▌ From the sky:
Take instruments and hard objects out of the wounded's pockets.
In the process of handling and transferring, the neck and trunk should not be bent or twisted forward, but the spine should be straight. It is absolutely forbidden to carry on one shoulder and one leg to avoid paraplegia.
The wound should be properly bandaged locally, but it should not be stuffed for patients suspected of skull base fracture and cerebrospinal fluid leakage to avoid intracranial infection.
Maxillofacial patients should first keep the respiratory tract unblocked, remove false teeth, and remove displaced tissue fragments, blood clots, oral secretions, etc. And loosen the buttons on the wounded's neck and chest. If the tongue has fallen backwards or the foreign body in the mouth can't be taken out, you can puncture the cricothyroid membrane with a thick needle of 12 to maintain breathing and do tracheotomy as soon as possible.
Compound injury needs to lie flat, keep the respiratory tract open and unbutton the collar.
Peripheral blood vessels are injured, and the arterial trunk above the injured part is pressed to the bone. Sticking a thick dressing directly on the wound and applying pressure to wrap it is often effective, without bleeding and affecting the blood circulation of limbs. When the above methods are ineffective, tourniquet can be used with caution. In principle, the use time should be shortened as much as possible. Generally, it should not exceed 1 hour. Mark it and indicate the time when the tourniquet was put on.
If conditions permit, intravenous fluid infusion should be carried out quickly to replenish blood volume.
Quickly and smoothly sent to the hospital for treatment.
▌ Get an electric shock:
Cut off the power quickly. (1) Pull down the gate or turn off the power switch immediately, and unplug the plug, so that those who get an electric shock will soon lose power. ② Emergency personnel use bamboo poles, shoulder poles, wooden sticks, plastic products, rubber products, leather products, etc. to pick up the power supply that touches the patient, so that the patient can quickly get rid of the power supply.
If the patient is still on the leaking machine, quickly push the patient away with a dry insulating cotton coat and quilt.
Before cutting off the power supply, the rescuer should not use his own hands to directly pull the electrocuted person, which will get an electric shock and get injured immediately. If someone pulls an electric shock, he will also get an electric shock, because the human body is a conductor and it is easy to conduct current.
When cardiac arrest is determined, cardiac tonic can only be used after artificial respiration and chest compressions.
Electric shock burns should be properly bandaged. Attention should be paid to falling again in the rescue of high-altitude high-voltage line electric shock.
Emergency workers had better put on rubber shoes and jump on the surfboard to protect themselves. Cardiac arrest can also be intravenously injected with epinephrine or isoproterenol. When blood pressure is still low, alamin and dopamine can be injected, and nikethamide and lobeline can be injected for irregular breathing.
▌ Burn first aid:
Get away from the fire quickly and take off the burning clothes. Or water the burning clothes with cold water, or roll around on the spot.
Cover the fire with coats, quilts and blankets, or roll over and jump into ponds, pools and ditches to put out the fire.
Attention: ① Do not call for help while running, which will aggravate the burn. (2) Cut off the soaked clothes immediately after being scalded by liquid. If the edges of clothes and meat are too tight, don't tear them off by force. Cut off the non-sticky part first, leaving the sticky part temporarily. 3 scissors should not touch wounds and blisters, and do not apply ointment such as purple syrup and red syrup, so as not to affect wound observation.
The wound must be washed with clear water, and then wrapped or applied with a clean cloth to prevent infection. When the skin is burned by strong acid, alkali and asphalt, it should be fully washed with clear water. After eye burns, rinse with normal saline, remove foreign bodies with cotton swabs and drop 0.25% chloramphenicol eye drops.
Fingers (toes) should be separated when wrapping hands and feet to prevent adhesion.
In case of severe pain, dolantin 1 ~ 2 mg/kg should be injected slowly intravenously, and it is best to dilute 1 fold with normal saline to relieve the pain.
In case of water shortage, you can take a small amount of brackish water, salty tea or boiled drinks (each tablet contains 0.3g of salt, 0 0. 15g of sodium bicarbonate and 0.03g of lumina)1tablet and boiled water 100ml.
If vomiting occurs after extensive burns (more than 40%), fast within 24 hours, and wet your mouth with a little water when you are thirsty.
In case of second or third degree burns, send them to the hospital for emergency treatment. There are few bumps on the road, so keep warm and take oxygen infusion.
▌ Fracture first aid:
For limb fractures, splints, wooden sticks and bamboo poles can be used to fix the upper and lower joints of the broken bones. If there is no fixture, the injured upper limb can be tied to the chest, and the injured lower limb and the healthy limb can be tied together to avoid the movement of the fracture site, so as to relieve the pain and prevent the injury from getting worse.
Open fracture bleeding should be stopped first, then fixed, covered with clean cloth or gauze, and then sent to hospital for treatment. Don't push the exposed broken bone back into the wound. If the fracture end has slipped back to the wound by itself when dressing the wound, you must explain it to the competent doctor after you get to the hospital to attract attention.
Suspected cervical vertebra injury, after making the wounded lie flat, place sandbags (or other substitutes) on both sides of the head to fix the neck.
For lumbar fracture, the injured person should lie flat on a hard wooden board (or door panel) and fix the lumbar trunk and lower limbs together to prevent paralysis. When moving, several people should cooperate, keep stable and not distort. When carrying on the flat ground, the head of the wounded is behind, and when going upstairs, downstairs and downhill, the head is above. During handling, the wounded should be closely observed to prevent sudden changes in the injury.
Send to the hospital for treatment.
▌ Landslide first aid:
Dig out the wounded immediately, be careful not to get hurt again, move lightly, accurately and quickly, and don't forcibly pull. If all of them are buried, the head of the injured person should be exposed first as soon as possible, and the dirt, gravel and blood clots in the nose and mouth should be cleaned, and the belt should be untied to facilitate breathing.
Let the wounded lie flat, with their heads tilted to one side, to prevent vomiting by mistake.
When the wound bleeds, use a cloth to stop bleeding, rinse the wound with clear water and wrap it with a clean towel to prevent infection.
Fractures should be fixed with splints or substitutes.
Stop breathing and give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
If the heartbeat stops, perform chest compressions.
Handling the wounded should be smooth and avoid bumping and twisting. Transfusion as soon as possible if possible.
▌ First aid for craniocerebral trauma:
Before being sent to the hospital, let the patient lie flat, take off the pillow and turn his head to one side to prevent suffocation caused by food inhaled into the trachea during vomiting. Don't pinch or shake your head to wake the patient, which will aggravate the degree of brain injury and bleeding. The scalp is rich in blood vessels and easy to bleed after rupture. It looks awkward, but just press it with a piece of gauze with your finger.