West to England, far away from South Africa.
Mohandas karamchand gandhi was born in Polpondo, a small indigenous country on the Kashwar Peninsula, on February 2nd.
The custom in India is to get married early, and Gandhi 13 years old got married. His wife Casterbe is only 10 years old. With the consent of his wife, Gandhi broke off sexual intercourse from 1900, and swore complete abstinence in 1906.
Gandhi/Kloc-After graduating from university at the age of 0/8, he decided to study law in England.
Gandhi arrived in London in September 1888, and began to study English philosophy of life, practice ballroom dancing, and learn French and Latin, but he didn't read much. During this period, he mainly experienced the life of the British and learned their values.
189 1 year, Gandhi returned to India after obtaining the qualification as a lawyer and listed as a lawyer in Mumbai. But his career here was not smooth, 1893 came to South Africa.
There are many Indian expatriates in South Africa, and his lawyer has a good business and unconsciously became the leader of Indian expatriates. Due to the prejudice of race and color, Indian expatriates were abused by the British rulers, and even Gandhi himself was discriminated against by the British. He protested to the Governor-General of South Africa to improve the treatment of Indian expatriates, but to no avail.
He has become a famous lawyer in South Africa. However, when he read Tolstoy and others' works in Russia, he gave up that business career, believed in non-violence, and established a new village for the purpose of poverty, non-violence and simplicity. 19 10 On May 30th, a friend of Gandhi named his 1 100 acre farm Tolstoy Farm. There are more than 70 people living on the farm, regardless of sex, age and age, who all take part in labor. In June, the farm set up another school, working in the morning and having classes in the afternoon. Gandhi personally served as a teacher and taught religious courses.
19 10, Gandhi stopped practicing as a lawyer and devoted himself to serving overseas Chinese in India. At the same time, Gandhi studied the teachings of ancient India hard. He founded the newspaper India Italy and wrote his first book India Independence.
At this time, the fingerprint registration law was promulgated. Gandhi published an article in the newspaper to express his opposition, demanding that all overseas Chinese in India refuse to register and would rather go to jail than give in, and implement non-violent resistance to show the self-esteem of Indians. Thanks to Gandhi's encouragement and leadership, many people never gave up their struggle and received assistance from all sides, which finally forced the South African government to cancel this decree. This struggle was the first non-violent resistance movement led by Gandhi, which reflected his goal of adhering to India's independence, and it was this struggle that made his reputation spread throughout India.
Establish a leading position and persist in an indomitable struggle
19 15 65438+10 On 9 October, Gandhi arrived in Mumbai from South Africa via London, and on 25 May,1kloc-0/5, he founded a non-violent resistance school in Cochrab, a small village near Ahmedabad, Gujarat, as a training school for India.
During this period, Gandhi traveled around, conducted social surveys and observed all aspects of India. After investigating the harsh oppression of farmers in detail, he ran around and even urged the tax collectors and police who defended farmers to protect their interests. This is the first practice of the disobedience movement led by Gandhi in India. He initiated the homespun movement, which awakened the national consciousness to a certain extent and brought them to the national movement centered on the Congress Party.
Gandhi approached the Congress Party in his travels and investigations, and soon became one of the main leaders of India's national independence movement. 19 15, the Muslim League headed by Gandhi and the National Congress drafted an Indian reform plan, which was adopted by the two parties at their annual meeting held in Lucknow almost simultaneously in 19 16. Among them, the slogan of striving for Indian autonomy within the British Empire was put forward.
Under the influence of 10 Russian revolution, the Indian national independence movement reached a new climax. 1919165438+1On October 23rd, Gandhi attended the first All-India Kira Law Conference in Delhi. It was suggested at the meeting that if the British authorities refused to consider the demands of Muslims, they would call on Muslims to completely withdraw from cooperation with the government. 1 In June, 920, the newly established Central Kira Law Committee decided to implement the non-cooperation movement from August of1according to the non-cooperation plan designed by him. At this time, Gandhi began to link the Kirafa issue with the Punjab issue, as two reasons to carry out the non-cooperative movement, and asked the Congress Party to consider carrying out the non-cooperative movement. Before the special session of the Congress Party, Gandhi's uncooperative thought met with considerable resistance. However, because Gandhi's strategy was supported by the bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie and ordinary intellectuals, the Congress Party accepted the "non-violence" and "non-cooperation" movements. And in 65438+February of the same year, the annual meeting of the Congress Party held in Nagpur adopted the new party constitution drafted by Gandhi, which provided organizational guarantee for the future implementation of the strategy of cooperation with Africa. Gandhi's leadership was established.
1 August 9201day, Gandhi launched the first non-cooperative movement. 192 1 year 1 1 month The All-India Committee of the National Congress Party authorized all provinces to independently carry out the civil disobedience movement, pushing the non-cooperative movement to the previous step. In June+February, 5438, the annual meeting of the National Congress authorized Gandhi as the only executive authority leading the civil disobedience movement. Gandhi decided to take Baldolli as a pilot and launched a disobedience movement with refusing to pay taxes as the main content, and the preparatory work has made great progress. However, when Gandhi learned of the violence in Jory-Jorah on February 8, 1922, he decided to stop the civil disobedience movement in Baldori and all India. In this way, Gandhi struggled to achieve the first uncooperative practice and was killed by himself. Since the movement stopped, the masses have been very dissatisfied. The colonial authorities thought it was time to arrest Gandhi, so they arrested Gandhi on March 1922 10 and sentenced him to six years in prison.
From 65438 to 0929, the economic crisis in the capitalist world broke out, British imperialism stepped up its plunder of India, and the wave of Indian national independence movement revived. 1930 65438+1On October 26th, the Executive Committee of the National Congress passed a resolution, saying that "India must sever relations with Britain and gain complete independence." 1930 At the beginning of the year, Gandhi made a suggestion to the British Governor, demanding that the colonial government reduce the land rent, cancel the salt tax, cancel the secret service and release political prisoners. However, the governor turned a deaf ear to Gandhi's suggestion. In order to protest, Gandhi held a "salt parade" on March 12 of the same year. In May of the same year, the British colonial authorities ordered the banning of the "non-cooperative movement", declared the Congress Party illegal, and arrested Gandhi and others. 193 1 year, Gandhi was released. In March of the same year, British Governor Owen and Gandhi signed an agreement in Delhi. The Congress Party announced that it would stop the "non-cooperative movement", and the colonial government promised to stop the repression and release all political prisoners. The Congress Party was re-declared as a legitimate political party. The signing of the Indri agreement of the second civil disobedience movement is at a low ebb. From 1932 to 1934, Gandhi went on hunger strike twice in order to oppose the Dalit independent election and support Harry's cause. 1934 10 After Gandhi announced his withdrawal from the Congress Party, he concentrated more on abolishing the solitary confinement system and promoting the unity of Hindus and Muslims.
194165438+February, Gandhi officially published his constructive program. 1942 launched a campaign for Britain to withdraw from India.
Spiritual leader, political tool
In the early period of World War II, Gandhi restored the leadership of the Congress Party twice. 1September 3, 939, Britain declared war on Germany and declared India a belligerent, which aroused strong dissatisfaction from Indian public opinion and was widely opposed. The Congress Party warned that it would not fight for the interests of others. However, Gandhi said that as a pacifist, he could not support the war; But for purely humanitarian reasons, he sympathized with Britain and France. This is also Gandhi's basic attitude during this period. In a word, Gandhi insisted on non-violence, which contradicted the policy that the leadership of the Congress Party was eager to compromise with Britain and supported the war conditionally. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of political struggle, the Congress Party broke with its leader and removed Gandhi from his post. However, the British side ignored the basic conditions required by the Congress Party's cooperation proposal and broke the illusion of the Congress Party's leadership. Disappointed, it turned to Gandhi and asked him to regain the leadership of the Congress Party.
194 1 autumn, the development of the situation made the unresolved differences between Gandhi and the leadership of the National Congress resurface and gradually intensified. On the one hand, the arrested members of the Congress Party gradually formed a force in the party after their release, strongly demanding to change Gandhi's plan, give up the uncooperative movement and regain the administrative power of the provinces; On the other hand, in anticipation of Japan's upcoming war, Britain released all the members of the Congress Party who participated in the movement in order to win over the Congress Party. But Gandhi refused to give in, thinking that "it is foolish to give up the non-cooperative movement." The great changes in the Asian war situation once again disappointed the Congress Party. The so-called "Cripps Plan" of the British side not only has no new content, but also includes some clauses strongly disapproved by the Congress Party. The rift and contradiction between Britain and the Congress Party eased the political differences between the leadership of the Congress Party and Gandhi. They turned to Gandhi again and asked him to lead the Congress Party movement. 1942 In August, Gandhi and other leaders of the Congress Party became prisoners of British colonization, and the Congress Party movement at the beginning of World War II came to an end temporarily.
The relationship between the Congress Party and Gandhi shows that Gandhi is unique in the Congress Party. He is both a spiritual leader and a political tool of the Congress Party.
The cause of martyrdom, the soul of the hero lives forever.
Hindu fanatics hate Gandhi because he opposes sectarian conflicts and advocates improving relations with Pakistan.
1948 65438+ 10/0/3 to 18, Gandhi's last hunger strike was also the 18 hunger strike in his life. /kloc-on 0/8, the leaders of Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism issued a joint declaration in Delhi to ensure that Gandhi's hunger strike was realized and all factions lived in harmony. On the evening of October 29th, 65438/KLOC-0, he personally drafted his will-Congress Party New party constitution. At 5 pm on the 30th, 10, Gandhi walked from the side door of his bedroom to the lawn of the prayer field. On the way, an Indian named Goelz fired three shots at Gandhi, who was shot and fell on the grass.
Gandhi is an outstanding nationalist leader in India. His non-violent and non-cooperative movement brought people from all walks of life in India into the torrent of anti-British struggle, cultivated the national spirit of a whole generation dedicated to the cause of independence, and made outstanding contributions to India's ultimate independence. For the independence and freedom of the motherland, he struggled for decades and put his life and death at risk. This lofty spirit is admirable. India's independence is inseparable from the glorious name Gandhi.