Background:

1, the Qing government was at home and abroad, and there was a people's uprising-the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement; The invasion of foreign powers-the Second Opium War, the Qing ruling clique had to actively find ways to consolidate its rule.

When foreign powers invaded China, they also showed their advanced technology to the people of China.

3. A new idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" has emerged, which provides a reference for the ruling group to find a way out.

4. A few advanced figures in the ruling group advocate learning advanced western technology, realizing "self-improvement" and forming the Westernization School, with Yixin as the representative of the central government and Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan as the representatives of the local governments.

On the one hand, in order to overcome internal troubles and foreign invasion, on the other hand, in order to consolidate her position, Empress Dowager Cixi, who was in power recently, stood on the side of the powerful Westernization School at the local and central levels and played a vital role in the rise of the Westernization Movement.

6. The Prime Minister's yamen was established and became the central organization to promote the Westernization Movement.

Content:

1, founded a number of modern military industries with the slogan of "self-improvement";

2. Establish some modern civil industries under the banner of "seeking wealth";

3. Since the mid-1970s, coastal defense has been actively planned and a modern navy has been established.

4. Establish new schools, send overseas students and advanced students abroad for further study, and train westernization talents.

Evaluation (including importance):

1. The Westernization School aimed at maintaining the rule of the landlord class and simply introduced western technology and equipment, but it could not completely change the feudal system, which doomed that the Westernization Movement could not make China embark on the road of prosperity.

However, the Westernization Movement also played a positive role. Mainly manifested in: introducing some modern western science and technology and advanced tools; A number of intellectuals and skilled workers who have mastered modern science and technology have been trained; To some extent, it resisted the expansion of foreign economic forces; Induce and stimulate the early development of national capitalism; It opened a gap in the reform of feudal culture and education system.

II. Hundred-day reform: 1896 to 1898.

Background:

1. Politically, the failure of the Sino-Japanese War and the national peril aroused national consciousness;

2. Economically: the initial development of national capitalism and the growth of national bourgeoisie at the end of 19;

3. The emergence and development of reform ideas.

Content:

1. Politically, reform administrative institutions and reduce redundant staff;

2. Economically, protect agriculture, industry and commerce, advocate establishing industry and reforming finance;

3. Militarily, abolish green camp, train new troops and adopt the western military system.

4. In terms of culture and education, reform the imperial examination system, abolish stereotyped writing, set up schools widely, and advocate western learning.

Evaluation:

It is very beneficial to the development of Chinese national capitalism and the spread of bourgeois advanced culture and science, giving enlightened gentlemen and national bourgeoisie the opportunity to participate in politics and cracking down on feudal bureaucracy. However, there was no mention of "constitutional monarchy", and the ruling foundation of the Qing Dynasty was not touched, and the reform was not thorough.

Meaning:

1 is a patriotic national salvation movement;

2. This is a bourgeois political reform movement;

3. This is an enlightenment thought.

This is of great significance to the reform of social atmosphere.

Third, the New Deal and Constitutionalism in the Late Qing Dynasty: 190 1 year to191year.

1, background:

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the brutal xenophobic riots such as the Boxer Rebellion triggered a massive invasion by foreign powers, which led to a disastrous disaster. Coupled with the political pressure of the great powers, the Qing government was required to quickly change the current incompetent state. At that time, the Qing government and army were unable to cope with the political situation at that time, and the financial deficit was serious, which made the Qing rulers feel that their dominant position had begun to shake. Therefore, maintaining the rule of the Qing Dynasty has become an important issue facing the rulers. So, in 190 1 year, Empress Dowager Cixi officially announced the implementation of the "New Deal".

2. Main contents:

Raise wages and train new people. Revitalize business, reward industry, abolish the imperial examination, foster learning by cultivating talents, reform the official system, and rectify official management.

3. importance:

(1) Politics: add new institutions and abolish redundant officials and bureaucrats. To a certain extent, it dealt a blow to the feudal die-hards, but it also reflected that the Qing government became a tool to safeguard imperialism and added institutions to safeguard imperialist interests.

(2) Military: training new troops. To a certain extent, China's national defense strength was enhanced, but later, the war came and modern warlords were formed.

(3) Culture and education: abolish the imperial examination, promulgate a new academic system, set up various new schools and send overseas students. It has formed an atmosphere of attaching importance to western science and technology and social and political theories, and trained modern talents in science and technology, education, law and politics, military affairs and so on.

(4) Revitalize the cause and repay the cause. It promoted the development of China's modern economy.

However, in the final analysis, the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty was to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty and could not really promote the development of China's modernization. It's just a scam, and the reform has not eased the contradiction.