Civil servant examination system is the abbreviation of civil servant examination and selection system (employment system) in China. The civil servant recruitment system refers to the system that the state administrative organs employ qualified personnel as civil servants through public examinations, strict inspections and merit-based admission in accordance with relevant laws and regulations and certain standards and legal procedures.
First, what is a civil servant?
First, there is a legal basis for civil servants to perform official duties. Second, the establishment of civil servants is the establishment of state administration; Third, the salaries and benefits of civil servants are paid by the state finance. Due to the different nature, characteristics and management requirements of civil servants' posts, today's civil servants' posts can be roughly divided into three categories, namely, comprehensive management, administrative law enforcement and professional technology.
Second, the origin of the term civil servant
As the name implies, "civil servant" refers to a person who handles official business in the government, but where does the word civil servant come from? According to research, the word civil servant is translated from English, and the literal translation of "civil servant" in English is "civil servant". In Japanese, Japanese civil servants were called "civil servants" before World War II, and changed their names to "civil servants" after World War II. Other countries call themselves "federal officials", "government employees" and so on. In our country, people who perform public duties are called "civil servants".
Third, the civil service examination.
The so-called "civil service examination" refers to the selection of talents through the examination system to enter the civil service and perform national public duties. The imperial examination system in China feudal society can be considered as a civil service examination system. At present, the civil service examination system implemented in China is based on the civil service law. Article 2 1 of China's civil servant law stipulates that civil servants who hold non-leadership positions below the chief clerk and other equivalent positions shall be recruited by means of public examination, strict investigation, equal competition and merit-based admission. That is to say, at present, China implements the system of "every entry must be tested" for the recruitment of chief staff and other civil servants in non-leadership positions below equivalent positions.
Fourthly, the development history of civil service examination in China.
Xia Shangzhou: There is no public service selection system such as civil service examination.
Speaking of civil servants in China, it can be traced back to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. At that time, it was hereditary, and the main officials of the country, that is, the civil servants we are talking about now, were all relatives of the country. So there was no so-called civil service examination at that time. As long as you are born in the royal family, you can be a civil servant and eat the imperial salary.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: Admitting an official by reason and sealing an official by meritorious service.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, governors began to realize the importance of talents and hoped that more talents would participate in the management of the country. Confucius even put forward the slogan of "learning to be excellent is to be an official", encouraging scholars to develop in the direction of official career and participate in governing the country through hard work. The Sifang Pavilion is mentioned in the TV series "The Legend of Mi Yue" with high ratings. The strategists debated in the square pavilion, expressed their opinions and then wrote down their strategies. If the strategy is well written and appreciated by the king, they will have a chance to become officials. On the other hand, neutral military service can also serve as an official in the process of going out to war. This system is also called military service system. In this way, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was actually no "civil service examination" in the strict sense. At that time, although the selection of talents was assessed, there was no examination system.
From the Western Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties: there was an official selection system, but there was no examination system.
From the Western Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the system of selecting officials was mostly a supervisory system, that is, big bureaucrats recommended people who they thought were talented to be officials. Strictly speaking, it is only an official selection system rather than an examination system.
The imperial examination system in the Tang and Song Dynasties can be considered as a "civil service examination" system.
It was not until the imperial examination system was implemented in the Tang Dynasty that the real "civil service examination system" appeared. Jinshi can take the imperial examination regardless of their status. The main contents of the exam are Confucian classics, poetry and fu, as well as law, philology, mathematics, calendar and so on. The examination is divided into two levels: local examination and central examination. In the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination of the emperor was added, also called palace examination. The main way of examination is to write articles, and to judge whether the candidates' ideological and political level, thinking logic and writing ability meet the requirements by examining the writing of articles. At the same time, in order to prevent the relevant officials in charge of the examination from having too much power, examiners are generally temporarily dispatched or rotated every year. For examiners who violate the law and neglect their duties, the relevant supervisory organs will hold them accountable and impose fines, suspension or even dismissal for investigation. In order to prevent bureaucrats' children from taking advantage of their privileges to shield each other and pervert the law, all the children of admitted officials should be sent to another minister for a second interview, or another examination room should be set up. In addition, the exam clearly requires candidates not to bring books into the examination room; Examiners can't meet with their families, relatives and friends during the exam and can't go out. Test papers should be labeled and copied. The imperial examination system can be said to have laid the embryonic form of the civil service examination.
During the Republic of China, the government formulated the system of recruiting civil servants by examination.
According to relevant data, during the period of Beiyang government's rule, various civil servant management laws and regulations were formulated, and the civil servant management laws and regulations system was initially formed. These laws and regulations stipulate the classification, appointment, salary, vacation, welfare and punishment of officials. The content of civil service examination is the knowledge of modern natural science and social science. During the rule of Beiyang government, the embryonic form of modern civil servant legal system in China was initially established. It was not until the period of the National Government that the civil service system was gradually formed and perfected. During the rule of the National Government, an examination institute was set up to take charge of the examination and appointment of civil servants. The examination form is public examination, and civil servants are selected through general examination, advanced examination and special examination respectively. Intellectuals from all walks of life have the opportunity to take exams when they participate in politics. In addition, the national government has also promulgated a series of laws related to civil servants, such as the Civil Service Examination Law and the Civil Service Appointment Usage.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) New China Civil Service Examination
Since the early 1950s, the recruitment of cadres in China has been mainly allocated by the state, which is in line with the planned economic system and played an important role at that time, but it also exposed some disadvantages such as imperfect employment system and lack of competitive incentive mechanism. In 1980, Comrade Deng Xiaoping proposed that many positions and titles in the future should be hired or awarded as long as they pass the examination.
The first civil service examination was held in 1989, which was then called "National Staff Recruitment Examination". The examination is mainly divided into two subjects, one of which mainly examines Marxism-Leninism, party history and official document writing. , equivalent to the basic knowledge of public affairs now, and the other is the administrative professional ability test.
1994 "interim provisions on the recruitment of state civil servants" was officially promulgated, and the "national staff recruitment examination" was renamed as "national civil service recruitment examination". The civil service examination has gradually entered a relatively standardized track, and the examination subjects and questions tend to be stable.
Since 20 15, there have been new changes in the national civil service examination. Before 20 15, the provincial and municipal examination papers of the national civil service examination were only different in the application subjects, and the examination questions of the administrative professional ability test were the same. Starting from 20 15, the subject of "administrative professional ability test" is divided into two types: provincial volume and municipal volume. There are two differences between the two types: first, the mathematical operation of provincial and ministerial papers is 5 more than that of municipal papers, the provincial and ministerial papers are *** 135, and the municipal papers are *** 130; Secondly, there are five different questions in the common sense part of the two types of papers. The same is true of other parts of the problem. 20 16 the differences in subjects of "administrative professional ability test" at provincial and municipal levels have been further expanded. On the basis of the change of 20 15, five different problems appeared in data analysis.
Legal basis:
Article 33 of the Civil Servant Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) shall, in accordance with the management authority, comprehensively assess the morality, ability, diligence, performance and honesty of civil servants, focusing on their work performance.
Thirty-fourth civil service assessment is divided into peacetime assessment and regular assessment. Regular assessment is based on the usual assessment.
Thirty-fifth regular assessment of civil servants in non-leadership positions shall be conducted in the form of annual assessment. First of all, individuals should summarize according to their job responsibilities and related requirements. After listening to the opinions of the masses, the leaders in charge put forward suggestions on the grades of assessment, and the person in charge of this organ or the authorized assessment Committee determined the grades of assessment. Regular assessment of leading members shall be handled by the competent department in accordance with relevant regulations.
Thirty-sixth regular assessment results are divided into four grades: excellent, competent, basically competent and incompetent. The results of regular assessment shall be notified to the civil servant himself in writing.
Thirty-seventh regular assessment results should be used as the basis for adjusting the position, grade and salary of civil servants, as well as the reward, training and dismissal of civil servants.