/Article/Index.html

/nspd/nspd/ShowArticle.asp？ ArticleID=49 10

China in early modern times (1840-19 19) and late modern times (191949).

The political and economic changes in China's modern society are also manifested in the ideological and spiritual fields. Both the old democratic culture and the new democratic culture were influenced by the social politics and economy at that time, and they all had distinct patriotic thoughts. After the founding of New China, the superiority of the socialist system was fully reflected in the cultural field. With the invasion of foreign capitalism, the early modern culture was introduced into China, and the feudal culture was shaken, showing the characteristics of alternation between the old and the new. In the later period of modern culture, in addition to the original imperialist culture and feudal culture, new democratic culture also appeared. The culture of this period is characterized by the continuous development of progressive culture in the struggle and becoming the mainstream of modern culture. The culture in the socialist period, in addition to its distinctive socialist nature, is characterized by gratifying achievements in natural science and social science, and the cultural field is full of vitality.

1, great changes in the field of thought

(1) The biggest feature of early modern thought is that it is influenced by western bourgeois thought. "Learning from the West" is the mainstream of progressive thought in early modern times, which has different specific contents in different historical stages.

During the Opium War, a new ideological trend of learning from the West began to sprout. The reformists of the landlord class, represented by Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, advocated "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", focusing on military technology, having a vague understanding of the western social and political system and not touching the feudal autocratic system.

② In the Westernization Movement, the basic proposition of the Westernization School was "middle school as the body, western learning for use". It not only pays attention to the western science, technology, culture and education, but also pays attention to the western political system. However, the feudal autocratic system is still the "body" and western technology and ideas are the "use".

(3) In the later period of Westernization Movement, there appeared the early reformists who represented the requirements of the national bourgeoisie. They not only advocate learning western science and technology, but also advocate learning advanced western ideas and political systems, which is essentially different from the Westernization School.

(4) After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the reform thought developed, which showed that Yan Fu actively promoted the evolutionary view of "natural selection, survival of the fittest" and became a famous bourgeois enlightenment thinker; Kang Youwei combined middle school with western learning, publicized the reform and put it into practice.

⑤ The bourgeois revolutionary thought represented by Sun Yat-sen was the highest level thought in China at that time, but it failed to really point out the way out for China society.

(2) At the beginning of the 20th century, the New Culture Movement flourished, with scientific democracy as the call and Marxism as the banner, which became another trend of China's ideological emancipation.

(3) During the Republic of China, Marxism was widely spread in China, Marxist philosophy was developed, and Mao Zedong Thought, who combined Marxism with China's revolutionary practice, was born.

(4) After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Marxism developed. Deng Xiaoping Theory appeared in the new era.

2. Development of science and technology

(1) The main reason for the development of modern science and technology lies in the introduction of western modern science and technology knowledge, which has promoted the transformation and development of some traditional science and technology. Some outstanding scientific and technological talents have created many scientific and technological achievements in a difficult environment, but the development of modern science and technology in China is very limited due to the lack of necessary material and technological foundation, especially the constraints of social environment.

(2) After the founding of the People's Republic of China, modern science and technology developed rapidly and reached the advanced level in some fields because the Party and the government attached importance to the development of modern science and technology and made correct decisions.

(3) The achievements of Li, Hua, Zhan Tianyou and Feng Ru represent the scientific and technological achievements in early modern times; The experiences of Li Siguang, Soviet Union, China and Mao Yisheng mainly reflected the twists and turns of China's scientific career in the late modern period. Yuan Longping, Deng Jiaxian and Qian Xuesen contributed to the scientific and technological progress of New China.

3. Literary and artistic achievements

(1) The literary achievements in early modern times mainly include three aspects: patriotic poetry during the Opium War, the "poetic revolution" during the Reform Movement of 1898 and the appearance of "condemnation novels" at the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century, all of which are strongly political.

Art:/kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, Peking Opera was formed and gradually spread to the whole country. In fine arts, many painters broke through the silence and indifference of painting circles since the middle of Qing Dynasty, and emerging Shanghai School and Lingnan School emerged.

(2) In late modern times, progressive culture became the mainstream of cultural development. The left-wing literary movement, with Lu Xun as the general and standard-bearer and the left-wing alliance as the core, not only defeated the "cultural" encirclement and suppression of the Kuomintang reactionaries, but also made brilliant achievements in literature and art, mainly including Lu Xun's essays; A batch of excellent novels published in 1930s; A number of outstanding playwrights and outstanding drama, film, painting and music creations have emerged.

(3) After the founding of New China, literature and art flourished. It can be divided into three phases: 1949- 1966, 1966- 1976, 1976. Up to now, the main achievements are novels, poetry, drama and film and television industries.

4. Historical progress

(1) Liang Qichao, a reformist, put forward the "historical revolution" and advocated that historiography should study the phenomenon of crowd evolution and explore the law of social development; Revolutionaries also attach importance to historical research. The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in early modern times is a great achievement of archaeology.

(2) In the late modern times, Marxist historiography developed continuously, and Marxist historians such as Li Dazhao and Guo Moruo emerged.

(3) After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), historians raised many important historical issues and held heated discussions, and a large number of historical works emerged, which strengthened the collation of historical ancient books and archives and achieved remarkable archaeological results.

5. Education development

(1) After the Opium War, missionary schools appeared; With the deepening of the national crisis, the Westernization School and the Reform School established new schools. Due to the situation, the Qing government also carried out educational reform in the early 20th century. Abolish the imperial examination, promote learning, set up departments and build academic system; After the Revolution of 1911, the Nanjing government set up the Ministry of Education and implemented "* * * and education", which fundamentally abolished feudal education.

(2) In the late modern times, the education of the Three People's Principles was carried out in the Kuomintang-controlled areas, enslavement education was carried out in the Japanese and puppet occupied areas, and new-democratic education was carried out in the base areas. Famous educators such as Tao Xingzhi have emerged here.

(3) After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), people's education developed rapidly.

6. Other aspects

In the late modern times, the press and publication continued to develop; After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), great achievements have been made in sports, medicine and health.

[concept]

1, natural selection, survival of the fittest

"Natural selection, survival of the fittest" is a theory put forward by Darwin, a British naturalist and founder of evolution. He believes that the main reason for species formation, adaptability and diversity lies in natural selection (its elements are variation, heredity and survival competition). In order to adapt to the natural environment, organisms compete with each other and constantly mutate, and the variation suitable for survival is strengthened through genetic generation, and vice versa. The so-called natural selection, survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest.

2, Guimao academic system

In order to maintain the shaky rule and adapt to the ever-changing situation, the Qing government formulated a new academic system, and promulgated the Regulations on Playing Schools at the beginning of 1904 (the last year of Guimao in the lunar calendar), also known as "Guimao academic system". This charter divides education into foster families, primary schools, higher primary schools, middle schools, pre-university schools, branch schools and Confucian schools. It includes three levels and seven parts: primary school, middle school and higher education. At the same time, normal education and industrial education are also set up to train talents in all fields. In the central government, there is a department in charge of national education. In the province, there is a department to promote learning, and in the county (including government, state and department), there is a school to convince students, which is responsible for education at all levels. The formulation of the new academic system has promoted the establishment of various new schools to some extent, and also accelerated the study abroad of young students.

3. Historical Revolution

1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, bourgeois historians put forward the slogan of getting rid of old historiography and establishing new historiography. After the Opium War, with the spread of western learning to the east, the historical theories and methods of European and American bourgeoisie spread in China one after another, which challenged China's traditional feudal historiography. China historians gradually accepted the theories and methods of bourgeois historiography, broadened their horizons and broke the dreary atmosphere of feudal historiography. Due to the expansion of vision and the effectiveness of methods, new historical materials are constantly being discovered and new research fields are constantly being explored. The historian represented by Liang Qichao, inspired by the thought of saving the country by teaching history, put forward: "If the historical revolution can't be won, our country will have no hope and everything will be long, but this is the greatest." 190 1 year, Liang Qichao published The History of China; 1902, he published New History. These are two unprecedented denunciations of feudal historiography. In these two papers, Liang Qichao summed up four drawbacks of feudal historiography, denounced the twenty-four histories as "genealogy of emperors and princes" and "epitaph", and called on historiography to "describe the evolution of crowds and seek justice", that is, to study history and explore the laws of human social development. Liang Qichao also introduced the viewpoint of evolution into the field of historical research, and put forward that historical development is not a simple substitute for "one rule and one chaos", but a continuous development from low to high, and "the evolution of the past should guide the evolution of the future". Liang Qichao took the lead in raising the banner of "historical revolution", which laid the foundation for the construction of China bourgeois new historiography. Wang Guowei, Xia Cengyou and others are also representatives of the "historical revolution".