty paid. The seller is responsible for transporting the goods to the destination designated by the importing country and placing them at the disposal of the buyer to fulfill its delivery obligations. All responsibilities, expenses and risks before the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer, including customs duties, taxes and other delivery-related expenses, the risk of loss and damage of the goods in transit, and the expenses and risks of handling the import and export procedures of the goods shall be borne by the seller.
chartered carrier transport
(charter transportation)
Charter transportation, also known as irregular transportation, refers to renting the whole ship or part of the shipping space for transportation. Charter party means that the owner of the ship lets the ship to the lessee for use to complete a specific cargo transportation task, and the lessee pays the freight according to the freight rate agreed in the contract. Chartering methods can be divided into:
(1) Time chartering: also known as time chartering, refers to the method of renting a ship within a certain period of time, that is, the owner rents the ship to the charterer for use within a specified period of time, and the charterer is responsible for the maintenance of the ship and the normal operation of the machinery during this period, and the rent is calculated according to the monthly (30 days) lease period per DWT.
(2) Voyage/voyage chartering: Also known as voyage chartering, it refers to chartering by voyage, including one-way, return, continuous one-way and continuous voyage chartering. It is characterized by no fixed route, fixed loading and unloading port and fixed sailing time. The loading and unloading rates and demurrage charges should be stipulated in the charter party, and the freight rate is greatly influenced by the supply and demand of the charter market.
Charter freight contract
(Charter Party)
It is an agreement between the charterer and the shipowner on the rights and obligations of all parties who rent the whole ship or part of the space. Take the charter party as an example. In addition to the names of the shipowner and charterer, the contents usually stipulate the name of the ship, the flag, the name and quantity of the goods carried, the port of loading and unloading, the date of loading, freight and loading and unloading rates, demurrage, dispatch and so on.
(1) Freight: it is the reward for the shipping service provided by the ship. The freight rate can be adopted, that is, a certain fee is charged according to the unit weight or volume of the goods; You can also set a lump sum freight for the whole ship, which is the so-called "lump sum freight".
(2) Loading and unloading expenses: The burden of loading and unloading expenses is divided into the following four categories in the charter party:
(1) The ship is responsible for the loading and unloading fees (general/berth clause), which can also be called berth terms, and the fees are generally divided by the ship.
(2) The ship does not undertake FIO and is free to enter and exit).
(3) Loading or unloading (FO).
(4) Ship pipeline unloading and installation (FI).
Demurrage/courier fee
(demurrage/dispatch)
In the charter transportation business, the loading and unloading time of goods at the loading and unloading port is directly related to the service life and interests of the ship. Therefore, as an important clause in the charter party, the ship adopts the clause of "every weather working day is 24 hours, except holidays". If the lessee fails to complete the loading and unloading operation on time, the time from the end of the allowed loading and unloading time to the actual loading and unloading is called demurrage, and the lessee shall pay a certain fine to the shipowner, which is called demurrage. On the contrary, if the charterer completes the loading and unloading in advance within the specified time and shortens the service life of the ship, the shipowner should pay the charterer a certain reward, which is called dispatch fee. In actual business, the dispatch fee is usually half of the demurrage fee. The lessee shall stipulate the terms of loading and unloading time and demurrage/dispatch fee in the contract for the sale of goods to ensure the connection with the charter party concluded in the future.
liner trade
(liner transportation)
Also known as regular shipping. Refers to the ship sailing back and forth in fixed routes and ports according to the scheduled sailing schedule, engaged in passenger and cargo transportation business, and charged freight at the pre-announced rate. In order to facilitate shippers to arrange goods and book shipping space in time, liner companies have schedules, and some of them are published in newspapers. The liner company is responsible for loading and unloading the goods, and the loading and unloading fee is included in the freight. Neither liner companies nor shippers calculate demurrage/courier fees. The calculation standards of liner basic freight mainly include:
(1) Weight ton (W/T), calculated according to the gross weight of the goods.
(2) Tonnage (M/T), measured by the volume of goods.
(3) according to the price of goods. Charge a fee according to a certain percentage of the FOB price of the goods, expressed as value-added tax.
(4) According to the highest charge. From the above three freight collection methods, choose the one with the highest price.
(5) according to the number of pieces.
(6) Both parties agree (indicate "open" in the price list). In addition to the above basic freight charges, there are additional charges such as overweight, overlong, direct flight, transshipment, port congestion and port selection.
Railway waybill, air waybill, parcel receipt
(Railway bill, air bill, parcel receipt)
The railway waybill and its copy are the transport contracts between the railway and the consignor in international combined transport. When the shipper submits all the goods to the originating station and pays all the fees payable by the shipper, the originating station stamps the dated seal on the waybill and its copy to prove that the goods have been accepted for transportation and the contract becomes effective. The railway waybill will be sent to the terminal with the self-sufficiency of the goods. After the consignee pays the expenses that should be borne by the consignee at the terminal, it will be delivered to the consignee by the terminal railway together with the goods. A copy of the waybill is sent to the consignor by the railway of the originating station, which serves as the proof that the goods have been delivered and the main proof of settlement with the bank. Because the consignee does not need to submit the waybill when picking up the goods by railway, the railway waybill is not a document of title, nor can it be transferred by endorsement and used as collateral to finance the bank. Air waybill is a receipt issued by the carrier after receiving the goods. After the goods arrive at the destination, the carrier sends a notice of arrival to the consignee, and the consignee picks up the goods with this identification. Therefore, the air waybill is not a document of title, but a formal document that the consignor has delivered the goods, and the consignor can settle the payment with the consignee accordingly. The parcel receipt is the proof that the sender and the receiving post office conclude a transportation contract. The sender only needs to go to the post office to check in once, pay the postage in one lump sum, and get the parcel receipt. Once the mail reaches its destination, the recipient can pick it up with the arrival notice and identification of the local post office. The postal parcel receipt has no title certificate and cannot be endorsed or transferred.
ocean bill of lading
(Bill of Lading)
The abbreviation of bill of lading is a certificate issued by the captain or shipping company or its agent to prove that specific goods have been received and promised to be transported to a specific destination and delivered to the consignee. It is the certificate that the consignee picks up the goods from the shipping company or its agent at the port of destination.
Its nature and function are summarized as follows:
(1) is a cargo receipt issued by the carrier or its agent.
(2) It is the proof of the ownership of the goods, which can be transferred and used as collateral to finance the bank.
(3) It is the proof of the transportation contract concluded between the shipper and the shipping company.
Bill of lading can be divided into the following categories:
(1) It is divided into on-board bill of lading and standby bill of lading according to whether the goods have been shipped.
(2) According to whether the bill of lading is annotated, it is divided into clean bill of lading or unclean bill of lading. A clean bill of lading (C 1ean B/L) means that the goods are in "apparent good condition" at the time of loading, and the shipping company indicates on the bill of lading that it will not comment on the damaged goods or poor packaging.
(3) According to whether the bill of lading can be circulated, it can be divided into straight bill of lading and index bill of lading. A straight bill of lading means that the name of a specific consignee is written in the consignee column of the bill of lading, and the goods can only be picked up by the specific consignee, and cannot be endorsed and transferred to a third party, so it cannot be circulated. Indicating a bill of lading means that only "to order" or "to order" is filled in the header (consignee column) of the bill of lading, that is, the "blank header". Its endorsement is divided into "blank endorsement" and "registered endorsement". The former means that only the endorser signs the back of the bill of lading without indicating the name of the endorsee; In addition to the signature, the latter also lists the name of the endorsee, which can be transferred after endorsement by the endorsee if necessary.
(4) According to the mode of transportation, it can be divided into direct bill of lading, transhipment bill of lading and through bill of lading.
(5) According to the complexity of the bill of lading, it can be divided into full bill of lading and simple bill of lading.
(6) According to the nature of ship operation, it can be divided into liner bill of lading and charter party bill of lading.
Multimodal bill of lading
(multimodal transport document)
It is produced to meet a wide range of container transportation needs:
(1) can be used not only for combined transportation by sea and other modes of transportation, but also for combined transportation by other modes of transportation except sea.
(two) issued by the multimodal transport operator or its authorized person. The multimodal transport operator can also be completely ignorant of the means of transport, and all the transportation will be borne by each sub-carrier.
(3) The issuer of the multimodal transport document shall be responsible for the whole transportation, and shall be responsible to the shipper no matter where the goods are lost or damaged within the carrier's responsibility.