In the first half of the 7th century, under the rule of Kurt (that is, Koubourath, who reigned from 605 to 665), Baurgard people established a unified and powerful Baurgard khanate. Byzantines call it "Greater Bulgaria", which is located in the area north of Kuban River. After Kurt's death, the Burghar khanate was divided. Most Baurgard tribes migrated westward to Pannonia, and even reached Italy. A Baurgard tribe led by baruch (about 644-700) crossed the Danube River and settled in the Gat area of Byzantine Dobro. In the struggle against Byzantium, the Bulgarians allied themselves with the local Slavs. In 679, the allied forces defeated Byzantium under the command of baruch, occupied the territory between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains, and connected it with the existing territory in the north, namely, Wallachia, Moldavia and Bissalabia. In 68 1 year, the warring parties concluded a peace treaty, and Byzantium recognized Bulgaria as an independent country, with Plisca as its capital. This is the first Bulgarian kingdom in history. This is a country jointly established by bogart and Slavs. The two ethnic groups gradually merged in the long-term life. Baurgard people changed from nomadic to settled, accepted Slavic culture and living habits, and adopted Slavic language. The name of the country is still "Bulgaria", but it has actually become a Slavic country.
When the feudal system was established in the eighth century, Bulgaria was in the process of feudalism, and domestic class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were quite sharp. In the relationship with Byzantium, there are gains and losses in wartime and wartime. In 792, the Bulgarians defeated the Byzantine army led by Grand Duke Calda Mi; Taking advantage of the chaos of the struggle between the two factions of the Byzantine Empire because of the destruction of icons, it laid the foundation for Bulgaria's further development and expansion. During the reign of Grand Duke Cramer (808-8 14), the country became strong and its territory expanded greatly. Krum himself may have been born in Baurgard, Pannonia. He is brave and fearless, and he is awesome in all directions. He once defeated the Avar.
After 100 years of development, Bulgaria's agricultural economy has played an increasingly important role in society, and feudal relations have also developed. With the development of social economy, subtle changes have taken place in krum's policies. Dagong tried to belittle the nobles in Baurgard and raise the social status of Slavic nobles. The power of the Grand Duke is constantly strengthened with the support of the emerging nobles. In 809, krum captured Sardica (later Sofia), an important town in northern Byzantium. A four-year war broke out between the two countries (809-8 13). Byzantine troops attacked the Bulgarian capital Plisca twice in 809 and 8 1 1. 8 1 1 year, krum defeated the Byzantine army in the mountainous area, and Emperor Nikki Foros died. In August12, Bao Jun captured the fortress of Mei Sen Bria on the west bank of the Black Sea, continued to push south, and reached the gate of Constantinople, plundering the fortresses of Thrace and Adriatic Sea. Bulgaria has risen in the Balkans, and its territory includes not only most of Bulgaria today, but also parts of Romania and Hungary today.
During the reign of krum's son O'More Tower (8 14-83 1), Bulgaria's expansion to the south was curbed, and Byzantium finally defeated the Bulgarians, recaptured Mysenbria and Fort Adria, and forced the Bulgarians to withdraw from northern Byzantium. In August17, the two sides concluded a 30-year peace treaty and built an earthen wall on the border of Thrace to prevent Baojian Army from attacking. Bulgaria began to establish its new capital, Grand Preslav, in the south of Prisca (82 1). After the two sides made peace, Bulgaria's expansion turned to Croatia, Pannonia and Serbia. In the middle of the 9th century, Archduke Boris (852-888) declared the Greek Orthodox Church as the state religion (865). Some big noble rebelled against Dagong's religious policies, but they were suppressed by Dagong. In 885, after Cyril and Meadow, the Orthodox authorities sent Greek missionaries to Bulgaria to preach and worship in Slavic.
The 9th century witnessed the rapid development of Bulgarian feudal relations. Princes, nobles and churches became feudal landlords, and many farmers lost their land and were in a state of dependence and semi-dependence. In the process of the formation of feudal relations, it directly affects the conflicts of interests between feudal nobles and farmers, and between old and new nobles. This kind of conflict often puts on the cloak of religion. The aristocrats rebelled against Boris in the name of restoring paganism; The aristocratic groups opposed to Vladimir (the son of Boris) are still doing the same thing, calling for the restoration of pagan beliefs and setting off another rebellion. Boris came back from the retired convent and soon put down the aristocratic rebellion. The fierce struggle in Bulgaria in the 9th century is the concentrated expression of class contradiction and the contradiction between old and new forces in the process of feudalism. The suppression of repeated rebellions made Bulgaria's feudal relations develop continuously. By Simon I (893-927), the feudal system was basically established and the national situation reached its peak.
Simon, who was very powerful in the 10 century, was also the son of Boris. I have been educated in Greek culture in Constantinople since I was a child. Like classical learning, reward translation of ancient books. The capital, Grand Preslav and Ximen Palace, are resplendent and magnificent, reflecting the influence of Greek culture. Cultural compatibility with Greece and political confrontation with Greece are the characteristics of Simon's policy. During Simon's reign, he fought many wars with Byzantium for the right to trade and the right to inherit the throne. Shortly after Simon ascended the throne, a war broke out with Byzantium in 894, and the Greeks were defeated. Byzantine Emperor Leo VI colluded with magyars in the Prut Valley and instigated them to attack Bissalabia from the north, leaving Bulgaria between Scylla and Charybdis. But Simon defeated magyars and the Greeks successively, and in 897 forced Byzantium to make peace, and the emperor was forced to pay tribute.
Byzantine emperor Leo VI died in 9 12, and civil strife occurred due to the succession to the throne. When Leo was alive, his son Constantine was appointed emperor of the same dynasty (9 1 1), but after Leo's death, his younger brother Alexander succeeded to the throne and died the following year. At that time, seven-year-old Constantine was the heir of the Great Unity, called Constantine VII, and was regent by Archbishop Nicholas. Simon, the Grand Duke of Bulgaria, claimed to be the Emperor of Rome. In 9 13, he marched into Constantinople in an attempt to seize the throne. In order to appease Simon, Regent Nicholas decided to marry Simon's daughter as the queen. The promise of marriage brought Simon's withdrawal. Many people in the imperial court thought that this kind of promise was tantamount to betraying the country and leading to a palace coup. Mother Zoya seized the power of the Regent, which frustrated Simon's plan. In 9 14, Simon attacked Byzantium again, invading Macedonia, Thessaly and Albania. In 9 17, when Simon was about to defeat Byzantium in Luce, Anchia, the Petregos invaded Wallachia at the instigation of the Greeks, which made the war last for many years. In 9 19, Romanu Lycra penas, commander of the Byzantine navy, married his daughter to the little emperor Constantine; The following year, he proclaimed himself emperor and ruled with Constantine. Later, Romanu sent the Queen Mother Regent to the learning center, leaving Constantine in a helpless situation. After 9 19, Simon stepped up his attack by taking advantage of the internal disputes in the Byzantine court. During the five years from 9 19 to 924, he visited Hellers and Constantinople four times, but failed to capture the capital due to the lack of navy. In 924, Simon approached Constantinople again and met with Emperor Romanu. The two sides decided to conclude a peace treaty. In 925, Simon called himself "Emperor of Rome and Bulgaria". Despite Byzantine protests, the Pope admitted it. Then Simon set up an archbishop in the capital, Pleslav, to replace the religious status of Constantinople.
The Spread of Bogamel School Bulgaria is the birthplace of the Christian heresy Bogamel School. Bogomili, an ancient Slavic language, means "one who loves God". This school began to appear in Bulgaria in the first half of 10 century, and spread to Serbia and Byzantium in the early part of10/0 century. Believers are mainly farmers. Influenced by the popular Paul school in Byzantium, it advocates the dualism that God gave birth to two sons, namely Jesus Christ and Satan. Christ is the representative of good and Satan is the embodiment of evil. Good and evil often struggle, and the power of good will eventually destroy evil forces. Oppression and violence are the products of evil. They believe that the tangible material world is created by Satan, so they oppose the privilege and exploitation of the church and advocate the confiscation of church property to the public and the abolition of the religious hierarchy system. Therefore, this school denies the doctrine of incarnation in doctrine, and the God who opposes Christianity gives kindness to people through material things. They also opposed baptism, Eucharist and the whole establishment of Orthodox Church. In terms of social ethics, it also adheres to the dualist view. They oppose all activities that bring people into contact with material things, especially marriage and wine and meat.
Bohemians put forward the slogan of eliminating all oppression. Therefore, most of the anti-feudal struggles of Bulgarian farmers are gathered under the banner of Bogomo people. Bohemian movement is a people's movement against feudal oppression under the cloak of religion. Bohemians called on the people to actively resist the oppressors, destroy the system of oppression and exploitation, and restore the universal equality of early Christian communes. Obviously, these ideas fully meet the requirements of farmers, so they spread quickly and formed a massive people's movement. /kloc-a priest in the 0/0 century said: "They taught disciples to refuse to obey the regime, condemn the rich, hate the emperor, curse the elders and accuse the lords, and think that those who work hard for the emperor are despicable; They taught all kinds of slaves not to work for their masters. " The Bohemian Movement disturbed the ruling group in Bulgaria, framed the Bohemians as heresies, tortured them, burned them at the stake, and colluded with Byzantium to suppress them. But the Bohemian movement has not been eliminated. Many people fled abroad to spread their teachings and opinions. It spread to western Europe and became the pioneer of Albee's heresy.
I. The demise of the Kingdom of Bulgaria With the establishment of the feudal system, the power of local feudal lords was greatly strengthened. During the reign of Peter, son of Simon (927-969), domestic troubles and foreign invasion followed. The conflict between nobles led to the separatist regime; The peasant anti-feudal struggle in the form of Bogmer's heresy spread rapidly in China; The invasion of magyars and Petrenger directly threatened the survival of the country. Peter is a devout Christian. After he married the granddaughter of Byzantine emperor Romanu, he maintained a peaceful relationship with Byzantium for a certain period of time to cope with internal division and the invasion of external nomads. In 967, Sviatoslav, Grand Duke of Ross, invaded Bulgaria at the request of the Byzantine emperor. Royalist Peter incited Petraeus to attack Kiev, the Russian capital, in 968, forcing Sviatoslav to withdraw its troops from Bulgaria immediately. After defeating Petraeus, Archduke Ross invaded Bulgaria for the second time in 969, captured its capital, Pleslav, and captured the royalist Boris II (969-972) and his family. The Russians tried to occupy Bulgaria for a long time. The Greeks were shocked, and the Byzantine emperor Nikki Foros quickly made peace with the Bulgarians and turned to fight the Russians. Byzantine troops defeated the Russians in Arcadiapolis (970). In 97 1 year, emperor John zimis led the army to advance by land and sea and attacked the Russians. They took Pleslav from Sviatoslav, destroyed it, and then surrounded him in Deristov; Sviatoslav was defeated and wounded, and was forced to accept the conclusion of a peace treaty on the condition of abandoning Bulgaria. After Ross retreated, all the land in the Danube valley was owned by Byzantium. The royalist Boris II was forced to abdicate and the archbishop was abolished. Bulgaria, as an independent country, has actually perished.
The western part of Bulgaria, which was not occupied by Byzantium, still exists as a state of Bulgaria. Samuel, the son of a governor in the west, became king himself (976- 10 14). With Ohrid as the center, gradually expand the territory to Sofia and rebuild the archdiocese. By the end of 10, Bulgaria's power had expanded to Tessali and Dulles, and both ends reached the seaside. Byzantine Emperor Vasily II (963- 1025) launched several large-scale attacks on Bulgaria in 996-10/4. 10 14 years, the two sides fought in Starr, Balashi, and the Baojun army was defeated. 14000 officers and men were captured. Basire ordered the eyes of prisoners of war to be gouged out, and only one person was allowed to keep one eye in every 100 people, so as to guide the blind officers and men to return to Bulgaria. Basire was therefore awarded the title of "Bulgarian Executioner". 10 18. The whole territory of Bulgaria was occupied by Byzantium, and the first Bulgarian kingdom was completely destroyed.
Second, the rise and fall of the Kingdom of Bulgaria. After the death of the first Bulgarian kingdom, its territory was ruled by Byzantium for nearly 170 years. The Byzantine ruling group brutally exploited and oppressed the Bulgarians and forced the assimilation policy. Bulgarians are constantly fighting for national independence and freedom. Bohemians played an important role in this struggle. 1 185, the dinova people in northeast Bulgaria, under the leadership of their noble brothers Ivan Asen and Peter Asen, launched a large-scale uprising against Byzantine rule. They defeated the Byzantine garrison. 1 187, the Byzantine government was forced to recognize Bulgaria's independence as the second Bulgarian kingdom (or post-Bulgarian kingdom), with its capital in Pleslav and then moved to Nova.
/kloc-in the third century, Bulgaria's feudal economy developed rapidly. The number of cities as handicraft and commercial centers has increased, with a total of about 70. Trade with Byzantium, Italy, Poland, Russia and other countries has also developed. During the period of King Ivan Asen II (1218-1241), the national strength was the strongest and the territory was the widest. It first defeated the Latin Empire, occupied Macedonia, Thrace and northern Albania, and reached the sea from east to west. After the death of Arsene II, the situation in the country gradually declined. 1242 was invaded by Mongolian army again. The Assen dynasty was overthrown in 1258. 1277 to 1280, the Ivalo uprising broke out. The rebel army destroyed the noble manor and occupied the landlord's land, which was of great prestige. The government troops who suppressed the uprising were defeated and the king was killed. The rebels hailed Ivalo as king. 1278 occupied the capital, dinova. Some nobles took the opportunity to join the uprising team, so that Ivalo married the former king and queen. The uprising ranks are dividing and contradictions are intensifying. 1February 279, Byzantium captured Dinova. 1280, the rebel army failed, and Ivalo fled to Nahai (also known as Nogai) Khan, where Xuan was killed by the Mongols. The peasant uprising failed and feudalism continued. 1330, Bulgaria became a vassal state of Serbia. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/4th century, Bulgaria was divided into several small countries, such as Brogat, Vitin and Nova, which were all annexed by the Ottoman Empire around 1396, and the second Bulgarian kingdom perished. It has existed for about 2 10 years (1187-1396).
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