teaching program

Boxer uprising

Generally speaking, it refers to social events involving Christian churches in China in the late Qing Dynasty (often causing disputes, violence and even turning into diplomatic events). The activities of the Boxer Rebellion were mainly concentrated in Shandong and Hebei areas in northern China, with frequent religious plans.

China was defeated by the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, and was forced to sign treaty of shimonoseki in 1895, which marked the failure of the Westernization Movement with the slogan of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" and once again aroused the ambition of European powers to carve up China. 1896, European powers intending to carve up China made unreasonable demands to the Qing government, demanding permission to build railways and mine. 1897, 1 1 In June, 2008, the "Cao Zhou Religious Case" occurred in Shandong, and two German missionaries Franz Niez and Richard Hoyle were killed by villagers who rushed into the church (for unknown reasons). Germany responded immediately and took the opportunity to send troops to occupy Jiaozhou Bay and Jiaoao (now Qingdao). The Kaiser even warned his fleet that "if China obstructs my affairs, he will use his old fist." . The following month, Russian troops moved to Lushun, south of Liaoyang, and Britain and France sent troops to occupy Weihai and Guangzhou Bay (now Zhanjiang, Guangdong) respectively.

Foreign invasion has caused xenophobia in all parts of Shandong. 1March, 898, the activities of boxing people intensified in Shantang. 1899, Yu xian, a Chinese flag-bearer who donated officials, became the governor of Shandong province, and proposed that "the people can use it, the regiment will appease it, and the bandits will be suppressed", and adopted the method of appeasing the Boxer and incorporated into the militia. As a result, the Boxer Rebellion became the Boxer Rebellion, and its slogan changed from "opposing the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty" to "helping the Qing Dynasty and destroying the foreign countries". Boxers burned churches everywhere and killed priests; Resist all foreign things and the failed "Westernization Movement". Under the positive exclusion of the boxer movement, foreigners are called "big Russians" and will be killed without forgiveness. If China people believe in Catholicism and Christianity, they are generally called "two hairs"; Others who know foreign languages and even use foreign goods are called "three hairs" or even "ten hairs". People recorded: "If cigarettes, glasses, even umbrellas and socks are used, users will be executed. Six students fled the chaos in a hurry. Because they took a pencil and a piece of foreign paper with them, they were found by bandits on the way and all died. Xilu, the younger brother of Ambassador Luo Xing, came from Henan to Tianjin with two boxes of foreign books. He can't bear to give up his love. His way was tied to a tree by bandits. The bandits' knives were so dull that he couldn't turn around. He looked up at the sky and enjoyed it. A servant talked happily for many years, but his master was not twenty cents, but he was also killed, and the only groom survived. It hates foreign things. There is even "a match, eight people killed together." "

God helps the Boxer Rebellion. The Boxer Rebellion only caused trouble in the Central Plains.

Persuade people to believe in God and forget their ancestors.

Adultery men and women, ghosts and children are sons and mothers.

If you don't believe me, your eyes will turn blue when you look at the devil carefully.

No rain, no drought, all the days when the church stops.

God was angry, the fairy was angry, and they all went down the mountain to preach.

Evil and white lotus don't recite spells.

Hold Huang Jingyan, please go down to the immortals in each hole.

The fairy came out of the hole and went down the mountain to attach a fist to a person.

It is not difficult to learn all the art of war and fight the Japanese.

Dismantle the railway pole and destroy the ship urgently.

Great France was frightened, and Britain, America, Germany and Russia were all gone.

The foreign devils completely wiped out the Qing Dynasty and unified Jingjiangshan.

Poetry theory

The disciples worked together to turn the vegetation into soldiers everywhere.

Stupid body and immortal art will destroy foreigners and destroy them.

-Right-handed cloud copied from Fu Sheng, Shandong Province

cause

There are several reasons for the frequent occurrence of lesson plans:

(1) Extraterritorial jurisdiction overrides the laws of China.

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Yihetuan

At the end of the century, Western missionaries were allowed to preach and establish churches in China. Under the extraterritorial jurisdiction, not only the western clergy of the church were not under the jurisdiction of the Qing government, but also China believers were often sheltered by the church. In the local area, Christian churches often conflict with local people for various reasons such as cultural and customs differences. Some bad parishioners oppress the local people, but the local government is often afraid of the extraterritoriality of the church and does not want to be an enemy of foreigners, which leads to the failure of religious plans.

2 exclusion.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the local economy in North China went bankrupt and the traditional social discipline collapsed. Times have changed, people are worried, and various secret societies have mushroomed. In short, the church, the congregation, foreigners and foreign goods have all become the targets of hatred.

③ rumors

At that time, there were many rumors slandering westerners, such as foreigners' hospitals digging children's eyes to make drugs, and priests sucking boys' sperm with special instruments. The general public in China has always been superstitious about this rumor, so everyone is in danger and hates westerners and China parishioners.

(4) Inciting by conservative forces.

In addition to preaching, the church also promotes medical education, advocates breaking bad habits (such as foot binding and concubinage) and spreading new ideas (such as constitutionalism and democracy), which will inevitably arouse the hatred of conservative forces such as the Reform Movement.

(5) the problems of the church itself

When the governments of these countries invaded China, missionaries were naturally unpopular. Generally speaking, what China people can't accept most is that missionaries enter China under the protection of the invasion treaty. What is even more regrettable is that some foreign governments provoke disputes on the pretext of protecting missionaries. In fact, missionaries came to China with only one most important purpose, that is, to bring the love of Christ to the people of China. This is the only purpose of missionaries to actively preach the gospel, translate the Bible, run schools and hospitals to engage in social services. Unfortunately, China people still can't forgive missionaries. 1897 In the religious case in Cao Zhou, Shandong Province, it was the German Chancellor who ordered Catholic missionaries to set up a church in Cao Zhou, Shandong Province, which caused disturbances among villagers in China and killed two missionaries, making the German government threaten China. Missionaries are so pitifully used. In order to achieve the despicable goals of foreign governments,

Photo of the old boxer movement (14)

In order to consolidate their position and safeguard their own interests.

Some hooligans pretended to believe in the Lord and joined the church. The missionaries accepted them and baptized them because they didn't know the inside story. Later, these hooligans fought and made trouble, and they were protected by missionaries, which made China people very disgusted. Later, the missionaries understood that they were no longer willing to get sick, but they caused many misunderstandings among China people, which were difficult to eliminate. In addition, the quarrel between Christian missionaries and Catholic missionaries also had a very bad influence. In the eyes of China people, there is no difference between Christianity and Catholicism, which is really a bad witness.

6. The stimulation of nationalism.

During the period from 1860 to 1899, * * there were three high tides of rebellion: 48 in the 10th year of Guangxu (1884), 60 in the 21st year of Guangxu (1895) and 1898 in the 24th year of Guangxu. Mainly influenced by the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the division of power [3].

3 Motion process editing

Yang Fuqing

During the period of 1897, there was a conflict between villagers and churches in Liyuantun, guanxian, Shandong Province due to a land dispute left over from history. Meixian Meihua boxer went to help at the invitation of Yan, a villager. Later, Sanduo Zhao renamed Meihua Boxing the Boxer Rebellion. 1in June, 898, Zhang Rumei, the governor of Shandong Province, played in the imperial court, thinking that the Boxer Rebellion belonged to the township group and suggested "changing the Boxer Rebellion into a militia group". He also clearly pointed out that the Boxer Righteousness Boxing is the "Boxer Rebellion" and put forward the concept of "Boxer Rebellion" for the first time among honest officials. In June 5438+10, Sanduo Zhao and others erected the banner of "uprising" in Jiangjiazhuang, guanxian, which was suppressed by the Qing army and failed. The following year (1899), Shandong Pingyuan county magistrate suppressed the Boxer Rebellion, and Li Changshui, the leader of the local Boxer Rebellion, asked for support from Zhu, the leader of the Gaotang Boxer Rebellion. Zhu officially erected the banner of "The Boxer Rebellion in the World Prospers the Qing Dynasty and Destroys the Foreign Countries" in the neat team of Gangzi Lizhuang. On June 65438+1October 1 1 day, Jiang Kai led dozens of brave soldiers to suppress and was defeated by boxer. This incident was later called "Plain Uprising". Later, the Qing court sent Yuan Shidun and others to suppress and defeated the Boxer Rebellion in the Battle of Senluodian. Later, the Qing army guerrillas captured Zhu and Zhenshanmei, the leader of the Boxer Rebellion, and others alive. At that time, the governor of Shandong Province was Yu Xian, who hated foreign invaders and sympathized with the people's struggle against foreign religions. He dismissed Jiang Kai and Yuan Shidun. And take measures to suppress and caress the fighters, with the focus on caressing. It is said that Yuxian changed the Boxer Rebellion into the Boxer Rebellion, and also played the court to blame the church for the contradiction between the people and religion. His attitude was hostile to foreign countries, and under the negotiation of foreign powers, Yuxian was dismissed. However, Yuxian also suppressed the Boxer Rebellion. Before he left office, he ordered Zhu, Xincheng monk, Yu Qingshui and other Boxer Rebellion leaders to be executed. 1899 65438+ In February, Yuan Shikai succeeded Yuxian as the governor of Shandong [4].

Transfer to Zhili

From 65438 to 0899, Yuan Shikai was always hostile to the Boxer Rebellion after he became the governor of Shandong in Jinan. After he became the governor of Shandong Province, he strictly restricted the activities of the Boxer Rebellion, and began to brutally suppress the resurgent Boxer Rebellion from 65438 to 0900. After the unfavorable situation in Shandong, the Boxer began to transfer to Zhili and other places. The Qing government banned the Boxer Rebellion and sent several troops to participate in the suppression. 1900 May 12, a lesson plan happened in Gaoluo Village, Laishui County, and Yang Futong, who was practicing the military division, went to take a snapshot. On May 22nd, thousands of Boxers ambushed and killed Yang Futong in Shi Ting, which was called "Laishui Victory" in history. This dismissal from office greatly shocked the Qing court. Subsequently, on May 27th, 1900, about 30,000 Boxers along Lubao Railway in central Zhili occupied Zhuozhou City. Knowing that there was nothing to do, Gong Yinpei went on a hunger strike, which was the first city occupied and controlled by the Boxers. Later, the Qing government sent Nie Shicheng and others to participate in the suppression and fought the Boxer Rebellion many times. However, at this time, the Boxer Rebellion in Zhili area has already shown a situation of "excessive punishment".

The intervention of great powers

/kloc-in the winter of 0/899, buchs, an Anglican missionary, was killed in Feicheng, Shandong. Under the constant protests of western countries, Yuxian was ousted by the Qing court. Yuan Shikai, the new governor, led the Beiyang New Army to suppress the Shandong Boxer Rebellion. Yu Xian went to Beijing to meet Empress Dowager Cixi after leaving her job and proposed the Boxer Rebellion to her. Later, he was transferred to Shanxi Governor (later, he personally ordered the trapping and killing of 150 missionaries and their families. See Modern History of China by Zhonghua Book Company 1983 edition). 1898 Cixi, who completely controlled the imperial court after the coup, was very dissatisfied with the western opposition to her deposing Guangxu.

The statue of Nie Shicheng was built at the martyr's site in Nie Shicheng.

1900 65438+ in October, despite the protests of western diplomats, Cixi issued an imperial decree to safeguard the Boxer Rebellion. Youlu, the governor of Zhili, changed from exterminating the Boxer Rebellion to supporting the Boxer Rebellion. In addition to paying salaries to the group members, Yulu also invited the leaders of the Boxer Rebellion to come to Tianjin to open an altar to gather people. So the Boxers in Shandong poured into Zhili. From Tianjin to Zhuozhou and Baoding, the Boxer Rebellion went up to the altar everywhere to invite gods, burn churches, kill foreigners, kill the Qing army and destroy foreign objects such as railways and telephone poles. Zhuozhou magistrate was occupied by thirty thousand Boxers. Cixi sent military affairs ministers to assist university students' fortitude and Shuntian magistrate Zhao Shuqiao to visit Zhuozhou. As a result, he resolutely returned to Beijing and reported to Cixi that "the boxing people are loyal and the magic is complete". Duanjun Wangzhuang and the Boxer lord protector Lan fought against foreigners together.

1900 On May 28th, Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the British plenipotentiary, felt that the embassy area was in danger and asked for reinforcements from the 17 foreign warship moored near Dagu. 337 foreign sailors and marines landed on May 3 1, 1900, and arrived in Beijing by train that evening. Another 89 German-Austrian marines arrived in Beijing on June 3rd 1900.

1900 On June 9th, Cixi transferred the post-Wuwei army of Dong Fuxiang to the city and stationed it near the Temple of Heaven and the Xiannongtan. Many Dong Jun soldiers took part in the Boxer Movement.

1June, 900 10, Wang zaiyi, an army commander, was appointed as the foreign minister of the prime minister's office. At the same time, the Boxers began to enter Beijing in large numbers. At its peak, there were more than100000 boxers in Beijing. Since that day, foreign embassies in Beijing have been cut off from foreign contacts.

On June 1900, 1 1, Sugiyama Bin, secretary of the Japanese Embassy in China, was killed by Gan Jun, a soldier from A Qing who had just been transferred to Beijing, and was laparotomy. The embassy in Tianjin organized an alliance of 2,000 people led by Edward Seymour, commander of the British navy, to reinforce 1 1 embassies of several countries in Beijing by train. Because the railway was destroyed by the Boxer Rebellion, Seymour was blocked in Yangcun and Langfang outside Tianjin to fight against the Qing soldiers and the Boxer Rebellion, so he retreated to the city, which led to his first attempt to lift the siege of the legation by the Qing soldiers and the Boxer Rebellion. This war was regarded as a great victory against foreign enemies by the Qing government and the Boxer Rebellion, and it was named "Langfang Victory".

On June 1900, 13, the boxer entered the inner city. On the same day, the Yasili Church in Xiaoxiao Hutong, the Double Flag London Society (now outside the west entrance of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Street), the Bamiancao (Wangfujing) Catholic East Church, the dengshikou Parish, the American Evangelical Church at the west entrance of Dongsiwutiao, the Jiaokou Presbyterian Church and the Yaer Hutong Presbyterian Church in gulou west were also burned. 3,200 Catholics fled into the Catholic North Church (occupied by 42 French soldiers), and more than 2,000 Christians fled into the embassy district of Dongjiaominxiang. Boxers set fire to churches and everything related to the West in Beijing.

1on June 5, 900, the military department issued a decree to make Li Hongzhang, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Yuan Shikai, governor of Shandong Province, enter Beijing quickly.

On June 1900 and 16, about 1000 shops in Qianmen area were burned to ruins, and Zhengyangmen Building and 24 silver casting factories in Beijing were also burned. At the same time, the Boxer Rebellion destroyed the church and attacked the parishioners everywhere, and Zhuang's front yard was regarded as the execution ground for mass killings. In addition to killing parishioners, the Boxers even killed innocent people and falsely accused many citizens (including many women and children) of being burned to death for Anbalism. For example, according to the records of witnesses at that time, "villagers tend to go to the market, and more than 70 people learned about it; A plaything disguised as an actress's crown to serve children refers to the white lotus religion; I went to the punishment department for a night, but I didn't want it, so I cut the west market. There are women who live in peace at home, but they are also trapped in it, and their children are still holding it. " Some people were lynched, such as Zhuang Zaixun, who supported the Boxer Rebellion, and Chang Qingheng's family of 13, a friend of Duan Wang Zaiyi, were all killed in early July for revenge. The different factions of the Boxer Rebellion also fought each other. Boxers, imperial guards and Ganjun also wantonly raped and killed countless women. In addition to killing adultery, the Boxers and the Qing army also plundered and robbed businessmen and civilians, and publicly auctioned the stolen goods. The powerful families at that time were not spared. For example, the homes of Sun Jianai, a senior official, and Xu Tong, a college student, were looted, and Xu Tong, 80, was dragged out by the Boxer Rebellion. It was after the Empress Dowager Cixi of Japan held a command meeting that she issued an imperial edict and ordered the dissolution of the Boxer Rebellion.

On June 1900 and 17, the allied forces captured Dagukou Fort. Cixi got the news and got false information, thinking that she was sent back to Guangxu at the request of foreign countries. Cixi changed her attitude 180 degrees, and turned to support the Boxer Rebellion and wage war abroad. I have been resolute all my life, relying on foreigners, Xun, Lian, Lan and the Nine Magistrates. [5]

Declare war on foreign countries

Tianjin boxer

1900 On June 20th, the German ambassador to China, Cleaner, went to the Prime Minister's Office to ask for protection on behalf of all countries, and was ambushed by Qing soldiers on the way (as Cleaner had shot and killed the Boxer, this behavior was considered as revenge); The fuse of war.

On June 2 1900, the Qing government declared war on Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands and Austria in the name of Guangxu.

While declaring war on all countries, the Qing court also offered a reward for killing foreigners, stipulating that "killing a foreigner will be rewarded with fifty taels; 42 foreign women; Thirty-two foreign children. " Boxers and imperial troops surrounded the embassy in Beijing. The number of people besieged in the embassy area is about 3,000, of whom about 2,000 are China people seeking protection; There are 400 foreign male civilians, women 147 and 76 children. There are also 409 soldiers, sailors and marines, equipped with 3 machine guns and 4 small caliber guns. While countries are preparing to rescue the embassy by force, the embassy has built fortifications, and Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the British minister, is responsible for directing the resistance.

1On June 25th, 900, four brothers, Zaiyi, Zaixun, Zailian and Zaiying, who were in power in the Qing court, led more than 60 Boxers to Yingtai to assassinate Guangxu, but they were stopped by Empress Dowager Cixi.

National armies during the Boxer Rebellion (8)

Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.

Forbidden City Eight-Nation Alliance

This incident eventually turned into an international military conflict. Before the incident subsided, there were about 45,000 Japanese, American, Austro-Hungarian Empire, British (including British China Corps trained in Ahava), French, German, Italian and Russian Eight-Nation Alliance, as well as China troops fighting the Boxer Rebellion. 1900 The commander of the allied forces who marched into Beijing from July to August was Russian general Reinevich.

On July 1900, the allied forces occupied Tianjin; Yulu, governor of Zhili, committed suicide after the defeat.

1900 On July 28th, the ministers of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Xu Jingcheng and Chang Yuan were executed by the Qing court.

On August 4th, 1900, the allied forces advanced to Beijing, but they didn't encounter real stubborn resistance along the way. At that time, it was estimated that there were as many as 6.5438+0.5 million Qing soldiers and Boxers along the route, while the total number of allied troops was only over 30,000 at first (later increased). It was August, the climate was hot and humid, and the dense cornfields along the way formed a natural barrier, which added various difficulties to the March.

Kaiser Wilhelm II practiced for the German Chinese Expeditionary Force [6]

1900, 1 1 In August, the Qing court executed Lian Yuan, Shan Li and Xu Yongyi, the main ministers.

1900 in August 14 in the early morning, the allies came outside Beijing. After two days of fierce fighting, they gradually captured the gate of Beijing on June 15, and then fought with the Qing army in various parts of Beijing.

On the night of August 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance has basically occupied the whole city of Beijing. After the fall of Beijing, Cixi and the royal family immediately left in a hurry and fled to xi.

Eight-Nation Alliance entered the Forbidden City. In American historical records, the military action to relieve the crisis of the legation was called China's rescue expedition, while China called it Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China.

Japan Picture Book: G8 [6]

At Kaiser Wilhelm II's insistence, Wadesi? (Count Waldsey) was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces on August 7th. However, Worthy? The Germans arrived in China two months after the Allied invasion. They eagerly carried out the order issued by William II on July 2, 1900: "You know, you are facing a cunning, brave, well-equipped and cruel enemy. If you meet him, remember: don't sympathize with him and don't accept prisoners of war. You must fight bravely, so that China people will not dare to peep at the Germans after a thousand years. " Robbery everywhere and criticism. William II's speech is a memory of the Huns' invasion of Europe in the 5th century. Later, this passage was also borrowed by the British in World War I to belittle their German enemies.

In addition to attacking Peking with the allied forces, Russia also sent more than 200,000 people from the north and south roads to occupy the northeast of China. North Road Russian troops captured Qiqihar, the capital of Heilongjiang, in August and Jilin, the capital of Jilin, in September; South Road occupied Yingkou in August and Shenyang 5438+00 in June. Soon after, the two armies joined forces and occupied the whole northeast [7].

the southeast mutual protection

Before the Qing government declared war on foreign countries, Liu Kunyi, Governor of Liangjiang, Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Huguang,

The Boxer Rebellion was captured by the 6th Division of the US Army riding in Tianjin.

Li Hongzhang, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Sheng Xuanhuai, Minister of Railways, Yuan Shikai, Governor of Shandong, and Xu Yingxun, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, discussed how to preserve the stability of the southeast provinces and avoid the invasion of foreign powers. At the same time, I secretly calculated that if Beijing fell and something happened to the palace, Li Hongzhang would be the president's backing. After the Qing government declared war on eleven countries, Liu Kunyi, Zhang Zhidong, Li Hongzhang, Governor Xu Ying of Fujian and Zhejiang Province, Governor Wei Xiao of Sichuan Province and Governor Yuan Shikai of Shandong Province reached a local agreement with foreign countries, which was called Southeast Mutual Insurance. Under the threat of the Boxer Rebellion, they called the imperial edict a "rebellion" and disobeyed the orders of the southeast provinces to support the Boxer Rebellion.

On the way to Xi 'an, the Qing royal family ordered officers and men from all over the country to destroy the Boxer Rebellion. 1900 on September 7, the Qing court issued an imperial edict, saying that "at the beginning of this case, the Boxer Rebellion was indeed the cause of the trouble. Now if you want to unplug the source of this competition, you must add pain and eradicate it. " The combination of Chinese and foreign forces led to the failure of the boxer movement. At the same time, the Qing government sent Qing princes Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang as plenipotentiaries to negotiate peace with other countries.

Residual resistance

When Cixi fled, she made an imperial edict, putting the responsibility of the war on the head of the Boxer Rebellion and ordering the Qing army to destroy it. The rapid development of the Boxer Rebellion partly benefited from the support of the Qing court. After the attitude of the Qing court changed, many Boxer organizations quickly died out. However, some boxers persisted in resisting. Liu

Boxers arrested by the Qing court to patrol shops.

He led the Boxer Rebellion in the suburbs of Tianjin. Zhou Laokun, the leader of the Boxer Rebellion in Baoding, led his troops to fight in mountainous areas, and Guo Fengchun, the leader of the Boxer Rebellion, fought against invading troops and loyalists in Guangchang. The invading army was resisted by the local people in many other areas of North China and had to split up and suppress it.

Yihetuan

During the Boxer Rebellion, large-scale massacres targeting foreigners and even Christians in China occurred in all provinces of China, mainly in Zhili and Shanxi in North China, as well as Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. Most of the following figures of casualties and deaths are based on the statistics of church members, and China officials have no official historical data to confirm them:

According to statistics, in the summer of 1900, * * 24 1 foreigners (53 Catholic missionaries, 65,438 Protestant missionaries and their children * *+088, including 53 children) and more than 20,000 China Christians (65,438 Catholics+08,000 Protestants) were killed.

In Shanxi, it is said that more than 5,700 China Catholics and thousands of Protestants were killed in the whole province, among which the mainland church was the largest, and others included the Congregational Church and the British Baptist Church. 1900 On July 9th, in front of the yamen of Taiyuan Governor's Office, Governor Yuxian killed 12 Catholic Franciscan missionaries (Italian bishops Ai Shijie and Fugela, two priests and monks, seven nuns), and 34 Protestant missionaries and their families' children (belonging to British Baptist Church and Shouyang Society, including children/kloc- Shanxi is the province where peaceful residents kill foreigners the most.

In Inner Mongolia, in July of 1900 and 19, the Qing cavalry occupied 24 hectares of land where the Bishop's Cathedral in southwest Mongolia was located, and a large number of Catholics in the village were killed. Bishop Ferdinand Hamer, a Belgian, was "hand in hand, glued to a bamboo pole" and then "put an iron rope through his shoulder blades and imprisoned in a cage" and paraded through the streets. 19. In the eastern diocese of Mongolia, the priest was buried alive in Luanping County. Most parishes in central Mongolia (more than 3,200 people) were killed, and only more than 5,000 parishioners took refuge in the Episcopal Church in Xiwanzi (Chongli, Hebei).

In Zhili (Hebei), with the support of Governor Yulu and Qian Tingyong, the Boxers spread all over the county. A large number of Catholics in this province (still the province with the largest concentration of Catholics in China) suddenly faced the threat of death and built forts in villages where Catholics gathered everywhere. On July 20th, the Qing army led by Chen invaded Zhujiahe village in Jingzhou, and more than 3,000 Catholics and two priests gathered in the village, regardless of gender, age and age, massacred them, which was the largest one-time death toll in 1900. Of the 50,575 followers in Zhujiahe, 5 153 died, and only the Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral in Zhangzhuang, xian county survived. 9000 Catholics gathered in Donglu village near Baoding to take refuge here. Because it repelled the attack of 40,000 Boxers, it became the famous pilgrimage site of Notre Dame in the north and the most concentrated village of Catholics in China after the war.

Catholics in Fengtian (Liaoning) were killed 1400, including bishop 1 0 and priest 10.

In Qutai, Zhejiang, there was also a massacre. Bishops and priests were also killed in Hengzhou, Hunan Province and Shaanxi Province. In Shandong and Henan, 78% of churches were destroyed.

G-8 atrocities

During Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, the German, Russian and French armies committed such inhuman atrocities as indiscriminate killing, rape, robbery and arson.

In Beijing, priests headed by alphonse faville publicly issued a "notice" ordering Catholics to rob, stipulating that those who robbed less than 50 silver coins did not have to turn them in; More than fifty taels of silver should be concentrated and evenly distributed. From August to August, 65438, Christians robbed for eight consecutive days. The French media once published the statement of returning soldiers: "We drove from Beitang to the palace, and the monks followed us ... They encouraged us to slaughter and rob ... We robbed for the priest. We were ordered to do whatever we wanted in the city for three days, kill if we wanted, and take whatever we wanted. In fact, we robbed for eight days. The priest is our guide. As soon as we entered the house, we took whatever we wanted. We arrested the shopkeeper as a servant, and the priests carried the stolen things to the North Hall ... ".

According to an article by American writer Mark Twain, American Christian missionary William Amon killed 680 innocent farmers in China under the slogan of "answer blows with blows" in Renqiu County, Hebei Province.