Examining the topic is to carefully understand the meaning and requirements of the topic and be targeted. Examining questions is the first step in writing a good composition. If you can't judge the topic well, you will be off topic or irrelevant.
First, investigate the genre. Some topics can be written in any genre, but some topics are signs of implied genre. If there are words such as "talk", "discussion", "comment", "discussion" (or "enlightenment") and "obedience", they should be written as argumentative essays. The "memory" and "memory" in the title are all narratives, and "praise", "praise" and "singing" should be written as lyric prose; Topics such as "My Xiaohua Mall" and "Why can kites fly in the sky" are suitable for expository writing. Some topics have no obvious marks, which can be examined by marks, some can be added with "light" and "saying", and some can be added with "remembering" and "recalling" to determine the style.
Second, the content and scope of examination and approval. Sometimes the topic has some restrictions on time, space, object, reasoning or lyricism. For example, "Two or Three Things in winter vacation life" clearly stipulates the time-during the winter vacation, the content-two or three things to remember. Others use words such as "before" and "after" to limit time. Such as before the rainstorm and after school. Space restrictions, such as "fun in my home" and "market experience", are all restrictions on location. There are also some topics that limit the object of writing. My Little Harvest is about myself, and My Good Friend A Fang is about others.
Third, the examination and approval center and approver. Some topics are clear, while others are not. For example, "campus fresh air" and "fresh air" are the center of the topic. When writing a composition, we should stick to this center instead of capitalizing campus life and ignoring the significance of "new style". As for people, it can be decided according to genre. Generally speaking, articles written in notes can be written in the first person or in the third person, argumentative essays are mostly written in the first person, and poems and essays are generally written in the first person.
Finally, understand the symbolic meaning and figurative meaning in the topic. Gorky's Haiyan symbolizes "proletarian revolutionist", and the pear flower in Pear Road symbolizes "Lei Feng spirit" and "people with Lei Feng spirit". "Growing up in the sun" and "sunshine" symbolize "sunshine of the party" and "happiness and beauty under the socialist system". People are used to comparing teachers to "candles" or "spring silkworms". Therefore, topics such as "ode to silkworm" and "ode to candle" naturally praise the teacher.
And the material for the composition. The key to this kind of topic is to read the provided materials, accurately understand the ideological content of the materials, and then pay special attention to the requirements of the topic.
make up one's mind
Intention is to determine the central idea of the article. It is the soul of the article and directly determines the ideological content of the article. It runs through the whole text, and the whole text is written around the center.
The intention of the article should be: correct, distinct, profound, innovative and concentrated.
Correct is to meet the meaning of the question, not to digress, not to digress; Being different means being clear, unambiguous and ambiguous; Profound means to deeply analyze the meaning of the problem and give people a deep impression. Novelty means freshness and realism. There are no empty words, cliches and old sayings. Some of them have their own real feelings and opinions, that is to say, in an article, only one question can be raised and solved, otherwise it will be chaotic.
Specifically, you can recruit people from the following aspects:
(1) Some topics, the proposer deliberately set up confusion and hid his head in the tail. When examining the questions, as long as new conditions are appropriately added to the original questions, the problems will be revealed. For example, if we use this method to add new conditions such as mine, teacher's, campus's and nursing home's to the original title, the topic will become my singing, teacher's singing, campus singing and nursing home singing. In this way, the article is easy to write a specific image. Topics like this include worry, warmth, mirrors, lighting and trying. However, it should be noted that the original title cannot be changed, and the supplementary position can be before and after, and it can only be filled in the grass paper or in the heart.
(2) When you encounter a big topic that is difficult to write, you can use a small method to reduce the subject matter and scope of writing. For example, "seeking" is a big topic. Faced with such a big topic, we can intercept a certain stage of life and choose familiar and deeply felt things around us to write, so as to get rid of the confusion of not being able to draw materials and write. For example, add the subtitle "Beautiful Childhood" under the title "Looking for" and write about the search for childhood; Add the subtitle "Silhouette of Middle School Life" and write about the quest of middle school; Add the subtitle "Treasure Hunting in the Deep Mountains" and write about the exploration of nature; Supplementary subtitle "Happiness in the Library", a search written in the vast sea of books. Roll with the punches, roll with the punches, start with small people, and start small, so that your mind will be broadened.
(3) Write imaginary problems. Some topics are difficult to grasp and control because of abstract concepts. At this time, virtual topics can be used to inspire ideas. For example, the topic of "pursuit" seems very big and empty, but it is easy to write when it comes to specific people and things. This topic can be written as a teacher's pursuit, a student's pursuit and a scientific and technological worker's pursuit. In short, people from all walks of life can write about their pursuits.
(4) The real problem is imaginary. Some often refer to physical topics, which are small and specific. Such as Autumn Leaves, Spring Rain, Window, etc., when writing such topics, we should focus on finding out their metaphors and symbolic meanings, and praise people and things with this spirit, quality and style. Praise of Poplar, a Chinese textbook for junior middle school, is a typical work with real questions and imagination. In this article, the author tries to describe the extraordinary appearance and inner temperament of poplar, which is true; Then the author uses four parallel rhetorical questions to transition to the northwest anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians of poplar, and enthusiastically praises their simple, strong and enterprising spirit, which is emptiness. When using this method, we should pay attention to: only the real topic (thing) can be described in a necessary way, but not all aspects, mainly the parts that can be compared and symbolized, and there should be similarities between imaginary works and real topics (things), so we can't copy them mechanically; From "real" to "virtual", the transition should be natural.
It is not easy to establish a correct conception, which is closely related to the author's ideological understanding, political level, life experience and cultural accomplishment. Only by establishing a correct position and cultivating healthy interest and aesthetic concepts can your article have the correct central idea. Wei Wei's article "Who is the cutest person" expresses the correct and positive central idea that "volunteer soldiers are indeed our cutest people", which has produced great power to stir people's hearts.
think
The idea of the article is the whole process of thinking about how to organize and link words, words and sentences organically according to the idea. The ancients paid attention to "order" in writing articles. Preface is the frame structure of the article. What to write first, then what to write, at present, must be carefully conceived.
The ancients wrote articles about "phoenix head, pork belly and leopard tail", which is the opening of the article, small and exquisite, beautiful: the middle is like pork belly, rich in content and full; The ending is like a leopard's tail, powerful and short. This puts forward the basic framework-three-stage structure for the article. This structure requires that the beginning should be concise and focused, and the middle part can be divided into several paragraphs. If you are writing a narrative, it is more appropriate to take three things, or one detailed and two omitted, or two detailed and one omitted. If it is argumentative, there are three methods of argumentation: example, comparison and analogy. If you use examples, you can give one or two examples to make the argument clear. If it is an expository text, the middle part can make things clear by stringing things together in a certain order with three or two explanations. The ending should be short, the topic should be deducted or the beginning should be taken care of. The article "Talking about the Backbone" refers to this kind of structure. Firstly, the thesis that China people have backbone is put forward, and three examples are cited to prove it. Finally, the conclusion that we should have proletarian backbone, overcome difficulties and forge ahead bravely is put forward. However, a syllogism is not a paragraph at the beginning, middle and end. No matter what genre the article is, it is a three-stage style. Instead, we should distinguish the levels of paragraphs according to the needs of the content to make the article coherent.
In addition, according to the needs of content and expression, vertical structure, horizontal structure and vertical and horizontal structure can also be adopted.
Vertical structure is a structural way to connect words, phrases and sentences according to the natural process of development or the order of time change when writing notes and argumentations. Horizontal structure is a written structure that thinks about how to organize and connect words, words and sentences according to the changing order of space (place), such as the majestic Great Hall of the People. Because people are active in a certain space (place); Everything also happens and evolves in a certain space (place). Therefore, writing and recording use a horizontal structure. Vertical and horizontal structure is a structural way to organize and connect words, words and sentences according to the changing order of time and space (place) when things change. Laoshan Street is such a structure. The time sequence indicated by the vertical bar is: afternoon, dark, midnight, dawn and after 2 pm. The order of space (location) on the horizontal line is: ravine, foot of mountain, cliff road, mountain road and top of mountain. The intersection of vertical and horizontal is: mountain preparation, mountain scenery, camping in the mountains, marching on the road, going to the top of the mountain, going down the mountain, etc.
Although all kinds of stylistic structures have rules to follow, and there are many things that can be recorded, proved and explained, if you write one thing in turn, it will inevitably appear dull and monotonous, which requires clever conception. For example, many people are used to writing about the changes of mountains and rivers, living conditions, food, clothing, housing and transportation, and people's mental outlook, in order to praise the line, principles and policies since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party. The theme can't be unclear, but it is a way that people have long been used to. Others are ingenious, taking hometown road as a breakthrough, developing step by step from "small dirt road-dirt road-gravel road-asphalt road" and writing the article "Hometown Road is getting wider and wider", which profoundly reflects the ever-changing and earth-shaking changes in hometown. The article is watertight, insightful, ingenious and interesting. For another example, writing "Let's sit down" is generally not written for the elderly and patients, but for women and babies to show their willingness to help others. Although the content is real and emotional, it has little incentive effect. While others are completely new. At the celebration dinner, everyone gave their seats to the old branch secretary, and the respected old branch secretary gave his seat to the college students who returned home to visit relatives. The plot is touching and sincere. This unexpected idea is refreshing. It highlights the theme of "respecting talents and knowledge" of the old branch secretary, which can be said to be unique and unconventional, showing the subtlety of the concept.
How to conceive is related to the success or failure of the article A good article is not only accurate and vivid in conception, exquisite in material selection and fluent in language, but also ingenious and novel in conception. In addition to the above structural forms, narrative ideas can also be used: ① a small match, such as seven matches, reflects the great spirit of the Red Army soldiers fighting for the party and the revolutionary cause. (2) Narrative method, that is, telling stories while analyzing comments. For example, "Who is the cutest person" focuses on three typical cases, and there is a lyric and discussion at the end of each case. Through lyricism and discussion, not only the narrative text is more touching, but also the narrative center is more prominent, and readers have a kind of * * * voice and strong feelings. ⑧ juxtaposition structure method, that is, according to the needs of expression, materials are arranged from different angles and sides, and there is a juxtaposition relationship between the meanings at all levels. Descriptive texts often use this form to arrange hierarchies. For example, the first layer of the second part of Seeing the Weather from Clouds explains the relationship between the change of clouds and the weather, and the second layer explains the relationship between the brilliant phenomenon of clouds and the weather. The hierarchical structure of these two meanings is parallel. (4) the method of restraining first and then promoting. "Restraining" refers to controlling and indulging feelings. Using this method, it is necessary to pave the way for the structure layer by layer, and "restraint" is to accumulate enough power for "pushing". For example, in the article "Litchi Honey", the author originally wanted to praise bees, but at the beginning, he wrote that he "never liked bees" and suppressed his feelings. Then he gradually got to know bees, and finally said that he "dreamed that he had become a little bee" and praised them directly. In this way, on the one hand, the article fluctuates, and more importantly, the author's thoughts and feelings are expressed more freely and deeply. (1) Set suspense method, that is, in order to enhance artistic appeal, deliberately set "baggage" to attract readers to care about the method of expressing content. For example, in "Pear Blossom on the Post Road", it is written at the beginning that Nightcrawler sees the house but doesn't see the owner, and the appearance of old man Yao makes Nightcrawler misunderstand, thus arousing readers' desire to know the owner of the hut; Then I wrote that the Hani girl appeared, and there were misunderstandings, which puzzled the readers; Finally, a story told by a Hani girl is introduced, thus solving the "burden". In this way, suspense can be repeated, interlocking and fascinating. ⑥ One-line beading method, that is, through a clue, people and things related to the clue run through. For example, "Remember a Spinning Wheel" takes spinning as the "red line" and strings together the labor scenes "pearls" related to spinning.
Of course, the conception method is not limited to this, such as dialogue description, combination of reality and reality, combination of point and surface, and so on. As long as you realize
Really thoughtful, carefully conceived, you will be able to structure a good article.
4. Material selection
Writing an article must have materials, just like building a house with bricks and wood, otherwise you can't write an article. However, not all the materials can be written into an article, so we must select them carefully.
Selecting materials around the center is the requirement of writing. The center of the article is like a red line, which runs through all the materials and is the basis of writing a good article. The materials selected around the center mainly include the following aspects:
(1) Select materials consistent with the center. Materials must explain the center from all aspects, highlight the center, serve the article center, and achieve the unity of views and materials. For example, the example is right beside me. First, the person and thing to be selected must be able to be an example, not anyone; Second, although it is an example, it must be "by my side" and not elsewhere.
(2) Material selection should be concrete and vivid. Let the facts speak for themselves. "Facts" are concrete materials. Only with concrete materials can we write something with flesh and blood, impress people and convince them; Vividness is to choose relatively fresh materials, that is, materials full of life breath and characteristics of the times, to express new people, new things, new weather and new fashion, so that readers feel interesting and like reading.
(3) Select typical materials. Sometimes there are many materials that can express the center, so we should choose the typical materials that reveal the essence of things most profoundly and comprehensively and have broad representation.
(4) Pay attention to the authenticity of the materials. Only real materials are convincing. "Reality" includes the truth of life, that is, real existence, not fiction; The truth of art is a typical figure in a typical environment created in literary and artistic works.
5. Organizational materials
After selecting the material, it is necessary to sort out and arrange the material. That is to say, the selected materials are analyzed and compared to determine their primary and secondary details. What to write first, then what to write, which to write together and which to write separately, should be orderly, and never "pick up the dishes in the basket", which makes people feel messy and unfocused. Only by organizing the materials well can the center of the article be clear and the details be appropriate. Organization materials should pay attention to two points:
(1) According to the needs of the article center. Generally speaking, the materials directly related to the central argument of the article, or the main characters and events, that is, the materials that can highlight the center are the main materials and constitute the main part of the article, so it is necessary to describe, describe or elaborate in detail. Materials that only serve as foil should be omitted. Detailed writing is to highlight the key points and make the center of the article more distinct, while brief writing is to take care of the overall situation and make the center more complete. For example, the article "Jujube Ren" focuses on the homesickness and patriotism of Chinese Americans. According to this center, the author chooses three main materials, namely "taking Ziziphus jujuba seeds", "getting Ziziphus jujuba seeds" and "planting Ziziphus jujuba seeds", which vividly and meticulously shows the inner world of Chinese Americans.
(2) According to the needs of the article genre. Narrative is mainly to take notes, so the narrative part should be written in detail, in which discussion, explanation or lyric can be written simply without focusing on detail. Explanatory text mainly explains the nature, state, characteristics, causes and functions of things, and these places should be written in detail. The reasoning part of the argumentative essay should be written in detail, taking the example of knowing rhyme as an argument. Write short, list the facts, some can be summarized, some can be detailed, but not the process, so as to clarify the truth.
If you want to be meticulous and proper, you must master meticulous writing and sketching methods. To write in detail means to write the material in detail, using more words, and to write slightly means to write generally and roughly, using fewer words. For example, in the article "Social Drama", the author wrote in detail about sailing, going to the theatre and returning home, with lively plots and delicate and beautiful sentences; I briefly wrote about the reasons for country life and watching clubs, which was concise and to the point. This combination of details and conciseness truly and appropriately depicts the image of rural teenagers who are kind, simple, naive and lovely.
6. Start and end
The beginning and the end are important parts of the article structure. The beginning and the end play a great role in expressing the center of the article and enhancing its appeal and persuasiveness.
(1), one of the basic links of the article structure, refers to which question to start writing an article. The beginning is the starting point of the whole article, which is related to how the whole article is unfolded. It is the beginning of a series of contradictions and conflicts, which determines the nature and development route of the basic contradictions and conflicts in the article. A good beginning can not only play a leading role in the full text, but also attract readers' attention and guide readers to understand the content of the article as soon as possible along the author's ideas. Some people compare a good beginning of an article to a cool and delicious drink in midsummer, which can enhance people's appetite for reading articles. This statement is not an exaggeration. Therefore, writing a composition should take more time, use more brains and write a good beginning.
Because the content, genre style and conception of the article are different, the form at the beginning is also varied and ever-changing. Common startup methods are as follows:
① Cut to the chase. Pointing out the described events without too much modification at the beginning gives people a clean, lively and coherent feeling. Such as "Sister Laoshan" and "Miss Mother" is like this. The argumentative essay Tan Gu reveals the central argument at the beginning. Comrade Lao Yang first explained the time, place, people and things related to the story. What is the explanation at the beginning of China Stone Arch Bridge?
(2) thing connection method. Through the narrative of specific things, touch things, think about feelings, and lead to major events. Rich in writing, realistic and sincere. Like a precious shirt.
8 inhibition comparison method. There are two kinds: those who want to be promoted first and those who want to be suppressed first. The emotional tone of the opening is opposite or opposite to the emotional tone of the text. Comparing the full text with the opening makes the article full of emotion, thought-provoking and has a strong artistic effect. Suitable for lyric prose, such as litchi honey.
④ Contrast method and contrast method. At the beginning, the contrast technique is used to directly compare the main object, highlight the charm of the main object, make the beginning of the text like a faucet, and affect the whole text. For example, the article "Winter in Jinan" starts with the comparison of winter in Beijing, Jinan and London, and leads to "treasure land" from "miracle" and "strange thing".
⑤ Set suspense method. Create a tense atmosphere at the beginning, set up various doubts, arouse suspense, attract people's attention, attract readers to get to the bottom of it, and arouse reading interest. For example, in the second interview, Chen Yiling confessed "a strange thing" from the beginning, and her initial test result was "excellent", which made people "disappointed" in the second interview. Ask some strange questions, don't tell the whole story, set suspense and catch the reader.
⑧ Describe the carving method. There are character descriptions, environment descriptions and scene descriptions. Starting with the methods of describing and portraying characters, we can better express the characters' personalities, and also get the appearance effect in stage art, which will deepen the readers' impression. For example, the chameleon, from the description of the environment, can prepare the necessary scenes for the emergence and development of the main object, and play a certain role in setting off.
⑦ Start with the language of lyrical discussion. Who is the cutest person begins with passionate language, expressing deep affection for the Korean battlefield, so as to arouse readers' thoughts and feelings.
⑧ opening quotation. Quoting famous sayings, epigrams and poems gives readers a sense of freshness, thus enhancing their desire to read. For example, fear of mistakes is the destruction of progress. At the beginning, I quote Whitehead's famous words and put forward the central argument. The article "Doubt and Learning" quotes "Cheng Yi Spirit" as the central argument.
Pet-name ruby leads to wrong or reactionary thoughts and remarks from the beginning, and then analyzes and refutes them, with a clear-cut stand and a clear aim, which makes the article very combative from the beginning. For example, the book "Cultivating Self-cultivation" starts from a seemingly reasonable wrong argument and starts from some people's ideological reality, with a clear aim.
There are many methods at the beginning of the article. The general principle is to be flexible and diverse, and to attract readers with novel sentences. A good beginning is half the battle.
(2) end. The beginning of an article is of course important, but the end should not be underestimated. In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi said in "Jiang Zhai Shi Hua": "If the first song is glorious, every sentence will be haggard, the legacy will be gloomy, and the aftermath will not be smooth. Better than the so-called "hip without skin, its line is also." It can be seen that a good beginning is not enough, but also a good ending, so as to achieve the icing on the cake effect.
The ending is the inevitable result of the development of the article content and one of the basic links of the article structure. A good ending is natural and novel, which can summarize the full text, deepen the theme or make people think and think. There are also various forms of ending, and the common ending methods are as follows;
① Summarize the full text. The article "Ideal Ladder" is summarized by two metaphors, and deepening "struggle" is the central argument of "Ideal Ladder". Encourage young people to strive for the realization of brilliant ideals.
(2) point type. In other words, with a few concise sentences, catch the words that can highlight the theme and extract the main idea of the article to end. For example, "This is not a meteor" with "I think ... is more sincere and purer", and the praise for children includes criticism for adults. Shouldn't adults learn that sincerity and purity from children?
Encourage and call for hope. "Touching people, don't worry about love first." Many good articles are won by emotion. This method is based on the feelings mentioned above, and sends out a call or call to arouse people's attention and thinking. For example, at the end of "Who is the cutest person", the word "... please realize that this is a kind of happiness, ... they are indeed our cutest people" echoes the beginning, and points out the topic again, which makes people feel intimate and natural and deeply encouraged. But when using this method, we should avoid empty slogans and empty things and be rooted in feelings. Another example is "From 30,000 to 10,000". At the end, sincere hope is put forward to guide readers to contact themselves for deep thinking. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions to micro-movies, the end summarizes the evolutionary history of books, hoping people will study hard.
4 imaginary ending, that is, the ending should be written implicitly, leaving readers room for imagination. For example, at the end of Kong Yiji, there is a rich sentence "I haven't seen it yet-about Kong Yiji's death", which seems contradictory, but it is not. "About" is a speculation about Kong Yiji, "Indeed" is the author's sober insight into the society at that time, and combined with his understanding of Kong Yiji, he thinks that his death is inevitable. This gives readers a feeling of thinking and aftertaste, leaving a broad imagination space. Another example is Suzhou Garden, which ends with "Of course, you can say more than what you wrote above, so I won't write more here". Leave room and give people a aftertaste.
⑤ Heuristic. The end of the article is implicit and profound, enlightening and thought-provoking. For example, at the end of Hometown: "... In fact, there is no road on the ground. If there are more people walking, it will become a road. " The road described by the author refers to the road of life. Enlighten the sleeping people of China to take the road of transforming the old society and creating a new life. This ending not only deepens the theme, but also gives people encouragement and confidence.
⑥ foil type. Summarize the content of the article in one sentence or a paragraph, so as to enrich and deepen the theme. For example, at the end of Laoshan Street: "Laoshan Street is the first difficult mountain we passed in the Long March ... it is still very small." This not only summarizes the hardships of the Red Army crossing the old mountain boundary, but also sets off the difficulties and obstacles of the snowy mountain grassland on the way to the Long March. Another example is the ending of "Fishing is not as good as fish": "The old man's back disappeared in the green trees on the hillside, but when the sun went away, his hair color and the scale color of the fish were shining silver." Set off the old professor's leisurely and quiet mood here and now with the scenery.
⑦ quotation. That is, quoting epigrams, famous sayings, poems, classic works, proverbs, etc. As the end of the article, so as to achieve the purpose of "standing on the language and staying important". For example, at the end of "Pear Blossoms on the Postal Road", I can't help but think of a poem: "Pear Blossoms on the Postal Road are everywhere". Quote Lu You's poems, point out the topic and point out the people. Take care of the topic in structure and deepen the theme in content. At the end of the article "Fear of mistakes is the destruction of progress", the sentence "Fear of mistakes is the destruction of reform" was invented by imitating Whitehead's famous saying. The language is incisive and deepens the central idea. When using this method, it should be noted that the cited materials must be related to and serve the theme.
⑧ Lyric argument. Spring ends with three figurative sentences, praising the vigorous vitality of spring and emphasizing its novelty, beauty and strength. The image is vivid and profound. "Remember a spinning wheel" ends with "It's fun to struggle with difficulties". -Remember a spinning wheel. "Use incisive epigrams to point out the main idea of the article.
Pet-name ruby with evaluation. For example, the end of "Trust of Comrades" reads: "Mr. Lu Xun ... the most trusted comrade." Speak highly of Mr. Lu Xun and point out the theme.
Attending the sublimation of the theme. At the end of litchi honey, I wrote: "This night, I had a strange dream that I became a little bee." The author is integrated with bees, which is the third change of feelings for bees. Structurally, it sets off the beginning "I don't like bees very much" and echoes from beginning to end. In terms of content, it deepens the center: we should brew as hard as bees and build a new socialist life with the broad masses of working people.
⑾ Ending with character description or scenery description. For example, at the end of "Flower Market", it says, "She is standing among the flowers with a smile, like a flower, like a graceful orchid." The author uses "a beautiful and elegant orchid" to describe a girl's beautiful heart. "Selling Crabs" ends: "There is only a blue sea left. There are layers of beautiful and white waves surging on the sea ... "Against the blue of the sea and the white of the waves, the little girl selling crabs enthusiastically praised the beauty of her youth, innocence and humanity. At the end of the Great Hall of the People, the magnificent scene of the Great Hall of the People in the afterglow of the sunset is written, which further highlights the majesty and magnificence of the Great Hall of the People.
In short, at the end of the narrative, some are expressive, some are descriptive, and some are humorous and implicit. At the end of the argumentative paper, the full text is summarized or called for. Of course, the end of the article does not stop there. "There is no fixed method for writing". Writing articles is like flowing water. What should be done, what should be stopped, and what should be stopped, is informal. However, as an integral part of the whole idea, the ending should not be impromptu, repetitive, artificial and disjointed.