English name Cherry Blossom

Latin Name Each variety has its own Latin name, but there is no common Latin name.

Other famous cherry blossoms, Fukushima cherry blossoms, green cherry blossoms, etc.

Classification of families and genera

Field: the field of plants

Phylum: Angiosperm phylum

Category: Dicotyledonous plants

Order: Rosales

Family: Rosaceae

Subdivision: Li Yake

Genus: cherry

Origin and main distribution

It is native to the temperate Himalayan Mountains in the northern hemisphere, including northern India, the Yangtze River valley in China, Taiwan Province Province, Korea and Japan. It is the most abundant in the mountainous areas in southwest China and cultivated in all parts of North China. At present, it is cultivated all over the world, and Japanese cherry blossoms are the most famous. * * * There are more than 200 varieties.

Common species of the same genus

1, Japanese cherry blossom (yew mat. ), the skin is dark gray and dry, the leaves are ovate, the apex or tail tip is gradually pointed, the edge has awn-shaped fine-pointed double serrations, the teeth end has glands, and the upper end of the petiole has two glands. The stipules are strip-shaped with glandular teeth, with many petals, white, pink or rose-red flowers, and the drupe is spherical with a diameter of about 65438+. ② Pink Japanese cherry, double, medium pink.

2. Sawtooth leafhopper, also known as green cherry. Dry skin is millet-colored, leaves are elliptic and lanceolate, the apex is often tail-shaped, the edge is tapered with single or double serrations, the teeth have glandular spines, the surface of leaves is light green and smooth, the back is slightly covered with white powder, with midvein hairs, and young leaves are often brown. Petiole has 2-4 glands, single or double flowers, white or pink, oval fruit, black when mature. It is a native species of China, mostly wild in mountainous areas of North China. Rapid growth, strong germination ability, smoke resistance, often used as the rootstock of cherry, its nucleolus can be used as medicine.

Morphological characteristics: the crown is oval to round, with alternate leaves and glandular serrations. Single branches or 3-6 clusters of flowers are umbrella-shaped or corymbose inflorescences, which are produced at the same time as leaves or bloom after leaves, and the calyx tube is bell-shaped or tubular. Most cultivated varieties are double petals. The fruit is red or black and ripens in May-June.

Growth habits like sunshine and warm and humid climate, and the requirements for soil are not strict, but loose and fertile sandy loam with good drainage grows best and is intolerant of saline-alkali soil. The root system is shallow, avoiding stagnant water and low-lying land. It has certain cold tolerance and drought tolerance, but it is weak in smoke resistance and wind resistance.

Common cultivated species

1, Pterocarya stenoptera, deciduous trees. 5-25 meters high. The bark is dark chestnut brown, smooth and shiny, with horizontal stripes. Branchlets glabrous. The leaves are ovoid to ovoid-elliptic, with awn semi-mature teeth on the edge and no hair on both sides. Corymbose or raceme with white or pink flowers. The diameter is 2.5-4cm, and the flowering period is April-May. Prismatic fruit is spherical, black and ripe in July.

2. Japanese late cherry (P.lannesiana), about 10 m high, with light gray bark. Leaves obovate, with long awn teeth on the edge; Single or double flowers, drooping, pink or nearly white, fragrant, 2-5 in clusters, flowering in April.

3. Japanese early cherry (P.subhirtella) is a small tree, about 5m high, with striped bark and older bark. Branchlets brown, leaves obovate to ovate-lanceolate. Pink flowers, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, 2-5 umbels, which bloom first and then leave in spring.

4. Korean pine, height 12-20m, brown bark, purplish brown branchlets and oval leaves. Pink flowers, 2-4 in a cluster, 3-5 cm in diameter, flowering in March-April.

5. Sakura yunnanensis, about10m high, with brown bark, purplish brown branchlets, oval or obovate leaves and heavy teeth. Flowers pink to deep red, 2-5 in a cluster, flowering in February-March.

6. It is about 25 meters high, with light brown bark, green branchlets, long oval to lanceolate leaves and pink flowers. The flowering period is from 65438+ 10 to 65438+ 10 in the following year.

Propagation, Cultivation and Application of Cherry Blossom

type

Sowing, cutting and grafting are the main breeding methods. Cherry blossoms are propagated by sowing. Be careful not to dry the seeds. They should be planted in the harvest season or the following spring after wet sand accumulates. Grafting propagation can use cherry and mountain cherry seedlings as rootstocks. Cutting in late March or budding in late August can be cultivated for 3-4 years after grafting, and can be planted after leaving the nursery. When planting, apply decomposed compost 1.5 kg -25 kg to each pit, and apply ammonium sulfate 1 kg -2 kg to each plant in July. After flowering in early spring and before germination, cut off dead branches, weak branches and long branches, try to avoid pruning thick branches and keep the crown intact.

Training and management

1. Soil requirements and improvement measures

Cherry blossoms grow well in sandy loam and clayey loam with more humus (pH5.5-6.5). In places with heavy soil in the south, humus soil (collected from leaves, acid soil, chicken manure and carbon powder retting) is generally mixed. Note that all the original clay blocks must be broken before mixing, otherwise it will not improve the soil. Where the groundwater level is lower than 1 m, the high planting method is adopted, that is, after the whole planting hole is leveled, soil is piled on it to plant seedlings. In the northern alkaline soil, it is necessary to apply sulfur powder or ferrous sulfate to adjust the pH value to about 6. Apply 2 grams of sulfur powder per square meter, valid for 1 to 2 years, and measure it once a year, so that the pH value does not exceed 7. Plum blossom, Inoue Yoshino and other varieties have straight trunks and large trees, which belong to strong positive trees and need shelter from the wind, sunshine, ventilation and light transmission. When planting in pieces, every tree should receive sunlight.

2. Planting measures

The planting time is immediately after the soil is thawed in early spring, usually in February and March. Prepare the soil carefully before planting. Planting in the flat land can dig a pit with a diameter of 1 m and a depth of 0.8 m. First, fill the pit with improved soil for about half a depth, and put the seedlings in the center of the pit so that the roots of the seedlings extend in all directions. After filling a small amount of soil, lift the seedlings slightly upward to fully extend the roots, and then tread lightly. The depth of planting seedlings should be 5 cm from the ground. After planting, make a water hole, fully irrigate it, and finally support it with bamboo pieces almost as high as the seedlings to prevent the wind from blowing down.

3. Management measures

Drought resistance: after sowing, seedlings are susceptible to drought. During the planting period, in addition to adequate irrigation, it should be irrigated once every 8 ~ 10 days to keep the soil moist without water accumulation. Loosen the soil in time after irrigation, and it is best to cover the surface with grass to reduce water evaporation. In 2 to 3 years after planting, in order to prevent the trunk from drying up, it can be wrapped with straw. But after two to three years, the seedlings grow new roots and their adaptability to the environment is gradually enhanced, so there is no need to wrap grass.

Growth period management: apply fertilizer to cherry blossoms twice a year, with acid fertilizer as the best. One is winter fertilizer, and organic fertilizers such as bean cake, chicken manure and decomposed fertilizer are applied in winter or early spring; On another occasion, quick-acting fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ferrous sulfate and calcium superphosphate were applied after flowering. Generally, the fertilization method of cherry trees can be adopted, that is, an annular ditch with a depth of about 10 cm is dug at the edge of the crown: orthogonal projection line, and fertilization is carried out. This method is not only simple, but also beneficial to root absorption. In the future, with the growth of trees, the diameter and depth of the annular groove for fertilization will also increase. Cherry blossoms have shallow roots and need good drainage and ventilation. Therefore, it is forbidden for people, livestock and cars to stabilize the soil around trees, especially within the distribution range of roots. Pedestrian trampling will weaken the tree, shorten its life, and even lead to rotten roots and death.

Pruning and maintenance: Pruning is mainly to cut off dead branches, trailing branches, overlapping branches and pests and diseases. In addition, when many branches grow on the trunk of the big cherry tree, some robust branches should be kept and the rest should be cut off from the base to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. The pruned branches should be disinfected with drugs in time to prevent bacteria from invading after rain and causing rot. After a long period of sun exposure, the bark of cherry blossoms is easy to age and damage, causing rot, so it should be removed and disinfected in time. After that, the rotten part was wrapped with humus and carbon powder to promote its normal physiological function.

Pests and diseases and their control

Cherry blossoms should mainly prevent gummosis, nodule disease, aphids, red spiders, scale insects and other pests. Gummosis is caused by moths drilling into tree trunks to lay eggs. We can dig out eggs with sharp knives, improve soil and strengthen water and fertilizer management. Nodular nodule disease will cause the roots of diseased trees to fail to grow normally, and the trees are still not strong no matter how fertilized. Tumor should be removed in time, soil should be disinfected, and humus soil, charcoal powder and microorganisms should be used to improve the soil. For aphids, red spiders, scale insects and other pests, prevention should be given priority to, spraying drugs 3 ~ 4 times a year, the first time before flowering, the second time after flowering, and the third time in July and August.

App application

Cherry blossoms are extremely beautiful and are important ornamental trees in early spring. They are usually used for garden viewing. When it is in full bloom, the flowers are many and gorgeous, and the trees are full of brilliance, like clouds, which is extremely spectacular. It can be planted in a large area to create a "flower sea" landscape. It can be dotted with 35-35 clusters in the green space to form a brocade group, or it can be planted alone to form the painting meaning of "a little red among the evergreen trees". Cherry blossoms can also be used as street trees, hedges or bonsai. In addition, bark and fresh young leaves can be used medicinally.

Arima

Flower language: life, happiness

Sakura in the mountain: I smile at you and have a beautiful spirit.

Cherry blossoms: an education

Cherry blossoms in winter: the mystery of the East

Double cherry blossom: quiet

Primrose: Youth

Mountain cherry blossoms: pure/noble/weak

Cherry blossoms are warm, pure and noble, and the law representing fate is circulation. After the severe winter, it is March every year 15 that first brings the breath of spring to the Japanese people.

The "Cherry Blossom Festival" in Japan is from April 23rd to April 15. The Japanese believe that life is short, living is as brilliant as cherry blossoms, and even if you die, you should leave decisively.

Cherry blossoms are clean and crisp when they fall, which is regarded as a symbol of Japanese spirit.

Cherry blossoms are happy, warm, pure, noble and indifferent. The flower language of winter cherry blossoms is the mystery of the East, the flower language of double-petal cherry blossoms is tranquility, the flower language of western cherry blossoms is cordial education, and the flower language of cherry blossoms is youth.

Exploration of cherry blossoms

Japanese cherry blossoms were handed down from China. According to the Cherry Blossom Mirror, Japanese cherry blossoms first came from the Himalayas in China. The spread of cherry blossoms is as radioactive as all living things. Yunnan, close to the Himalayan region, is one of the earliest beneficiary areas. Therefore, Yunnan cherry blossoms have been famous all over the world since ancient times. This leads to another Japanese legend that the ancestors of Japanese cherry blossoms were brought back from Yunnan by monks, just as some Japanese insist that their ancestors are Yunnan Bai people. However, cherry blossoms spread from the Himalayas to Japan, which is more credible.

"Sakura Dajian" also said that after Himalayan cherry blossoms were introduced to Japan, with careful cultivation, Japan's varieties continued to increase and became a rich cherry blossom family. After becoming the national flower of Japan, it has been nurtured and cultivated, and there are more ornamental varieties. However, some cherry blossoms originating in Himalaya still grow in Japan, such as Qiao Hefei. Yunnan cherry blossoms and Japanese cherry blossoms belong to the same genus. It is a variety evolved from the original bitter cherry in Tengchong and Longling. Flowers change from single to double, and the color changes from light pink to dark pink. This color is the difference from the highly appreciated Japanese cherry blossoms. The flowers of Japanese cherry blossoms are mostly pale pink.

As for the common article that the cherry blossoms in China come from Japan, this is actually a mistake. This is also related to the fact that the name Sakura is not recorded in China ancient books. Because the shapes of cherry blossoms and cherries are very similar, the ancient descriptions are rather vague, and the ancient cherry blossoms are not as well known as other famous flowers, but they can still be found in ancient books. Bai Juyi's poem "A new cherry tree is planted in a small garden, so you can swim around the flowers" describes the scene of cherry blossoms in full bloom. Cherry blossoms are mentioned in Yu Ruoying's poems in the Ming Dynasty: "The rain is thin in March, and cherry blossoms are suspected of apricot blossoms." However, Japanese cherry blossoms are very popular, and their reputation has overshadowed that of China cherry blossoms, so they have the initial illusion.

In fact, people have found that cherry blossoms have existed in northern India since ancient times.

Japan, the place where cherry blossoms bloom.

Cherry blossom season

Japan is called "the country of cherry blossoms". When the spring is bright, cherry trees are planted all over the Japanese archipelago, and people will flock to the cherry blossom forest to enjoy the splendid cherry blossoms and enjoy the cultural atmosphere brought by the unique cherry blossoms in Japan. People wear kimonos and smile, enjoying not only the spring of nature, but also the spring of life.

In Japan, it is more lively than the New Year in April, because April is the season when cherry blossoms are in full bloom. As soon as March entered, almost all Japanese people began to look forward to the blooming of cherry blossoms. When the weather gets warmer, the first cherry blossom finally blooms in the cold spring breeze, and the annual cherry blossom viewing activity begins. Newspapers and TV are full of news that "cherry blossoms are in full bloom somewhere" and "a cherry blossom festival will be held one day". The Japanese people happily dressed up to go out to enjoy cherry blossoms, women put on kimonos, children dressed up beautifully, and even pets were dressed in red and green, beaming. As cherry blossoms open from south to north, the whole Japanese archipelago is immersed in the ocean of flowers and festivals. Cherry blossoms on the trees, like pink clouds, float on hillsides, roadsides, parks, courtyards and even ravines in the fields. Japanese cherry blossoms are in full bloom in April, and cherry trees can be seen everywhere in parks and streets, making bonsai-like Japan more beautiful.

As a landscape, a symbol and even a spirit, cherry blossoms have become a unique culture in Japan. In Japanese, "cherry blossom time" refers to the season when cherry blossoms are in full bloom, that is, spring. Cherry blossoms are warm, pure and noble. This is the first time to bring the breath of spring to the Japanese people after the severe winter. The Japanese government has designated March 15 to April 15 as the "Cherry Blossom Festival" every year. In this flower viewing season, people bring their relatives, invite friends, sit on the floor under the cherry trees with wine and vegetables, and enjoy the cherry blossoms while drinking. It is really a great pleasure in life. When cherry blossoms are in full bloom in spring, it is the most important thing for Japanese people to eat sushi, drink Japanese wine and enjoy flying snow.

The custom of enjoying cherry blossoms

Cherry blossoms have a history of 1000 years in Japan. In the Nara period (7 10-794), when it comes to flowers, it means plum blossoms. In Heian period (794- 1 192), cherry blossoms became the leading role, and there were five times more songs about cherry blossoms than Yongmei flowers. Cherry blossom viewing is a unique way to enjoy flowers in Japan. Japanese writing is "looking at flowers". Whenever the cherry blossom season begins in spring, people gather in cherry blossom viewing places all over the country and sit under pink and white trees. Everyone cheered and sang, laughed and laughed about spring, and captured the splendid spring. The word "Huajian" is even considered as an English proper noun, spelled Hanami, which means the cherry blossom feast in Japan.

Japanese cherry blossom viewing has a long history. The ruling emperor in the 7th century especially loved cherry blossoms and visited yoshinoyama in Nara many times. In addition, it is said that the first cherry blossom viewing conference in Japanese history was hosted by Emperor Emei in the 9th century. The Japanese custom of cherry blossom viewing is generally believed to have originated from the cherry blossom banquet held in heian period Palace. At the beginning, cherry blossom viewing was only popular among powerful people. In the third year of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1598), Toyotomi Hideyoshi held a flower viewing party at Daiguo Temple in Kyoto on March 15, which was unprecedented and spectacular.

It was after the Edo period (1603- 1867) that the foil was spread to ordinary people and became an ordinary Japanese citizen in the middle of the year. Edo period is the heyday in Japanese history, which can be described as "national prosperity and people's security". After eating and wearing warm clothes, ordinary people began to pay attention to spiritual enjoyment, and cherry blossoms in early spring became the bright spot in the eyes of the Japanese.

Grand occasion of cherry blossom viewing

As the national flower of Japan, cherry blossoms are deeply loved by Japanese and tourists. At present, there are more than 300 kinds of cherry blossoms in Japan, mostly red and white. Cherry blossoms bloom from south to north in turn, just like a pink cloud floating across Japan from south to north. Okinawa is the first place to see cherry blossoms, and Hokkaido is the coldest place in Japan.

In the spring of Japan, from Kyushu in early March to Hokkaido in mid-May, wherever this "cherry blossom front" advances, the cherry blossoms spread in turn, and the lively cherry blossom banquet spread from south to north. The flowering period of cherry blossoms is not long. The flowering time is generally 65,438+00 days, and it only takes three to five days from blooming to withering. Once it rains, the brilliant cherry blossoms may come to an end the next day. Although the flowering period is short, the Japanese will still hold a banquet to celebrate, just like a happy cherry blossom carnival.

When cherry blossoms are in full bloom, you can smell faint flowers and enjoy red, pink and white cherry blossoms at the flower viewing places in parks and streets. At this time, large and small "cherry blossom festivals" will be held all over Japan. Relatives and friends will sit around the cherry trees, take out lunch boxes, drink champagne or sake, talk and laugh, and the petals will drift with the breeze from time to time. People who appreciate flowers, whether they know them or not, will nod their heads from time to time and even exchange food. It is not so much a flower viewing as a real "family day" and "friendship day". It is no wonder that the Japanese enjoy it, and some companies even list cherry blossom viewing as their "designated project".

There are very few Japanese cherry blossoms, and most of them are in groups, parking and sitting. They changed their usual lonely and busy routine, and friends, classmates, colleagues, or neighbors and five families got together, ranging from a few people to dozens of people, prepared delicious food and drinks in advance, occupied a good place to enjoy cherry blossoms and gathered under the cherry trees to enjoy themselves. Formal cherry blossom viewing will have certain procedures such as the organizer's speech, while family and friends' cherry blossom viewing activities are more casual and there is no fixed model.

People eat, drink, chat, sing and dance under the cherry trees. How happy I am! Of course, young people who like music can't forget to bring their own audio equipment and beloved musical instruments. They sang in front of the microphone and danced in the music, and the cheerful air filled every corner. Japan, which has always been famous for its quiet environment, is full of joy this season; Japanese, who have always been pursuing high efficiency and quickness, can relax their body and mind, relieve mental stress and enhance mutual communication only at this time. Everyone is happy in this "good flower * * * reward" activity with the participation of the whole people.

When the cherry blossoms withered, a gust of wind blew them all over the tree, and the trees cheered. The Japanese call this colorful autumn in Britain "flower rain". Watching their beloved flowers drift away with the wind, they not only have no sadness of Dai jade burying flowers, but also regard bathing in this flower rain as happiness. What the Japanese appreciate is the life attitude of cherry blossoms, which is vigorous and leisurely, which coincides with the Japanese philosophy of life that desperately realizes its own value.

The most famous flower viewing place

In Japan, the most distinctive place to enjoy cherry blossoms is Hakone-CHO. In this scenic tourist resort, you can not only enjoy cherry blossoms while soaking in hot springs, but also overlook the quiet and beautiful Mount Fuji. Hakone-CHO, located 90 kilometers west of Tokyo, is one of the most representative tourist attractions in Japan, surrounded by peaks. As early as 400,000 years ago, Hakone-machiyama, a conical volcano similar to Mount Fuji, was formed. Later, due to the subsidence of the central part, a large volcanic vent was formed, and the water in the crater formed a deer lake with bright eyes and white teeth. Now in the center of Hakone-machiyama, visitors can still see the scenery of steam and sulfur smoke. As a national park designated by Japan, Hakone-CHO still has many places of interest worth visiting.

In April, when spring comes to Hakone-CHO, cherry blossoms bloom from the foothills, slopes and tops of Hakone-CHO. Due to the long flowering period, tourists can enjoy cherry blossoms for a long time. The steaming, smoky Japanese open-air hot springs and antique Japanese small hotels everywhere in Hakone Town attract a large number of tourists to visit here every year.

Cherry Blossom and Japanese Spirit

Cherry blossoms are gorgeous when they bloom, but the flowering period is very short, showing all the beauty and soon withering. In Japan, there is a folk saying that "cherry blossoms last for seven days", that is, it takes about seven days for a cherry blossom to wither, and it takes about 16 days for the whole cherry tree to bloom and wither, which forms the characteristic that cherry blossoms bloom and fall, and it is this characteristic that makes cherry blossoms have such great charm. Being honored as the national flower is not only because of its charm and charm, but more importantly, its "heroic" withering after its brief glory. "Ask the soul of Yamato and watch the cherry blossoms in Asahi". The Japanese appreciate the heroic character of cherry blossoms and think that life is too short to be as brilliant as cherry blossoms. Even if you die, you must leave decisively. Cherry blossoms fall clean and crisp, which is regarded as the spirit of Japan. Snow-like cherry blossoms symbolize the gorgeous and short-lived aesthetic of Japanese Bushido.

Sakura and Japanese Literature

Descriptions of cherry blossoms abound in Japanese classical literature, and numerous works of chanting cherry blossoms have been left by scholars in past dynasties. There are 70 cherry blossom poems in Haruka, an ancient Japanese literary classic, accounting for most of the corpus. Many haiku poems by Matsuo Bashō, a famous poet in the Edo period, are dedicated to cherry blossoms.