In order to open the China market, Britain launched the Opium War in 1840. The Qing Dynasty was defeated and forced to make peace. 1842, forced to sign an unequal treaty with the British invaders-"treaty of nanking", which opened the modern history of China.
2. 1856, Britain launched the Second Opium War on the pretext of "Yarrow Incident" and France on the pretext of "Father Ma Incident". By 1860, the British and French allied forces forced the Qing government to sign the Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty.
Russia took advantage of the fish in troubled waters, and from 1950s to 1980s in 19, it embezzled the northern territory of China1500,000 square kilometers. According to a series of unequal treaties, China lost a lot of territory, sovereignty and wealth, and the degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society was greatly deepened.
3. The Qing government signed the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan on 1895.
4. 1896, the Qing court signed the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty in order to unite Russia and control Japan. After the defeat of China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the powers set off a frenzy to carve up China. At this time, the Boxer Rebellion broke out in Hebei, Shandong and Henan areas of North China, with the slogan "Help the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Empress Dowager Cixi wanted to take this opportunity to exclude foreigners, secretly acquiesced in the Boxer Rebellion and declared war on eleven countries.
In order to protect China and disobey the orders of the Qing court to declare war on foreign countries, the governors of Central South and Southeast provinces initiated self-protection in the southeast. The Boxer Rebellion triggered retaliation from western powers.
5. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing. Beijing was occupied, robbed and plundered by allied forces. Empress Dowager Cixi led Emperor Guangxu to xi 'an. She believed that the disaster was caused by the Boxer Movement, so she issued an order to eliminate the Boxer Movement.
In the end, the Boxer Rebellion failed under the joint extermination of the Qing army and Eight-Nation Alliance. 190 1 year, the Qing dynasty signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with eleven countries. From 65438 to 0904, the conflict of interests between Japan and Russia broke out in the northeast of China, which further deepened the semi-colonization of China.
6. Externally, 1884, a Sino-French war broke out between the Qing Dynasty and France over the sovereignty of Vietnam (Annan). The Qing Dynasty lost its vassal state, Vietnam became a French colony, and Taiwan Province Province also announced the establishment of a province. After the war, the Qing Dynasty set up a naval yamen.
1885, Britain invaded Myanmar, and Ceng Jize, the Qing Dynasty's envoy to Britain, protested to Britain, but the result was in vain. The next year, he was forced to sign the Sino-British Treaty on Myanmar, recognizing that Myanmar was owned by Britain.
At this time, Japan's national strength increased greatly after the Meiji Restoration. 1872, Japan forced Ryukyu, a vassal state of the Qing dynasty, to become Japan, but the Qing dynasty refused to admit that China and Japan became enemies. 1894, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out and ended in the defeat of the Qing army. ?
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