From March 8, 65438 to March 8, 0909, working women in Chicago, USA, have gone through more than one hundred years in the 2 1 century. In different regions, the focus of celebration is different, from ordinary celebration of respect and love for women to celebration of women's achievements in the economic, political and social fields. Since this festival was originally a political activity initiated by socialist feminists, it is integrated with the cultures of many countries, mainly in Europe, including Russia.
The first generation of western feminism: Western feminism originated after the French bourgeois revolution and the Enlightenment, and the first generation appeared in the second half of19th century, synchronized with industrial revolution in europe. The initial appeal was that women should be equal in education and legislation, and equal with men in economy. They called for women's liberation mainly from the economic aspect. China 19 Some socialists in the 1920s and 1940s were influenced by feminism and mainly belonged to this generation. now
/kloc-Feminists protested strikes, marches and demonstrations in the 20th century.
Feminism has not reached the theoretical level, mainly because of some practical activities, such as the equal pay movement for women led by Clara Zetkin and the birth of "March 8 International Women's Day".
The rapid development of capitalist industries in Britain and France provided economic conditions for the emergence of women's movements. 19 in the 1930s and 40s, Britain and France entered the stage of great development of machinery industry, and the factory system with large machines as the main body replaced the workshop handicraft system, which led to the rapid and huge development of social productive forces. The victory of bourgeois revolutions in various countries provided political conditions for the emergence of women's movements. Bourgeois women actively participated in their own bourgeois revolutionary movement, and the women's movement began to rise with the bourgeois revolution. The ideas of "freedom", "equality" and "natural human rights" in the bourgeois Renaissance, the Religious Reform and the Enlightenment provided ideological conditions for the emergence of women's movements, such as the Declaration of Independence in the United States and the Declaration of Human Rights in France, which inspired women's awareness of equal rights and were the direct ideological source and theoretical basis for the emergence of women's movements.
Under the influence of the industrial revolution, advanced women broke through the feudal shackles since the Middle Ages and went to society, having the same social weight as men. However, emerging male-dominated politicians still despise women, so they started the struggle for equal rights.
Modern development
On the eve of the outbreak of World War I, European women also took to the streets on March 8, 2003 1965438+2003 to oppose the war by holding peaceful assemblies and other forms.
The commemoration of International Women's Day later proved to be a prelude to the Russian revolution. 1965438+On March 8, 2007, Russian women at that time went on strike and demanded "bread and peace". Four days later, the tsar was forced to abdicate, and the interim government announced that women were given the right to vote. After the success of the October Revolution, Bolshevik feminist Alexandra mikhailov Na Kollontai persuaded Lenin to make March 8th a legal holiday. In the Soviet era, this day was commemorated every year as a "heroic female worker". But in
1975 Australian women's movement
1975 Australian women's movement
In the folk, the political color of festivals has gradually faded, and it has evolved into an opportunity to express respect and love to women, such as Mother's Day and Valentine's Day in the west. Until now, this day is still a legal holiday in Russia, and men will give gifts to women to celebrate the festival.
In western countries, the commemoration of International Women's Day was held normally in the 1920s and 1930s, but it was once interrupted. It was not until the1960s that it gradually recovered with the rise of the feminist movement.
The United Nations celebrated International Women's Day from 1975, which confirmed the tradition of ordinary women striving for equal participation in society. 1997, the General Assembly adopted a resolution inviting countries to choose a certain day of the year to be declared as the United Nations Women's Rights and World Peace Day according to their own history and national traditions and customs. United Nations initiatives have led to the establishment of a national legal framework for achieving gender equality and increased public awareness of the urgent need to improve the status of women in all areas.
The History of Women's Day in China
The origin of festivals
From 1924, the people of China celebrated the "March 8th" International Women's Day for the first time, which became an important place for the women's movement in China led by the two parties. As a century-old women's movement in China, "March 8th" International Women's Day represents the revolutionary tradition and its special public cultural space. The first official celebration of "March 8th" International Women's Day by the people of China was held in Guangzhou in March 1924, which was the honeymoon period of the first cooperation between countries.
In July, the Second National Congress of China * * * Production Party, 1922, began to pay attention to women's issues. In the resolution of the Second National Congress of China on the women's movement, it was put forward that "women's liberation should be accompanied by labor liberation, and only when the proletariat gains political power can women be truly liberated", which is the consistent guiding principle of the women's movement. [9] Subsequently, Xiang Jingyu became the first female minister in China. In the following years, she led the struggle of Shanghai female workers many times, and in a short period of 1922, she made a fortune in 60 silk factories and 30,000 female workers in Shanghai.
The leader of the women's movement in China
Strike eighteen times. However, at that time, the power of women in * * * was weak. In June of 1922, there were only four women in party member, and in June of 1923, there were only 13 women. It is urgent to establish a broad United front of women's movement. 1in June, 923, three resolutions on women's movements put forward that "women's movements in general, such as women's rights movement, political participation movement and prostitution abolition movement, are also very important". "party member, a woman of our party, should guide and unite these movements at any time and place. Slogans should be "Great Unity of the National Women's Movement", "Breaking the Old Morality of Slave Women", "Equality of Education between Men and Women", "Equality of Occupation between Men and Women", "Women should have the right to inherit", "Freedom of social interaction between men and women", "Freedom of marriage and divorce", "Equality of wages between men and women", "Protection of maternity" and "Sponsoring working women compatriots". In addition to these slogans, we should also join the slogans of two national revolutionary movements, "Down with warlords" and "Down with foreign imperialism", so as to guide women, who account for half of the population, to participate in the national revolutionary movements.
In the year when the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held, Dr. Sun Yat-sen convened a Kuomintang reform meeting in Shanghai, reorganized the Kuomintang again, and stipulated in the newly revised party program and general chapter the establishment of a "women's committee" to "investigate the situation of women at home and abroad and study the solutions to domestic women's problems". 1924 65438+ 10, He Xiangning, Minister of Women's Department of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang of China, put forward the proposal that "women should be equal in law, economy and education" at the first congress of the Kuomintang of China, which was adopted by the congress, prompting the platform of the Declaration of the First National Congress of the Kuomintang of China to clearly stipulate: "Equality between men and women is confirmed by law. Therefore, the principle of equality and legal status of women in all aspects of society has been established. He Xiangning's position as the most important leader of women's movement in the early period of China Kuomintang is beyond doubt. During this period, the Women's Department of the Kuomintang, as the party affairs department of the Kuomintang Central Committee, also paid attention to "the national revolution is the only way for women to survive" and closely linked women's liberation with saving the country; At this point, we have a basic understanding of the women's work of the two parties in China.
After the first cooperation between the two countries was realized, according to the resolution of the two parties, party member, jane doe and League members joined the Kuomintang in their personal capacity to participate in the leadership of women's departments at all levels of the Kuomintang. Xiang Jingyu, Cai Chang, Deng, and other early women leaders held leading positions in the Women's Department of the Kuomintang Central Committee and the Women's Department of the Shanghai-Guangdong Local Party Department.