Time-356 BC

In 356 BC, Shang Yang began to reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong. According to the law, the state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free sale. Those who reward farming and produce grain fabrics can be exempted from corvee; According to the size of military service, the title of Tian Zhai was granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished. Establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.

Significance: After Shang Yang's political reform, the feudal system was established, and Qin's economy was developed, and the combat effectiveness of the army was constantly strengthened, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period, laying the foundation for Qin's unification of China.

2. Qin unified the six countries and established centralized rule;

In 22 1 year BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, established the first unified centralized feudal country in China history-Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital.

2. Measures to consolidate the rules:

(1) Politics: A set of feudal autocratic centralization was established.

(2) Changes: ① Unified round square hole copper coins; ② Unified measurement; ③ Unified character (seal script) (official script).

The changing order of characters: Oracle Bone Inscriptions → Inscription → Dazhuan → Xiaozhuan → Lishu → cursive script → running script → regular script.

(3) Thought: In order to strengthen ideological control, Qin Shiwang accepted Lisi's suggestion and issued a book burning order, stipulating that except for the government, only books about medicine, divination and planting were allowed to be left by the people, and all other books were burned; Whoever talks about Confucian poetry books again in the future will be sentenced to death. He buried alive a group of Confucian scholars who secretly criticized him in Xianyang. This is the history of "burning books and burying Confucianism"

3. Build the Great Wall in the north and develop southern Xinjiang;

(1) Qin Shiwang sent Meng Tian to build the Great Wall of Wan Li, which starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east. It is a symbol of the wisdom and creativity of the ancient working people in China.

(2) Qin Shiwang sent troops to unify the southeast, Lingnan and other areas, and built a Lingqu to connect the Yangtze River water system and the Pearl River water system, which provided favorable conditions for economic and cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and Lingnan.

(3) The Qin Dynasty has a vast territory, stretching to the East China Sea in the east, Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north and the South China Sea in the south. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the history of China, and it was also a big country in the world at that time.

3 Great integration of northern nationalities

1. Northern unification and national integration:

In the late 4th century AD, a branch of Xianbei nationality in Northeast China was powerful, establishing the Northern Wei Dynasty, making Pingcheng its capital, and unifying the North in 439.

2. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang:

Reason: Pingcheng's climate is dry, and the grain produced can't meet the needs of many people in Beijing. Pingcheng is located in the north, which is not conducive to the widespread spread of the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Central Plains.

Large-scale rule is also not conducive to the Xianbei regime to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality

3. The reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty:

(1) Historical background: There is a trend of ethnic integration in the Yellow River Basin.

(2) Main measures: the court must use Chinese, and Xianbei language is prohibited; Officials and their families must wear Han costumes; Jiang Xianbei

The surname was changed to Han nationality, and the royal family was changed from Tuoba to Yuan. Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; Adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality;

Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly.

(3) Historical function: These measures are conducive to the recovery and development of the northern economy, accelerate the feudalization process of all ethnic groups in the north, and promote national integration.

(4) Post-Northern Wei split: Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Eastern Wei and Western Wei merged to form the Northern Dynasty.

4. Prosperous Sui Dynasty

1. Sui Dynasty was founded: 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty-Emperor Zhi, Chang 'an.

2. The Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and the North and South were unified: 589.

3. Opening of the Grand Canal: In 605, Yang Di was centered on Luoyang, with Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south.

Including Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan River.

4. Reasons for digging the canal: (1) Yang Di has been in power for more than 20 years, and his country is well managed and his economy is prosperous, which provided economic strength for Yang Di to open the Grand Canal.

(2) The unification of the Sui Dynasty made it possible for Yang Di to recruit millions of people.

(3) Based on several canals dug by the previous generation.

4. Purpose: In order to strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country.

5. Function: It has greatly promoted the economic exchanges between the north and the south of China, which is of great significance to the future economic development of China.

Question: Is it a good thing or a bad thing to open a canal in the Sui Dynasty?

A: I think the opening of the canal in the Sui Dynasty has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that after the opening, the traffic between the north and the south will be enhanced, and the grain from the south will be transported to the north, so that the grain in the north will be sufficient; The disadvantage is that the river workers at that time were very strict and cruel, which made most people die of hunger and fatigue and lost a lot of manpower and material resources, so it was not good for the people to open the canal.

Second, "the rule of Zhenguan"

1. Tang Dynasty was founded: 6 18, (Emperor Yang Di was killed in Jiangdu), Li Yuan (Tang Gaozu), Chang 'an.

Li Shimin (Tang Gaozong), Title: Zhenguan.

In 907, the Tang Dynasty perished (Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty), "An Shi Rebellion"

c

4. Achievements in three aspects:

(1) Agriculture: ① More than 40 large-scale water conservancy projects; ② Seedling transplanting cultivation is widely used in southern China; ③ There are many varieties of vegetables; ④ Tea production plays an important role in Jiangnan agriculture; ⑤ In Tang Dynasty, farmers improved the structure of plows and made them into curved plows; ⑥ Actively fight drought and control locust plague.

(2) Handicraft industry: ceramics (Tang Sancai); Silk manufacturing

(3) Business: Chang 'an (both a national exchange center at that time and an international metropolis)

The Best of the Four Worlds: Lu Yu, Tang Sancai, Chang 'an City, Qu Yuan Plough and Guan Che.

Fourthly, the establishment of the imperial examination system.

1. The birth of the imperial examination system (mainly Jinshi and Mingjing);

(1) Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty started the examination of different subjects. (2) Yang Di established the Jinshi branch.

2. Perfection of the imperial examination system: Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong are the key figures to improve the imperial examination system.

(1) Emperor Taizong expanded the scale of Chinese studies (expanding schools and increasing the number of students).

(2) Wu Zetian initiated the palace entrance examination and martial arts.

(3) Tang Xuanzong took poetry and fu as the content of Jinshi.

(4) The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1,300 years in the feudal society of China, and it was not abolished until the late Qing Dynasty.

3. The influence of imperial examination system: (1) perfected the employment system; (2) The imperial examination system promoted the development of education.

(3) The imperial examination system promoted the development of literature and art; (4) Affect neighboring countries

Question 1: Three people who perfected the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty-

Tang Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong.

Question 2: What influence does the imperial examination system bring?

A: ① The imperial examination system has improved the employment system, giving talented scholars the opportunity to serve in governments at all levels; The imperial examination system promoted the development of education, and the atmosphere of poets studying hard prevailed; (3) The imperial examination system also promoted the development of literature and art, especially because Jinshi attached importance to the examination of poetry and fu, which greatly benefited the prosperity of Tang poetry; (4) At that time, the imperial examination system also affected neighboring Silla and Japan, and they all chose officials through examinations.

1. Liao-Song Relations: Single Source Alliance-

(1) For the Northern Song Dynasty, the alliance of monasteries was a humiliating contract, and the lucky money became a heavy burden for people in the Northern Song Dynasty-passivity.

(2) The single-source alliance ended the decades-long war between Liao and Song, and made the Liao and Song borders in a relatively peaceful and stable state for a long time. Frequent cultural and economic exchanges between the two sides are conducive to the development of production in border areas.

The economic center moved southward from the middle and late Tang Dynasty, but it was finally completed in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Question 1: The economic center of gravity from Xixia, Shang Dynasty to Qin, Han and China was in the Yellow River valley in the Northern Song Dynasty, and then gradually moved south. By the Southern Dynasties, the South had become the economic center of China. In this process of "gradually moving south", what are the more important and obvious manifestations of moving south?

A: The first time was during the Three Kingdoms period, when Soochow developed Jiangnan economy. Farmers in the north went to the south to escape the war; The second time was in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, when a large number of farmers from the north travelled eastward with the Jin family, bringing advanced technology and tools to the south. The third time was the Southern Dynasties, and the economy in the south of the Yangtze River developed rapidly. The fourth time was in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. Water conservancy, grain production and silk in the south have also surpassed those in the north. The fifth time was at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, when Khitan and Nuzhen moved south, farmers in the north continued to move south, and the south was relatively stable. The southward movement of the central government has strengthened this trend.

Question 2: Why did South China's agriculture develop rapidly from the middle and late Tang Dynasty and gradually surpass the North?

A: Because from the middle and late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, there were few wars in the South, and many Central Plains people moved south, bringing advanced technology and increasing the number of labor there; Coupled with changes in natural conditions, agriculture in the south of the Yangtze River has developed rapidly and gradually surpassed that in the north. In order to increase grain output, Zhancheng Rice, an excellent variety introduced from Vietnam, has been rapidly popularized in Jiangnan.

Question 3: Commercial prosperity in Song Dynasty.

A: The commercial prosperity of the Song Dynasty surpassed that of the previous generation, especially in the south. There are many shopping malls, the biggest of which are Kaifeng and Hangzhou. Businessmen at home and abroad are in an endless stream, showing a scene of prosperity. The overseas trade in Song Dynasty also surpassed the previous generation and became an important country engaged in overseas trade in the world at that time. Guangzhou and Quanzhou are world-famous large commercial ports. The foreign trade income of the Southern Song Dynasty occupies an important position in the fiscal revenue. At the same time, jiaozi appeared in Sichuan, which is the earliest paper money in the world. The emergence of paper money is conducive to commercial development.

Title: "Since ancient times, there has been no death in life. Take the heart of Dan and follow the history of history." Who said this sentence? When was the author from? This sentence is taken from which poem, trying to express the poet's integrity. What are the author's main activities?

A: This is what Wen Tianxiang said; He was a minister of the Anti-Japanese War School in the Southern Song Dynasty. This sentence is taken from Crossing the Zero Ocean, which expresses the author's feelings and integrity of resisting national oppression, being unyielding and dying; When the Yuan army went south to Lin 'an, Wen Tianxiang organized troops to fight against Yuan. After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, he was defeated and captured, imprisoned in Dadu, always loyal and unyielding, showing lofty integrity, and was finally killed.

Strengthening the monarchical power in Ming Dynasty

1. Ming Taizu: 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, and its capital was Yingtian (renamed Nanjing).

2. Measures to strengthen monarchical power in the early Ming Dynasty (Ming Taizu);

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu reformed the administrative organization and strengthened the monarch's rights. At the local level, China's book province was abolished, and three departments were set up to be responsible for civil affairs, criminal prisons and military and political affairs. In the central government, the prime minister was abolished, and six ministries were in charge of state affairs and directly responsible to the emperor. Ming Taizu authorized the Royal Guard to supervise the objects of surveillance and investigation, and became a special agency. The Ming Dynasty used stereotyped writing to select officials who obeyed the emperor. After Ming Taizu moved his father to Beijing, he further strengthened the monarchical power, continued to implement the policy of reducing vassals, and added the East Factory of the Secret Service headed by trusted eunuchs to strengthen the monitoring and investigation of his subjects. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the power of the monarch was unprecedentedly strengthened.

3. Battle of Jingnan: Judy (Prince of Beiping) raised the banner of Jingnan and rose up against Wen Jian, which ended in victory. Judy became the founder of the Ming Dynasty, and moved the capital to Beijing in 142 1 and changed Beiping to Beijing.

4. Measures to strengthen the imperial power of Cheng Zu in the Ming Dynasty: In addition to the Royal Guards, a specialized agency East Factory was set up, led by eunuchs close to the emperor, to strengthen the surveillance and reconnaissance of subjects. The establishment of factory secret service is a manifestation of The Ming dynasty emperors's highly strengthened autocracy.

"Literary Prison"-In order to strengthen the absolute monarchy, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty also strictly controlled intellectuals from the ideological field. During Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, words and phrases were often extracted from intellectuals' poems and articles, distorted and explained, and then used as excuses. Luo Zhi's crimes led to a large number of unjust imprisonment. People call this practice "literary inquisition".

Influence-The literary inquisition in Qing Dynasty created social terror and destroyed talents. Many intellectuals are afraid to ask about politics, which imprisons their thoughts and seriously hinders the development and progress of China society.

The germination of capitalism-after the middle and late Ming Dynasty, "machine users contribute, machine workers contribute". Machine users are early capitalists and machine workers are early hired workers. The employment relationship between them and the employment relationship are capitalist relations of production. In the Qing Dynasty, the number of capitalist handicraft departments increased and the production scale was further expanded.

2. Closed door policy:

(1) Reason-The rulers of the Qing Dynasty thought that China was rich in natural products and ubiquitous, and did not need economic exchanges with foreign countries. At that time, western rulers were expanding their power to the east. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were worried that the territorial sovereignty of the country would be violated by foreign countries and that the contacts between coastal people and foreigners would endanger their own rule, so they implemented the policy of "closing the country to the outside world" and strictly restricted foreign trade.

From the Forbidden City to "Closed Doors"

3. Influence-played a certain role in self-defense against the aggression of western rulers. The Qing government closed its doors to the outside world, failed to see the changes in the world situation, and failed to learn advanced scientific knowledge and production technology from the West in time, which made China gradually fall behind in the world.

4. Inspiration-closing the country to the outside world, delaying economic and cultural development, and the country is backward; Foreign development and exchanges are conducive to economic and cultural development and national prosperity.

Lin Zexu

Before the Opium War

Daoguang sent him as an imperial envoy to Guangdong to ban smoking. He sent people to catch cigarette dealers and destroy opium in Humentan.

It shows the strong will of the Chinese nation to oppose foreign aggression and deserves to be a hero of the Chinese nation.

deng shichang

Sino-Japanese Wars

Beiyang fleet led a fierce battle with Japanese ships in the Yellow Sea. Zhiyuan ship ran out of ammunition and food, ordered full horsepower to collide with Japanese ships, and all the soldiers died for their country.

Worthy of being a national hero in the Sino-Japanese naval battle in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.

Zuo Tang Zong

Before and after Westernization Movement

As a feudal bureaucrat and general of Xiang army, he participated in the suppression of Taiping Army. As a local representative of the Westernization School, he founded Fuzhou Shipping Bureau; As an imperial envoy of the Qing court, he led the army to recover Xinjiang.

Is one of the executioners to suppress Taiping rebels; Is the organizer of developing social economy; Is a patriot to recover Xinjiang. In my life, I have done more than I have done.

kang youwei

liang qichao

In the reform movement of 1898,

He initiated the "letter on the bus", founded societies and newspapers, publicized reform ideas, participated in the "Hundred Days Reform", and fled to Japan after failing. (Kang Youwei once cooperated with Zhang Xun to support the restoration of Puyi)

Advocates of the Reform Movement in the late Qing Dynasty promoted the spread of bourgeois ideas in China. However, they all became constitutionalists and opposed the revolution and the spread of Marxism in China.

Sitong Tan

In the reform movement of 1898,

As a representative of the reformists, he vigorously promoted political reform, established a current affairs school in Changsha, and trained political reform talents. He was arrested and killed by the Empress Dowager Cixi, and before he died, he left the rhetoric that "there is nothing to save the thief".

He is a progressive representative of the national bourgeoisie, a patriotic intellectual and one of the "six gentlemen of the 1898 Movement".

Yuanwei

the opium war

During the Opium War, he participated in the Anti-British War, witnessed the brutality of the invading army and the corruption of the Qing government, and compiled the Atlas of Sea Countries, with the aim of "learning from foreigners"

Famous thinker in Qing Dynasty, advanced figure of enlightened landlord class intellectuals.

Yan fu

Before and after the Sino-Japanese War

He believes that the only way to save the country is to follow the example of the West, translate the theory of evolution, and publicize the theories of "natural selection, survival of the fittest" and "the world must move forward and the future will be better than today"

He is a bourgeois enlightenment thinker in China. His thoughts inspired China to explore western politics, economy and culture.

Sun Yixian

Around the Revolution of 1911

Establish Zhong Xing Association and China League Association, lead the Revolution of 1911, overthrow the Qing emperor and establish the Republic of China; Later, the "First Congress" of the Kuomintang was held to realize the first cooperation between the two countries and establish the Whampoa Military Academy.

Great bourgeois revolutionaries, pioneers of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism; The founder of the "Three People's Principles", he devoted his life to the democratic revolution in China, and his indomitable spirit of fighting for the country and the people is always worth learning.

Chen Duxiu

After the new culture movement, the new democratic revolution period

19 15 founded youth magazine in Shanghai, put forward the slogan of democracy and science, and set off the new culture movement at the earliest. After the May 4th Movement broke out, he became one of the main leaders of the May 4th Movement. 1920, the first * * * production party in China was established at an early stage. 192 1 was elected as the secretary of the c.o. in the First National Congress. In the later period of the Great Revolution, giving up the revolutionary leadership of the proletariat led to the failure of the Great Revolution.

The main advocate and initiator of the New Culture Movement, and one of the founders of China * * * Production Party. However, during the Great Revolution, he made the mistake of right capitulationism, which led to the failure of the revolution.

Li Dazhao

After the New Culture Movement, during the Great Revolution

Before and after the New Culture Movement, he published articles such as Youth, Victory of Common People, Victory of Bolshevism, My View on Marxism, etc. He made outstanding achievements in propagating the October social revolution and Marxism in Russia. 19 19 supported and led the may 4th movement. Later, he helped Sun Yat-sen reorganize the Kuomintang, participated in the leadership of the "First National Congress" of the Kuomintang, and made important contributions to the realization of the first national cooperation.

The main force of the New Culture Movement, the first person in China to raise the banner of scientific socialism, and one of the founders of the China * * * Production Party.

Mao Zedong

1893— 1976

Participate in * * * a big; Presided over the workshop of peasant movement; Attend the August 7th meeting; Leading the autumn harvest uprising, making decisions on Wenjiacheng, reorganizing Sanwan and establishing Jinggangshan revolutionary base area; Jinggangshan stationed; Establish the Chinese Soviet temporary central government; Attend the Zunyi meeting and lead the Red Army's Long March; "On the Coalition Government" reports that China's seven masterpieces, Chongqing negotiations, the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), wrongly launched the Cultural Revolution in his later years.

Great proletarian revolutionist, politician, strategist, founder of People's Republic of China (PRC), the first generation leading core of China * * * Production Party, and the main founder of Mao Zedong Thought.

Deng Xiaoping

1904— 1997

Establish revolutionary base areas around the Yangtze River; Advance into Dabie Mountain; Command the Huaihai Campaign; Carry out reform and opening up; Put forward the concept of "one country, two systems" and form the theory of building a Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

A great Marxist, a great proletarian revolutionary, politician, strategist and diplomat, the chief architect of China's socialist reform, opening up and modernization, and the founder of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory.

Zhou Enlai

1898— 1976

1924 director of the political department of whampoa military academy. 1March 927 Participated in leading the third armed uprising of Shanghai workers. 1August, 927, led the August 1st Nanchang Uprising. 1934 10 participated in the Long March, and 1935 10 was one of the main military leaders of the Central Committee at the Zunyi Conference. 1936 went to Xi' an as the plenipotentiary of China for the peaceful settlement of the Xi incident. 1In August, 945, he accompanied Mao Zedong to participate in the Chongqing negotiations. 1put forward the five principles of peace in June, 954. From 65438 to 0955, he led a delegation to attend the Asian-African Conference and put forward the principle of seeking common ground while reserving differences and the principle of peaceful coexistence. During the "Cultural Revolution", we fought against the counter-revolutionary groups of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing in various forms.

China * * * one of the leaders of the production party, China people * * * and the prime minister.

Achievements of New China's Economic Construction

(1)1949-1952. ① performance: from 65438 to 0952, the national finance and economy were fundamentally improved, and the national economy was restored and developed. ② Reasons: A, New China was established; The completion of land reform.

(2)1953-1957 (the first five-year plan period). The main contents and key points of the first five-year plan: concentrate the main forces to develop heavy industry and lay the initial foundation for national industrialization and national defense modernization; Develop transportation, light industry, agriculture and commerce accordingly; Cultivate architectural talents accordingly. ② Achievements: a. Industry: Angang, Shenyang Machinery, Changchun Automobile and Northeast Industrial Base have been formed; B. Transportation: Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Sichuan-Tibet Highway, Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Xinzang Highway. ③ The main reasons for the achievement: a, the completion of the three major changes; B. implementation of the first five-year plan.

(3)1956-1966 (exploring the socialist period). Achievements: A. The completion of Daqing Oilfield ended the era of dependence on foreign oil; B, emerging industries, such as electronics, aerospace, atomic energy industry from scratch.

(4) After1978 (after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee). ① Achievements: A. Agricultural development, overall revitalization of rural economy, substantial increase in grain and cotton output, and rapid development of township enterprises (specialization, commercialization and socialization) have opened up a new road for modernization. B in industry, great progress has been made in capital construction and technological innovation. C, improve people's living standards, achieve triple jump, and reach a well-off level as a whole. ② Reasons for achievement: The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was held, which established the basic national policy of reform and opening up.

(5) The same reason for success: a peaceful and stable political environment; The correct strategy in line with the national conditions under the leadership of B * * *; The unremitting efforts of the broad masses of workers.

Second, the achievements of new China's political construction

(1) the establishment of new China and the consolidation of political power (1949- 1953)

1, the first CPPCC. A, time 65438+September 0949; B. location: Beiping; C. Content: P2; D. Significance: Various preparations have been made for the establishment of the new China.

2. founding ceremony: A. Time:1949101October1; Significance: (domestic) P4.

3. political consolidation: (1) peaceful liberation of Tibet a. time: 195 1 year; B, the protagonist: Abhay? Ngawangjigmec. Significance: The mainland of the motherland has been unified and the people of all ethnic groups have achieved great unity.

4. Land reform: a. Time:1950—1952; B. Content: Abolish the land ownership exploited by the landlord class and implement the land ownership of farmers; C. Main document: Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China; D. significance: P 13.

5. To resist US aggression and aid Korea: a. Background: p7; B. slogan: resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea and defend our country; C. Duration: 1950, 10—1July 953; D. Result:1In July 1953, the United States was forced to sign an armistice agreement; E. People: Peng, Chinese people's Volunteer Army, Huang Jiguang, Qiu; F. Impact: P 10

(2) Three major transformations (1953-1956)

1. Contents of transformation: individual agriculture, handicraft industry and capitalist industry and commerce.

2. Transformation mode: establishment of cooperatives and redemption.

3. The purpose of transformation: to realize the task of transforming private ownership into socialist public ownership.

4. Significance of transformation: It marks that China has initially established a socialist system and entered the primary stage of socialism.

The First National People's Congress

1. Convening time: 65438+September 0954.

2. Main contents: The articles of association of 1954 were adopted.

3. The Constitution of1954: a, nature: socialist nature; B. significance: great achievements have been made in the construction of democracy and legal system.

(D) Democracy and legal system after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee

1, set things right, rehabilitate the unjust case (Liu Shaoqi case).

2. 1982 promulgation and implementation of the Constitution (Part IV). A. Evaluation of the relatively perfect Constitution 1982 in the new period; B, other separate laws, "General Principles of Civil Law of People's Republic of China (PRC)" and "Criminal Law of People's Republic of China (PRC)"; C, the significance of promulgation and implementation: ① It embodies the remarkable achievements of China's legal system construction; (2) The broad masses of people's legal concepts are constantly improving, and it has gradually become people's common sense to act according to law; (3) China is gradually moving towards the road of governing the country according to law.

(E) Enlightenment from the construction of democratic politics

1, China is a socialist country, and all state power belongs to the people.

Governing the country according to law is our basic national policy.

Third, the rural policy of the new China.

agrarian reform

1, background: p12; ; 2. Time:1950 ——1952; 3. Content: P12; ; 4. Results: Farmers obtained the means of production, eliminated exploitation and liberated farmers; 5. Impact: P 13.

(2) Socialist transformation in rural areas.

1. background: decentralized management does not meet the requirements of socialization, which affects agricultural development and agricultural products cannot meet the needs of national industrialization.

2. Form: Organize scattered farmers and set up agricultural cooperatives.

3. Essence: Turn farmers' land ownership into public land ownership.

4. Function: Liberate productive forces, improve farmers' enthusiasm for production and promote agricultural development.

(3) Rural People's Commune Movement (see below)

(D) household contract responsibility system

1. background: the people's commune has not yet adapted to the exhibition of rural production.

2. Form: collective land is contracted to farmers for long-term cultivation, and farmers operate independently.

3. Impact: A, it has improved farmers' enthusiasm for production and promoted the development of agriculture; B, make agriculture develop towards specialization, commercialization and socialization, and rural township enterprises also develop rapidly.

4. Essence: Change the planned economy system into a market economy system.

(V) The reasons and enlightenment of the Party and the government's adjustment of rural policies.

1. reason: a. proceeding from China's basic national conditions; B, starting from increasing farmers' income and promoting rural economic development.

2. Enlightenment: A. China * * * Production Party always represents the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. B, "agriculture, countryside and farmers" is an important issue in China's modernization.

Fourth, the great cause of the reunification of the motherland in new China.

(A) the proposal of one country, two systems

1, time: after the reform and opening up; 2. Purpose: to realize the complete reunification of the motherland; 3. Character: Deng Xiaoping; 4. Meaning: P60；; 5. Role: a, point out the prospect for the great cause of the motherland's reunification; B, opened the way for the return of Hong Kong and Macao.

(B) the return of Hong Kong and Macao

1. Background: A. Since the reform and opening up, China's economic construction has made great achievements; B Deng Xiaoping put forward the concept of "one country, two systems".

2. Time: 65438+0 July 0997, 1999, 65438+20 February. 3. Participation in government: China, Britain and Portugal. 4. Regional flag area micro: P64. 5. Significance: P62.