The first chapter is the origin of China civilization.

1. The earliest known human in China was Yuanmou, which was 1.7 million years ago.

2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals lies in whether they can make tools.

3. The time and place where Beijingers and cavemen live.

4. In the evolution from ape to human, labor played a decisive role.

Beijingers use natural fire, while cavemen know how to make fire by hand, and have mastered polishing and drilling techniques.

6. Beijingers live in groups, and cavemen are clans.

7. Hemudu people live in the Yangtze River valley, and Banpo people live in the Yellow River valley, both of which have used grinding stone tools.

8. Hemudu people grow rice and Banpo people grow millet. China is the first country in the world to grow rice and millet.

9. Private property and polarization between the rich and the poor appeared in the late Dawenkou culture.

10, Yan Di and Huangdi tribe formed an alliance to form the future Chinese nation, and Yan Di and Huangdi were honored as the ancestors of the Chinese nation.

1 1, known as the "ancestor of humanity" of the Chinese nation is the Yellow Emperor.

12, Yao Shunyu's "abdication": the democratic election method of tribal alliance leaders.

Chapter II Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period

1. In 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first slavery dynasty in the history of China.

2. Tang destroyed Xia Hou and established Shang Dynasty. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, the rule of Shang Dynasty was stable.

3. In BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang wiped out the Shang Dynasty, established the Zhou Dynasty and made its capital.

4. The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, which strengthened the rule over various places.

5. In 77 1 year BC, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.

6. The Muswuding in Shang Dynasty is a bronze ware that has been discovered in the world, and a unique square statue of Siyang was unearthed in Ningxiang, Hunan.

7. The bronze masks, large bronze statues and bronze sacred trees unearthed from Sanxingdui cultural site have attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people.

8. The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce formed the splendid bronze civilization of China in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

9. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved eastward to Luoyang, which was called "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

10, five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King Fu Cha of Wu, and King Gou Jian of Yue.

1 1, Qi Huangong put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries".

12. The battle that decided Jin Wengong to become the overlord of the Central Plains was the battle of Chengpu.

13, Seven Heroes of the Warring States: maps of Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han.

In 14 BC and 260 BC, the battle of Changping took place between Qin and Zhao, and Zhao was defeated. Since then, the six eastern countries have been unable to resist Qin Jun's attack.

15. During the Spring and Autumn Period, China began to use iron farm tools, Niu Geng and Niu Geng, which was a revolution in China's agricultural development.

16, iron farm tools and the popularization of Niu Geng have significantly improved the land utilization rate and crop yield.

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, China invented pig iron smelting technology, which was more than 900 years earlier than Europe. China is also the first country in the world to invent porcelain, which was made as early as Shang Dynasty.

18. During the Warring States Period, Li Bing presided over the construction of Dujiangyan, a water conservancy project, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance".

19, the main content and significance of Shang Yang's reform.

20. The words carved on tortoise shells or animal bones by Shang people are called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions".

2 1, the written history of China began in Shang Dynasty.

22. The characters cast on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are called "inscriptions" or "inscriptions".

23. Eclipses and 24 solar terms's Records.

24. Bian Que was a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He summed up the "four diagnoses" of traditional Chinese medicine.

25. Qu Yuan lived in Chu State at the end of the Warring States Period, and his masterpiece Li Sao.

26. The "complete set of bells" unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province.

27. Confucius' important contribution to ideological education and culture.

28. Laozi, the founder of the Taoist school at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, recorded his theory in the Tao Te Ching; During the Warring States period, the founder of Mohism was Mozi, who advocated "universal love" and "non-aggression"; The representative figure of Confucianism is Mencius, who asked the rulers to govern the country with "benevolent government"; The representative figure of Taoism is Zhuangzi, who put forward "governing by doing nothing"; Han Fei, a representative of Legalism, advocated reform. The representative of a military strategist is Sun Wu, who wrote Sun Tzu's The Art of War and the military motto "Know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle" from this book.

Chapter III Qin, Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties

1. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin destroyed six countries one after another, completed reunification, and made Xianyang its capital. The territory map of Qin dynasty.

In order to strengthen ideological control, Qin Shihuang accepted Li Si's suggestion of "burning books to bury Confucianism".

3. Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian, the general, to fight back against the Huns and seize the Hetao area.

The Great Wall starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east. The construction of Lingqu connects the Yangtze River water system with the Pearl River water system.

5. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu revolted in osawa Town and established political power in Chen Jianli.

6. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu.

7. In the early Han Dynasty, the rulers learned the lessons from the death of Qin Dynasty, implemented a policy of recuperation, reduced the burden of corvee, military service and taxes on farmers, and attached importance to the development of agricultural production.

8. During the Wenjing period, we paid attention to "moral education", and the society was relatively stable and the people were rich. Calendar called the rule of this period "the rule of culture and scenery".

9. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Zhu's suggestion and ordered to weaken the power of the vassal state. Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".

In A.D. 10 and A.D. 25, Liu Xiu, the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty in history.

1 1, Emperor Hanming of the East ordered Wang Jing, a water conservancy expert, to harness the Yellow River.

12. In the Han Dynasty, rickshaws were used to sow seeds, and jacquard machines were also used in the textile industry.

13, Du Fu-shi invented the water raft in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and used hydraulic blast to smelt iron, which was more than 1000 years earlier than Europe.

14 During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the outstanding leader of the Huns, Maugham, unified the Mongolian grassland.

In BC 15 and 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Xiongnu in the north.

16, Uhaanyehe, the Xiongnu leader, surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and Wang Zhaojun went out to marry Uhaanyehe, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty.

17, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty made its capital in the Western Regions, and the X region came under the jurisdiction of the central government.

18, Ban Chao governed the western regions in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ban Chao once sent his men Gan Ying to Daqin. /kloc-in 0/66, Daqin sent envoys to visit Luoyang, which was the first direct contact between European countries and China.

19, Silk Road: China's silk and silk fabrics started from Chang 'an, passed through Hexi Corridor and today's X- Xinjiang region, and then were transported to West Asia, and then to Europe, and the exotic treasures of western countries were imported into the mainland of China. This land artery connecting China and the West is the Silk Road.

20. China began to use paper as writing material in the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

2 1, Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is a famous mathematical work.

22. The seismograph made by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world.

23. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, a "medical sage", wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, while Hua Tuo created Ma Feisan, an anesthetic, and edited the medical gymnastics Wuqinxi.

24. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced into the Central Plains of China. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism rose among the people. One of the founders is Zhang Ling, who respects Lao Zi as a leader.

25. Wang Chong, a materialist thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote Lun Heng.

26. Sima Qian lived in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and wrote Historical Records, which is the first biographical general history of China.

27. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum are the artistic treasures unearthed in the world so far.

Chapter IV The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties

1 In another 200 years, the battle between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao in Guandu laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.

In 2008, Cao Cao teamed up with Battle of Red Cliffs, laying the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

In 3.220, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Wei and Luoyang as its capital. 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, and was known as Shu in history; In 222, Sun Quan became king, with the title of Wu, and later the capital of Jianye, and the situation of the Three Kingdoms was formed.

4. Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to lead a fleet of ten thousand people to Yizhou (now a province in Taiwan Province), which strengthened the ties between Yizhou and the mainland.

In 5.266, Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called "Western Jin Dynasty" in history. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, ending the separatist regime.

6. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di and Qiang have moved in one after another.

In 7.3 16, the Western Jin Dynasty perished, and in 3 17, Si Marui, the royal family, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty and made its capital Jiankang, which was called "Eastern Jin Dynasty" in history.

In 8.383, the former Qin Dynasty competed with the Eastern Jin Dynasty for water, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated the former Qin Dynasty with fewer victories.

In 9.420, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty established the Song Dynasty. Since then, the South has experienced four dynasties, namely Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, collectively known as the "Southern Dynasties".

10, after the split of the Northern Wei Dynasty, four dynasties appeared in the North: the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Four Dynasties. The Northern Wei Dynasty and the Four Dynasties are collectively called the Northern Dynasties.

1 1, Zu Chongzhi in the southern dynasties calculated the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point for the first time in the world.

12, Jia Sixie of the Northern Dynasties wrote Qi Yao Min Shu, which is the first complete agricultural science work in China.

13 The Notes on Water Classics by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty is a comprehensive geographical monograph.

14, Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has a masterpiece "Preface to the Lanting Pavilion", which was called "the book sage" by later generations.

15, Gu Kaizhi's masterpieces in the Eastern Jin Dynasty include A Woman's History and A Luoshen.

16, The Theory of Immortals written by Fan Zhen, a thinker in the Southern Dynasties.

17. Southern and Northern Dynasties Grottoes: Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes.