It is different from public schools.
Historical background
Public primary and secondary schools
An independent middle school in Britain specially set up for children of nobility and bourgeoisie. The main goal of running a school is to train graduates who are promoted to famous universities and political activists who will lead state affairs in the future. The funds for running a school mainly come from donations and other income, and do not depend on national and local government grants. /kloc-Around the 0/4th century, with the initiative and funding of aristocrats, national activists, religious groups and charities, a number of French secondary schools were established in Britain, which mainly trained clergy. Some well-run grammar schools have gradually become pure aristocratic boarding schools because of the support of the upper class and the increase of donations. It has been called "public school" since the beginning of19th century. There are nine famous public schools in Britain. The earliest Winchester College was founded in 1382. The most famous Eton College was founded in 1440. St Paul's College, Shrewsbury College, Westminster College, Rugby College, Business Sewing College and Harrow College were all founded in15 ~16th century. Chekhov College was founded in17th century. Until19th century, the total number of public schools was only 20 ~ 30. From 1828 to 1842, T. Arnold, president of Rugby College, reformed public schools to influence the tradition of replacing rough treatment of students and improve the teaching of Chinese and history to meet the requirements of cultivating social activists. 186 1, the Royal Commission recognized the above nine public schools. 1868 passed the public schools bill, which only officially recognized seven other public schools except St. Paul College and Commercial Sewing College (because these two schools are far away from home). 1869 principals' association was established. It is stipulated that its subordinate member schools can be called public schools. Since then, many grammar middle schools and private middle schools have been converted into public schools, and donations from factories and enterprises have also increased greatly, and many new public schools have emerged. 194 1, public school board association was established. 1944, the Minister of Education, R.A. Butler, promulgated the Education Law, stipulating that all the member schools of the Association of Public School Boards should be awarded the title of public school, and appointed a committee to consider the relationship between public schools and the national general education system. After 1965, the government appointed a public school committee, clearly stipulating that public schools should be members of the principals' association or the board association or the board association of girls' schools. 1974, there were 250 public schools in Britain. Today, public schools are still self-contained in the British national education system. Generally, only students from their preparatory schools are enrolled, and the main purpose of running a school is to send freshmen to universities such as Oxford and Cambridge, so public schools are also preparatory schools in essence.
Public primary and secondary schools
Public schools are expensive, not only the children of the working people can't get in, but also the children of the middle class can't get in. Only about10.5 million teenagers enter public schools every year, which is less than 2% of school-age teenagers. All public schools are single-sex schools. The number of students in the school is small, with 120 for boys and 80 for girls. There are not many students in a class, probably no more than 20. Students usually partner on campus. The duration of study in public schools is generally five years. Students graduated from the preparatory school at the age of 13 and 14, and then passed the exam before entering the school. Every public school curriculum is not exactly the same. At first, it focused on humanities, and classical subjects accounted for a considerable proportion. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the proportion of natural science and mathematics increased. At present, most public schools offer classical, modern and mathematical subjects. In addition, public schools pay special attention to cultivating students' gentlemanly manners. Religious education has always been an important part of public education. The school also pays special attention to organizing students to participate in various literary groups, clubs that study various issues and other community activities. Intramural and intercollegiate sports competitions play an important role in school activities.
The administrative leaders of public schools are the principal and the academic affairs committee, usually composed of 10 ~ 12 people. The headmaster was appointed after the candidate election. In addition to being in charge of the school leadership, he personally teaches 15 class hours every week. Oxford and Cambridge also provide excellent teachers for public schools.
Most of the top rulers in Britain were born in public schools. According to the statistics of 1952, about 87% of generals, 83% of bishops, 67% of senior officials, 82% of colonial governors, 85% of judges, 95% of senior diplomats and 88% of ambassadors have studied in public schools.
The public school system in Britain has been criticized as an undemocratic education system. In the reports of 1968 and 1970, the Committee of Public Colleges also put forward some improvement measures, trying to expand the enrollment scope and parallel with the national general education system to alleviate social contradictions. However, this educational institution, which conforms to the interests of the ruling class and plays an important role in national life, has not fundamentally changed at present.
trait
Different public schools have their own special traditions, including special sports activities (for example, rugby is actually the earliest sports activity in rugby college) and dialects. In addition, they have special uniforms, such as the uniforms of Eton College, which are very unique.
Most students in public schools live on campus. Generally, they enter school at the age of 13 and graduate five years later. To enter these public schools, students must not only afford expensive tuition fees, but also do well in their studies. In addition, it is also important to have good social relations: public schools generally give priority to students whose parents or relatives have studied in these schools.
Historical origin
Public primary and secondary schools
The earliest public school was Winchester Public School established in14th century, and then King Henry VI of England established Eton Public School in 1440. Public schools were originally places to provide education for children from poor families, but gradually developed into aristocratic schools in the18th century, and the tuition fees became very expensive. Most of the students trained by public schools have excellent academic performance and excellent physical education performance. After graduation, most of them enter first-class universities such as Oxford and Cambridge.
In the Victorian era, the development of public schools was the fastest, but there were also many problems. For example, at that time, public schools had a senior system, and seniors were in charge of their younger brothers. This system has caused many students' contradictions and caused many people's criticisms. In addition, public schools at that time allowed schools to use cruel punishment methods, such as flogging, to punish students. However, these measures have been gradually relaxed or cancelled.
Ancient public schools
concept
Ancient public schools mainly refer to aristocratic schools in European countries such as Britain and France. For example, public schools in Britain are aristocratic grammar schools, which are private schools dedicated to serving aristocratic families. "Keep your own personality" is the creed of public schools and every student. Therefore, public schools have maintained some characteristics that show their "arrogant" status since ancient times.
Teaching content and management
The criteria for selecting students in public schools are extremely strict, and it is absolutely not allowed to make up the number. Although social status and wealth are the primary conditions for entering public schools, children with mediocre intelligence in powerful families will also be rejected. Therefore, the level of public schools is not comparable to that of ordinary middle schools, and most of its graduates can go straight to Niuqiao (Oxford University and Cambridge University).
Public schools attach great importance to the cultivation of gentleman's character. In order to let students develop elegant gentleman manners as soon as possible, the school implements boarding system. Although students come from upper-class families, in order to cultivate their hard-working and indomitable character, public schools provide very simple accommodation and food. In order to avoid family interference in this kind of training, public schools have long refused to let parents visit students' accommodation. The school implements the management form of combining student autonomy with tutorial system. Religious belief is the "first meaning" for students, which must be observed first, and various etiquette in social life and interpersonal relationships can not be ignored.
The study of theology, grammar and classical works has always been an important position in the curriculum of public schools. However, due to the industrial revolution and the rapid development of science and technology, public schools are forced to accept new disciplines.
Public schools do everything possible to maintain the ancient style not only in content but also in form. Winchester College has been using/kloc-the school building built in the 4th century; The church of Eton College has a history of more than 500 years. Boys still like to read the newspaper of the day at breakfast. Until now, they still call the final exam a "trial" and regard the eccentric temperament as an important symbol that distinguishes them from other school students. Even the older students' bad habits of reprimanding and treating younger students remained until the 1960s.
British public schools are enduring, mainly relying on four pillars: power, examination, lineage and money. Over the past 500 years, relying on these four pillars, they have maintained first-class school conditions, first-class faculty and first-class teaching level, and trained first-class students.
Modern public schools
Public primary and secondary schools
Modern public schools refer to private schools that did not rely on government finance before liberation, such as Nanyang Public School (predecessor of Jiaotong University) run by Sheng Xuanhuai, the backbone of the famous Westernization Movement.
Sheng Xuanhuai has a specific explanation of "public school". When he started Nanyang Public School, he said to the Qing court, "There are many schools in the world. A large-scale combination of metaphysical methods and art. France's National Politics College specializes in teaching envoys, politics, financial management and vassal management. And all four can study business at the same time. Experienced, broad-minded and comprehensive. The school is run by gentry, but it is run by foreign teachers, so the country takes talents. I set up Nanyang College today just to steal the meaning of national politics and achieve my goal. In this appointment, I actually survived in internal affairs, diplomacy and financial management. " He also said: "Businessmen donate money, and academic capital does not come from one side. Scholars are not limited to one province. ..... There is no difference between a student's diploma and the status of a national university. " (Yu Zhai Cun Manuscript, Volume II, Page 20) From the above two paragraphs, (1) Nanyang Public College is different from Beiyang University Hall, which focuses on engineering, but mainly on liberal arts, involving "internal affairs, diplomacy and financial management". The "financial management" here in Sheng Xuanhuai includes industrial and commercial operation. (2) Nanyang College is funded by businessmen's donations, mainly from the Second Bureau of Wheels and Electricity, which is in charge of Sheng; Students come from all provinces of the country and are not narrowly confined to the local area; Not limited to one province and one place after graduation. It can be seen that Nanyang Public School is a national regular school directly controlled by Sheng Xuanhuai, which mainly trains new political officials and diplomats.
Modern public schools
China College is one of the earliest universities in China. 1906 was established in Shanghai. Sun Yat-sen, Song Dynasty, Cai Yuanpei, Ma,,, Yu Youren, etc. Serve as a school director. Among the first students, there is a famous scholar Hu Shi. China University has a long history and a glorious revolutionary tradition. Many teachers and students took an active part in revolutionary activities, such as Qiu Jin, the heroine, and Mo, one of the 72 martyrs in Huanghuagang. China University merged with Zhengyang Law School on 195 1 to form Chongqing University of Finance and Economics, and merged with Southwest Normal University the following year. 1953 merged with Southwest Normal University to form Sichuan University of Finance and Economics.
Historical commemoration
Public primary and secondary schools
Early public schools were all male boarding schools. 186 1 British public schools can be divided into nine major schools, including Chatterhouse, Eton, Hello, Merchant Taylor School, Rugby School, St. Paul School, Shrewsbury School, Westminster College and Winchester College. By 1902, the British government yearbook listed 102 public schools and divided them into five grades, which shows that the classes were distinct at that time. Most students in public schools will choose to enter universities around the age of 19.
At present, public schools have become the elite education in Britain and occupy a lofty position in the whole British education system. Every public school has its own management style, and the students trained are outstanding.
history
Winchester college
The earliest public school was Winchester College, which was built in14th century. Later, King Henry VI of England founded Eton College in 1440. Public schools were originally places to provide education for children of poor families or civilians, but gradually developed into aristocratic schools in the18th century. Most of the students trained by public schools have excellent academic performance and excellent physical education performance. After graduation, most of them enter first-class universities such as Oxford and Cambridge.
In the Victorian era, the development of public schools was the fastest, but there were also many problems. For example, at that time, public schools had a senior student system, and junior students were managed by senior students, which caused contradictions among many students and caused many people's criticisms; In addition, public schools at that time allowed schools to use cruel punishment methods, such as flogging, to punish students. However, these measures have been gradually relaxed or cancelled.
Public schools have several attractive features. First of all, the curriculum of these schools is different from other schools, and they attach importance to cultivating students' morality and physique. Since the1850s, public schools have gradually attached importance to sports and group activities. They will organize public meetings regularly, and even hold hockey and football matches regularly, which has become the main part of their study and life. These activities help to cultivate their communication skills and even their determination to win. This is because the purpose of these activities is not only to connect feelings, but also to cultivate students' team spirit, loyalty, frustration and self-renewal, so as to prepare for future challenges. Therefore, football is very popular in these schools.
Other sports are also very popular at school. This phenomenon can be described by the slogan of 1894 Maupaul College: "Rugby, hockey, cricket, squash; Squash is the center of our life. " . These activities not only strengthened their determination to win, but also established their acceptance of the class, because these activities seem to be specially designed for them. For example, they will not compete with lower-grade schools, because it will harm their dignity. The British Football Association was born in the1860s, when the rules of football were reformed. One of them is to change the form of football from "dribbling with hands or feet" to "dribbling with only feet"; At the same time, it is stipulated that the rich and the poor can also compete together. This reform was immediately opposed by public school students, because on the one hand they wanted to keep the traditional rules of the game, on the other hand they didn't want to compete with the working class. As a result, football and cable ball were separated into two sports, while cable ball became the sport of the rich.
This is very attractive to Victorian parents. They are willing to send their children to public schools precisely because public schools have cultivated students' team spirit and improved their words and deeds. Secondly, no matter which public school, the school requires students to strictly observe discipline. One of the reasons is that the Victorian price concept emphasized discipline, especially the middle class. There is an unwritten rule in the school, which stipulates what students should do to prevent students from losing their dignity. At the same time, not only teachers have the right to punish students, but also older students can punish the younger generation.
Different public schools have their own special traditions, including special sports activities (for example, rugby is actually the earliest sports activity in rugby college) and dialects. In addition, they have special uniforms, such as the uniforms of Eton College and Christian College, whose blue coat has a history of more than 400 years.
Most students in public schools live on campus. Generally, they enter school at the age of 1 1 and graduate after 7 years. To enter these public schools, students must not only afford expensive tuition fees, but also do well in their studies. In addition, it is also important to have good social relations: public schools generally give priority to students whose parents or relatives have studied in these schools.
Public yearbook
The first investigation report:
1864 released a survey report on public schools, and the British government inspected nine famous public schools at that time, including St. Paul's College, MacIntyre College, Winchester College, Eton College, Harrow College, Rugby College, Shuzbury College (also translated as Shrewsbury School), Chekhouse College and Westminster College. Therefore, some people think that "public schools" in a strict sense only refer to these nine schools, that is, "nine public schools".
Public primary and secondary schools
The second investigation report:
1886' s yearbook of public schools lists 25 public schools:
* Bedford School.
* Sao Paulo School.
* Brighton College.
Chatterhouse School.
*? Cheltenham College (Cheltenham College)
*? Cliff College? (Clifton College)
*? Dover College? (Dover College)
*? Dewei College? (Derwich College, also translated as "Dorwich College")
*? Eton College? (Eton College)
*? Christian college? (Christian Hospital School)
*? Hello, public school? (Harrow College)
*? Blue Star College? (Reims College)
:: St James' College in Marvin.
* marlborough College.
Radley College
*? Lepton school? (Repton School)
* Rosell School.
*? Football academy? (rugby school)
*? Sherbone school? (Sherbone School)
* Shrewsbury School.
* tonbridge School.
:: Uppingham School
*? Wellington College? (Wellington College)
*? Westminster College? (Westminster School)
*? Winchester College? (Winchester College)