Confucian classics mainly include thirteen classics. There are six Confucian classics: The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Yili, Jing Yue, Zhouyi and Chunqiu. Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism". It is said that Yue Ji was lost after the Qin fire.

On this basis, the Eastern Han Dynasty added The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety and The Seven Classics.

Zhou Li, Book of Rites, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Beam, Erya and Twelve Classics were added in the Tang Dynasty.

Mencius was supplemented in the Song Dynasty, and later the Notes to Thirteen Classics was handed down from generation to generation.

Thirteen Classics is the basic work of Confucian culture. As far as traditional ideas are concerned:

Yi, Shi, Shu, Li and Chunqiu are collectively called Jing.

Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan all belong to Chunqiu Jingzhuan.

The Book of Rites, The Book of Filial Piety, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are all records.

Erya is an exegetical work of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty.

The later four books refer to the university (one in the Book of Rites) and the golden mean (one in the Book of Rites).

The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, the Five Classics refer to Zhouyi, Shangshu, Book of Songs, Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan.

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Classical nouns in literature and history

The four books, University, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, are collectively called. Song people took out two books, The Book of Rites, The University and The Doctrine of the Mean, to match The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. By the time of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu had written "Notes on Four Books", and the names of the four books were thus determined. Since then, the "Four Books" have been the required books for orthodox education in feudal society in China, and also the primary standard books for selecting candidates in the imperial examination.

The abbreviations of the Five Classics, Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period, were first named in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It contains rich historical materials of ancient China, is a compulsory teaching material in feudal times, and is used by the ruling class as a theoretical basis for propagating patriarchal feudalism.

The Six Classics refers to the Six Classics, that is, in addition to the Five Classics, plus Jing Yue. Others refer to the Six Classics as "Six Arts", and all the six arts in Han Yu's Shi Shuo have spread to Xi.

Thirteen classics. Since the Han Dynasty, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, change, spring and autumn are collectively called the Five Classics. In the Tang Dynasty, the three rites (Zhou Li, Yi Li, Li Ji) and the three biographies (Gongyang Biography, Hub Liang Biography, Zuo Zhuan Biography), together with The Book of Changes and The Book of Songs, were called the Nine Classics. To Tang Wenzong stone carving classics, the Twelve Classics are listed as classics. In the Song Dynasty, Mencius was upgraded to a classic, so it was called the Thirteen Classics.

Confucianists

Confucianism, also known as Confucianism, is called Confucianism because some people think it is a religion. At first, it refers to the master of ceremonies at weddings. Since the Han dynasty, it refers to the ideological system with benevolence as the core founded by Confucius (5565438 BC+479 BC, Lu people in the Spring and Autumn Period). Confucianism, called Confucianism for short, was the mainstream school of consciousness in ancient China. Since the Han Dynasty, it has been the official thought of China in most historical periods and the mainstream ideological basis of ordinary China people. Confucianism has exerted a profound influence on China, East Asia and even the whole world. After the Qing Empire, the last dynasty that took Confucianism as an official school, was replaced by the Republic of China, Confucianism was most impacted by foreign new culture. However, after all kinds of shocks, disasters and even the official regime's attempt to completely eradicate Confucianism, Confucianism is still the core value of the broad masses of people in China, and is regarded as the representative of China culture and the symbol of national tradition in the world.

Confucian thoughts and ideas

Confucianism refers to the thought of Confucian school, which was founded by Confucius, a thinker at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucianism founded by Confucius has formed a complete ideological system on the basis of summarizing, generalizing and inheriting the traditional culture of respecting relatives in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Sima Qian said in Historical Records of Confucius' Family: "Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Period because of historical records, and went up to Yin Gong, and eventually lost 12 Gong in 14 years. According to Lu, pro-Zhou, so Yin, three generations of luck. " Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, said: "You can't keep your word" (The Analects of Confucius) is the essence of his own thought.

Confucian philosophy pays attention to people's cultivation and establishes a harmonious relationship with the people around them. Treat your elders with respect and courtesy. Friends are sincere and trustworthy, "keep your word to your friends". Be honest and love the people. Being a man is self-aware and conscientious. "A gentleman is born from the basis of business." . Rulers should be benevolent and love the people. "Governing the country by virtue is like Beichen living in its place and the stars are * * *." . Treat people with love, "I am young and people are young." I am old, and people are old. ".Be loyal to your boss. "You treat people politely, and I serve you faithfully. "... honor parents and relatives. "Parents, don't travel. ","today's filial piety can be improved. As for dogs and horses, both can be kept; Disrespect, why not? ".Respect knowledge," Listen in the morning and die at night. "He is good at absorbing the strengths of others." Meet Si Qi, meet Si Qi. "Advocate people to achieve the moral realm of gentleness, kindness, courtesy, frugality and compromise.

Characteristics and position of Confucianism

Confucianism is different from other religions. Ordinary religions often try to unify the universe, setting the issues of "nature" and "science" and "man" and "society" under one system, while human beings' understanding of "nature" and "science" is increasing, so the previous assumptions of religion have become fallacies. On some basic issues that could not be understood at that time, various religions made various fabrications. Confucianism is not concerned with "nature" and "science", but with people and society, which is an eternal topic of mankind. On these eternal topics, Confucianism has established a value system with eternal value.

history of Confucianism

The background of Confucianism

During the Spring and Autumn Period of Confucius' life, the profound crisis caused by irreconcilable contradictions within society shook the authority of traditional culture, and the spirit of suspicion and criticism of traditional culture increased day by day. Even Confucius, who was a founder of Yao and Shun and a civil servant, had to inject the spirit of the times into his own ideological system and transform traditional culture appropriately in order to establish a new harmonious order and psychological balance in social practice. This situation was particularly prominent in the Warring States period, when people experienced great changes.

What kind of social model will be in the future has become a big problem that attracts worldwide attention and has caused a big debate in the ideological circle. At that time, a hundred schools of thought contended on behalf of the interests of all social classes and strata, and put forward their own opinions one after another. One of the most important debates is how to treat traditional culture. In the ideological confrontation around this issue, Confucianism and France are the most representative schools. They are evenly matched, tit-for-tat, and British people gather. They are all outstanding scholars. In addition, there are Mohism, Taoism, Yin and Yang schools, which can be described as an era in the history of China where a hundred schools of thought contend.

The formation of Confucianism

Before Confucianism, the aristocrats and freemen in ancient society received the traditional socialized education of Liu De (wisdom, faith, holiness, benevolence, righteousness and loyalty), six lines (filial piety, friendship, harmony, marriage, benevolence and sadness) and six arts (courtesy, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics) through Confucianism. From the teaching content, the social education in ancient China was completely based on the values, habits, customs, codes of conduct, norms and other cultural elements formed by the Chinese nation in a specific living environment for a long time. Confucianism absorbed all these cultural elements and rose to the theoretical level of the system.

Confucius, the founder of Confucian school, broke the monopoly of the old ruling class on education for the first time, and changed from "learning in the official" to "teaching without distinction", which spread traditional culture and education to the whole nation. In this way, Confucianism has a solid national psychological foundation, which is accepted by the whole society and gradually Confucianism the whole society. However, Confucianism adheres to the principle that "Tao can't be three generations, and law can't be inferior to king" (Xunzi Wang Zhi).

The connotation of Confucianism is rich and complex, and the feudal imperial power gradually developed basic theories and ideas, namely, the unity of monarch, minister and father, and the distinction between Chinese and foreigners.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism alone.

Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the ruling thought of the Qin Dynasty was legalist thought. After Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, Chinese characters were still in the primary stage and did not have the function of accurate expression, orthodox Confucianism had basically disappeared. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the mainstream thought at that time was Taoism, and the so-called "Yellow Ruling by Doing Nothing".

Dong Zhongshu put forward "the unification of spring and autumn" and "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", emphasizing that Confucianism is the philosophical foundation of the country and putting an end to other ideological systems. In view of the collapse of tyranny in the Qin dynasty, the ruling class realized the necessity of benevolent governance to maintain the stable rule of the dynasty, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted his idea. Since then, Confucianism has become orthodox, and the Confucian classics of the Four Books and Five Classics have also become prominent. By this time, Confucius had been dead for more than one hundred years. Dong Zhongshu developed the part of Taoism, Yin-Yang School and Confucianism that was beneficial to the rule of feudal emperors in specific policies and became a new Confucianism.

During the popularization of Confucianism in Han Dynasty, many social problems were solved. Confucianism tends to manage the country with benevolent policies, and politicians use this as a basis to limit the excessive concentration of land and establish a sound moral system. Some policies are put forward, including "limiting the land of the people, learning from each other's strengths" and "three cardinal guides and five permanents".

develop

Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism has been the mainstream value of China in most historical periods. After the Han Dynasty, the four books and five classics were revised countless times, and the original work of Confucius was unrecognizable. Confucianism evolved into metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties. The regime in the Tang Dynasty was dominated by Confucianism, but it also infiltrated Taoism and Buddhism. In the Song Dynasty, it developed into Neo-Confucianism, with Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi as ancestors, Zhu as teachers, and Wang Yangming in the Ming Dynasty developed into the theory of mind. After obtaining an official position. The Confucianism we are talking about now comes from the literature of the Song Dynasty. The imperial examinations in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties all took Zhu's Neo-Confucianism as the examination topic, which had a great influence on his thought. After the Republic of China, the systematic system of Confucianism changed from thought to form into the existence of the people and the government, which mainly preserved the mainstream position of Confucian values in China's people's thoughts. Since modern times, China's backwardness has caused people to reflect on China culture, and there have been various debates about Confucianism. Among them, scholars of Xue Heng School have made profound judgments on the status of Confucius and Confucianism in modern society. In Chinese mainland, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, although the government authorities once took the lead in "overthrowing Kong Laoer", they could not remove the mainstream position of Confucianism in the values of Chinese people, which triggered a series of social problems, and its influence has been so far. However, after the reform and opening up, Confucianism was re-valued by some people, and today's so-called neo-Confucianism also appeared.

The influence of Confucianism

Impact on China

Confucianism has existed in China for thousands of years, and it still has a profound potential influence on China's politics, economy and other aspects, which will not be eliminated in the short term. Confucianism has always been the most basic mainstream value of Han nationality and other nationalities in China. The basic values of Confucianism, such as "courtesy, righteousness, honesty, shame, benevolence, love, loyalty and filial piety", have always been the basic rules of consciousness guiding the daily behavior of most people in China. China people are polite, friendly, gentle, honest and hard-working, which is also gradually formed under the education of Confucianism.

But some people think that Confucianism ignores people's personality. Professor Zhou Siming said, "This became more and more serious after Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. It was Confucianism that became Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties through Dong Zhongshu, and Neo-Confucianism later became ethics in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The general trend is that the humanistic spirit is getting weaker and weaker. People's own value has been neglected and suppressed more and more, so in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, many scholars noticed this problem, such as Wang Yangming and Wang Gen, a disciple of Wang Yangming. Some scholars, like Li Zhi, openly opposed Confucius' view of right and wrong, and they emphasized the importance of people's self-value. "

Since modern times, due to the backwardness of China, facing the realistic crisis of national subjugation and extinction, most intellectuals have to reflect on the reasons for China's backwardness. Many intellectuals believe that Confucianism has caused China's backwardness and put forward the slogan "Down with Kongjiadian".

Confucian classics

Confucian classics mainly include thirteen classics. There are six Confucian classics: The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Yili, Jing Yue, Zhouyi and Chunqiu. Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism". It is said that Yue Ji was lost after the Qin fire.

On this basis, the Eastern Han Dynasty added The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety and The Seven Classics.

Zhou Li, Book of Rites, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Beam, Erya and Twelve Classics were added in the Tang Dynasty.

Mencius was supplemented in the Song Dynasty, and later the Notes to Thirteen Classics was handed down from generation to generation.

Thirteen Classics is the basic work of Confucian culture. Traditionally, Yi, Shi, Shu, Li and Chunqiu are called Jing, while Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan belong to the biography and ceremony of Chunqiu Jing. The later four books refer to Daxue (one in the Book of Rites), The Doctrine of the Mean (one in the Book of Rites), The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, and the Five Classics refer to Zhouyi, Shangshu, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan.

The main representative of Confucianism

Confucius, Mencius, Dong Zhongshu, Cheng Yi, Zhu (the most learned scholar after Confucius), Lu Shouren and Wang Yangming.