As we all know, the Han nationality is a nation with a long history of thousands of years. Unfortunately, the Han nationality has not passed on its own distinctive costumes like the other 55 ethnic minorities in the long history. Why? It is not difficult for us to trace back. As the saying goes, "There is no China behind the cliff, and there is no China after the Ming Dynasty", which means that after the Qing army entered the customs, it destroyed many living habits formed by the Han people in China for thousands of years. During the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Manchu customs penetrated into the Han nationality, which led to the Manchu customs as the representative in China to some extent after the Qing Dynasty. It can be seen from the international popularity of cheongsam.
In fact, as early as more than 1000 years ago, the Han nationality had formed and perfected the unique clothing culture of the Han nationality, namely Hanfu. Historical researchers often say that the core culture of a nation is usually reflected in its folk customs, writing, architecture and daily clothes. These are all elements that complement each other to form a complete national culture and are indispensable. Today's appeal for the inheritance of Hanfu represents the introspection of some people who respect the tradition of the Han nationality.
The constant mention of Hanfu in the past two years has also caused a lot of thinking. Some people think that this is an external form and can't really represent all Han cultures. However, this kind of people do not clearly realize that the core of culture depends on external forms of expression. If the external forms of expression gradually disappear, then culture will gradually be forgotten.
In a sense, Hanfu is not only a simple dress, but also bears the integrity of a nation. The costume features of Hanfu symbolize the integrity of the Han nationality and always convey an atmosphere, tolerance and self-confidence to people.
Nowadays, many Hanfu propaganda behaviors out of national self-awakening can be regarded as an act of inheriting national culture. In the future, more people will realize the importance of Hanfu and traditional culture.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, how did Manchu people deal with the relationship with Han people?
(a) the implementation of shaving and dressing order
Shaving and changing clothes is one of the symbols of conquering other nationalities in the Manchu War. After Huang taiji succeeded to the throne, every time the Qing army conquered a piece of Han land, it required local people to shave their hair, regardless of age. To ask the Han people to shave their heads and change clothes is to let the Han people shave their heads, leave their hair behind their heads and hang braids on their backs according to Manchu customs.
At that time, the requirements for the haircut order were very strict and the implementation was very firm. With the expansion of the land occupied by Jin after the Ming Dynasty, shaving gradually evolved into a fixed system. Shaving and changing clothes also became the founding policy of the Qing dynasty, which required all subjects to follow. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Donghua Record made a very objective record of the tonsure order during the Shunzhi period. In June of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), he ordered: "From the date of this announcement, within ten days, the capital and all provinces inside and outside Zhili will be shaved. If you avoid pity and argue skillfully, don't borrow it lightly. " In the traditional concept of our country, body hair is influenced by parents. Except monks who become monks, they don't shave their hair easily. Han people have always had a strong consciousness in the history of China, and their own culture is much better than that of Xiongnu and Barbarian, but now they are forced to shave their heads and change clothes by Manchu in northern cultural lag, which is really a great shame for Han people. In the early days of forced shaving and changing clothes, Manchu people in Qing Dynasty were chased by countless Han Chinese who arrived in Hangzhou, especially the loudest slogan at that time was "Keep your hair, keep your hair".
Unfortunately, at that time, many Han Chinese who resisted were ruthlessly slaughtered by the Qing army and did not keep their heads. Especially on the famous "Jiangyin 10th Day" at that time, Jiangyin people swore allegiance to the Ming Dynasty, defended their hair, defended the city for several months, and killed tens of thousands of Qing troops. Unfortunately, the Qing army finally broke the city. The Qing army went into the city and slaughtered it for ten days, and countless soldiers and civilians died under the butcher's knife. With the unification and cruel repression of the Qing government throughout the country, the voices of resistance became less and less.
In fact, the Han nationality has a splendid culture for thousands of years, which makes Manchu have a natural fear. They were afraid that the Han people would unite to resist a dynasty that had just left the Xiongnu system, so they adopted such a bloody and cruel policy, which was a policy of national oppression, in order to completely conquer the Han people spiritually.
(2) Daxing Wen Zi Prison
Daxing literary inquisition in the early Qing dynasty was also one of the means to stifle Han Chinese thought. The Manchu Dynasty found some disrespectful words in the books of the Han people, fearing that the Han people would make "articles" in them, and even slaughtered a large number of literati. At that time, some sensitive words, such as "Ming" and "Huang", were more likely to be regarded as rebellious. If they appeared, they were sent to the frontier, but they were all copied.
During the Qianlong period, there was a famous "Hu Zhongzao case". There is a sentence in Hu Zhongzao's poem: "A heart is turbid and clear." Emperor Qianlong thought that the word "turbid" was actually above the title of "clear". Isn't that hostile to the Great Qing Dynasty? So he ordered Hu Zhongzao to be executed in the middle of the year, all his family members were imprisoned and all his property was confiscated.
This is another manifestation of the oppression and rule of the Han nationality in Manchu Dynasty. In this way, scholars dare not carry out normal literary creation and have to study ancient Chinese characters. Because ancient times have become a historical vocabulary, if you want to sort out the research, you don't have to worry about the dissatisfaction of the Qing rulers. In the history of our country, literature came from; The Book of Songs, Chu Ci, pre-Qin prose, Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and Ming and Qing novels basically constitute the development history of China culture, forming unique artistic features of their respective times. However, the overall literary achievements of the Qing dynasty were very general, which had to be blamed on the "literary inquisition" at that time. But in the Qing Dynasty, a famous school "Ganjia School" was also formed. This is also called Sinology Textual Research School. Because it was very popular in Qianlong and Jiaqing periods, it was called "Ganjia School". The Ganjia school inherited the textual research and exegetical methods of ancient scholars, and paid attention to phonology, writing and exegetical studies, which also made great achievements at that time. It is said that the incompleteness of A Dream of Red Mansions has much to do with literary inquisition.
(3) Continue the imperial examination system.
After the Qing army entered the customs, the power group took Manchu nobles as its political core, without the participation of Han Chinese at all. However, with the gradual stabilization of the Qing dynasty's rule in the whole country, in order to win over the intellectuals of the Han nationality, the rulers of the Qing dynasty continued to implement the imperial examination system, so that the intellectuals of the Han nationality could continue to serve the country through the imperial examination. It can be said that in order to integrate with the Han nationality, Manchu is particularly willing to unite the intellectuals of the Han nationality. This also reflects that after the Manchu ruled the whole country, the policy towards the Han nationality was not only mental oppression and bloody slaughter, but co-existence of wooing and integration. Among them, Ji Xiaolan, Liu Yong, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and other famous ministers of the Qing Dynasty all became famous by passing the imperial examinations.
In fact, ethnic issues are not only China's problems, but also the world's problems. For the sake of national unity, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty always emphasized the integration of Manchu and Han, and all ethnic groups exchanged ideas in culture. The leaders of the Qing Dynasty were quite successful in dealing with ethnic issues. Since he started his army, with the efforts of future generations, Nurhachi has eliminated the reactionary forces that split the country and unified the country, which is an important factor for national stability. The rule of the Qing dynasty lasted more than two and a half centuries, which was not shorter than other dynasties, which was not unrelated to the fact that the leaders of the Qing dynasty handled ethnic contradictions well.