In order to eliminate the threat of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Emperor, launched the Northern Expedition many times. Finally, he was defeated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the "Battle of Fishing Children in the Sea" in the 21st year of Hongwu (1388), and his son Tianbao Nu and Prime Minister Liemen were killed. This battle caused the reputation of the Golden Family to be greatly damaged, and it began to gradually lose its rule over Mongolian ministries.
Since then, although Mongolia has been divided into Tatar and Wala, and the influence of the gold family has been squeezed out, the appeal of the gold family still exists, and its position as the actual ruler of Mongolia remains unshakable in the short term. Although the Tatar's power is in the hands of Grand Priest Arutai, he still has to regard Boljijin Benyalili, a descendant of the golden family, as Khan.
After Ming Taizu acceded to the throne in Yongle, the contradiction between him and the Tatar Mongols intensified again, so Judy made five personal expeditions to Mobei from the eighth year of Yongle (14 10), and the Tatar's power was greatly damaged. During the reign of Ren Xuan, the Ming Dynasty began to turn to strategic defense due to the loss of national strength for years, and Valla took this opportunity to start to rise rapidly.
In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), Taishiwala invaded the south, creating a "change of civil castles". The Ming army was defeated and Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen was captured, which directly led to a major crisis since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Fortunately, at this time, Daming's national strength was strong, and the Ming Dynasty responded properly, defeating Valla in the subsequent defense of Beijing.
It should be noted that although Vala's power is in the hands of Taishiye, it still depends on the descendants of the gold family. It is precisely because of the intensification of the contradiction between taking off flowers and not taking off flowers after the defending war in Beijing that people without gold family blood first overstepped their authority and sweated independently, which led to the Mongolian tribe that had surrendered to him rebelling again. The first person himself was killed in Jingtai four years (1453) and Varah was divided into four parts.
As mentioned above, although the influence of the gold family is declining in both Vara and Tatar, its appeal in Mongolian tribes still exists, so that the Tatar guru Arutai and Vara's guru must take the descendants of the gold family as orthodoxy.
Dayan Khan once revived Mongolia briefly, and then fell into chaos after his death. After the decline of Vala, Mongolian grassland fell into chaos again, and the descendants of the golden family rose again in the civil strife. In the third year of Chenghua (1467), Borzijit Mandulu, the 27th descendant of Genghis Khan, died in battle, and his son Batu Munk, with the support of Hessian full of the sound Kerton, inherited the Khan position in the sixth year of Chenghua (1470) and was honored as Dayan Khan.
Dayanhan
With the support of Hessian full of the sound, Dayan Khan quickly consolidated his dominant position, and completely drove the Walla forces out of central Mongolia through war. In the 37 years of Dayan Khan's reign, he successively conquered Ismain, Huoshai and Ibra, and made the golden family rule the central and eastern grasslands again. Coupled with a series of fruitful reforms, Mongolia was revived briefly.
However, after the death of Dayan Khan, although his descendants were able to successfully inherit Khan's post, the rule of Mongolian ministries began to decline rapidly, so that his Khan power could only be concentrated in Mongolian tribes such as Chahar, while other Mongolian ministries were actually in a semi-independent state.
On the occasion of the split and integration of various parts of Mongolia, due to the failure of the Ming Dynasty to govern Liaodong, the Jurchen of Liaodong began to rise gradually under the leadership of Nurhachi from the fourth year of Qin Long (1570), and quickly realized the unification of various parts of Jurchen. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (16 16), the late Jin regime was established, and this later regime,
After the rulers divided the Mongolian tribes, after the death of Lidan Khan, his son presented a seal and surrendered. After the establishment of the rulers' regime, although Nurhachi defeated the Ming army in Liaodong battlefield, it was always difficult to expand his influence into the pass. After Nurhachi's death, Huang Taiji acceded to the throne. Seeing that he could not enter the customs in a short time, Huang Taiji adjusted his strategic focus to the east and west ends, and at the same time forced North Korea to submit by force to divide and win over East Mongolia.
With the efforts of Huang taiji, Houjin formed an alliance with Horqin and Zalute successively. At that time, as a Mongolian Khan, Lidan Khan naturally saw the ambition of the late Jin Dynasty, so he sent troops to recapture the right-wing Ordos, Harqin, Tumote and other departments, and formed an alliance with Gurkha to curb the expansion of the late Jin Dynasty.
In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Subutai in Wuliangha, Dalaitaiji in Harqin, Tumote and Bushtutan, Erqin Jilong in Ordos, Yongxiebu, Asuti, Abaga, Halka, etc. Openly formed an alliance against Li Dan Khan, and killed more than 40,000 elite of Li Dan Khan in the Battle of Hohhot, which led to a great increase in the strength of Mongolian Khan.
Later, in order to avoid Li Dan Khan's revenge, Tumote, Harqin, Wuliangha and other departments simply took refuge in Houjin, which led to Li Dan Khan's isolation. After Huang Taiji and the eastern Mongolian ministries fought Li Dan Khan for many times, Li Dan Khan was forced to withdraw from the Xilamulun River basin and moved to Guihua City (now Hohhot) to stick to it.
In April of the fifth year of Chongzhen (1632), Huang taiji once again called the allied forces to move westward. Knowing that he was defeated, Li Dan Khan had to lead more than 100,000 people and livestock across the river to escape, and finally fled to Qinghai. Two years later, he died in the grass beach. In the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), Dourgen, Yue Tuo and others led an army to pursue Li Dan Khan's surplus, and Borzijigiter Kongolo, the son of Li Dan Khan, had to surrender by imperial edict, thus bringing South Mongolia into the territory of the late Jin Dynasty. The Mongolian Khan was completely cut off and the Yuan Dynasty was completely destroyed.
As mentioned above, from the establishment of the Ming Dynasty to the surrender of the last Khan Zhezhe, the rule of the Yuan Dynasty actually lasted for more than 200 years, which was always a great disaster in the northern part of the Ming Dynasty. After E Zhe surrendered, he was not only made a prince by Huang Taiji, but also married his daughter Makatagege to E Zhe. During the reign of Kangxi, Bourny, the grandson of Lidan Khan, and dispatched troops to fight the Qing Dynasty, but later failed, and the remnants of the Northern Yuan Dynasty were destroyed.
After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty lost its orthodox position, and Yuan Shundi and other remnants fled to the Mongolian grassland, so the Yuan Dynasty was really finished. It was only in the Ming Dynasty that the Mongolian problem in Mongolian grassland was not completely solved. The so-called Northern Yuan regime existed in Mongolian grassland, and it was not destroyed by Huang Taiji until 1635. It was not until the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty that the Mongolian grassland area was thoroughly and effectively managed.
During the prosperous period of the Ming Dynasty, it effectively managed the Northeast, captured Yunnan and Annan (now Vietnam), took over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and suppressed the remnants of Mongolian grasslands, so the Ming Dynasty was a unified regime.
Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of Ming Dynasty, and Judy, Ming Taizu, both wanted to completely eliminate the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty. They sent troops to Mongolian grasslands several times, which dealt a heavy blow to the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, but they were never completely eliminated. Yuan Shundi Department was completed under the attack of Ming generals Xu Da, Li Wenzhong, Sheng Feng, Fu Youde, Aquamarine and Judy, as well as the struggle for power and profit among Mongols. However, the Mongolian regime still exists intermittently, and even defeated the Ming army in the battle of Civil Fort, captured Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen alive, and led the Mongolian army to fight at the gates of Beijing for the first time, thanks to the defeat of the Mongolian army by Yu Qian and others. During the reign of Dahan, my relationship with the Ming Dynasty was restored and improved.
After the rise of Jin Manchu in Northeast China, Huang Taiji defeated Mongolia's Ridan Khan and Ridan Khan Western Sahara during his reign and died of smallpox. 1635 Li Dan Khan's wife and son surrendered to Huang taiji and handed over the imperial seal. Li Dan Khan's grandson rebelled in the Qing Dynasty and was wiped out. It was during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty that the Mongolian problem of Mongolian grassland was completely solved, and General Wuliyatai was appointed to manage the Mongolian grassland Mobei, that is, the outer Mongolia area.
Generally speaking, the Ming Dynasty did not completely solve the Mongolian problem of Mongolian grassland. From the Ming Dynasty itself, the strategy of "protecting the country without marriage and pay" is very backbone, and sometimes it is deadlocked and lacks flexibility. Zhu Yuanzhang and Judy advocated solving the Mongolian problem by force, but they did not completely solve it. Except Zhu Yuanzhang and Judy, other emperors of the Ming Dynasty seemed to lack great talent and effective management methods for Mongolian grasslands. From the Yuan Dynasty, Temujin Genghis Khan and his descendants established a powerful Mongolian empire. The Yuan Dynasty was the suzerain country, which was overthrown by the Han people in the Ming Dynasty. Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty on 127 1, destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty on 1279 and was overthrown on 1368. The Yuan Dynasty was overthrown, but the Golden Account Khanate established by Temujin's son Shu Chi and grandson Badou and the Mongolian forces in Central Asia are still very strong. Mongolian grassland Mongolians still have some influence, and the influence of Genghis Khan's golden family is still there. All these increased the resistance of the Ming Dynasty to solve the Mongolian problems in Mongolian grasslands.
After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty did not perish immediately. It can even be said that the sequelae of the Yuan Dynasty still exist.
After Zhu Yuanzhang made Nanjing his capital, he drove all the Yuan Shundi and Mongolian troops out of the Central Plains. However, Yuan Shundi and Kyle Polo family, descendants of Mongolian Temujin, did not perish. They just withdrew from the Central Plains, fell from the position of the Chinese emperor, and became the grassland separatist forces of "Northern Yuan", just like Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang clique retreated to Taiwan Province Province as an island owner.
Because the name "Beiyuan" was still being used at that time, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Xu Da and Aquamarine to the Northern Expedition, which dealt a heavy blow to the Mongolian forces in Beiyuan. In the end, Mongolia had to admit cowardice and cancel the title of "Beiyuan".
Later, Mongolia split and became two major forces, Vara and Tatar, but they were still very powerful. After all, it's only a hundred years since Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan, and it won't go out all at once. Moreover, even if they are driven out of the Central Plains, they still have the strength to threaten Russia and explore the Western Regions and the Middle East.
Therefore, Mongolia at this time is not nominally the Yuan Dynasty, but they are still the successors of the Yuan Dynasty. Their state machinery and family power were all inherited from the Yuan Dynasty. Vala's golden blood is actually a direct descendant of Genghis Khan, but it gradually declined and was replaced by collateral.
Mongolia has always been the biggest enemy of the Ming Dynasty. By the Ming dynasty, it had been fighting Mongolia for 200 years, constantly consuming Mongolia's manpower, financial resources, cohesion and combat effectiveness. In the end, Mongolia was completely defeated by the Ming Dynasty without central cohesion and split into feuding tribes. The Ming Dynasty was also the last generation. In this way, for the latter, it is a big bargain.
In this sense, the conquest of Mongolia by the Qing Dynasty was actually the successor of the consumption of Mongolia by the Ming Dynasty for a hundred years. Just like a man, it took him several days to cut down a tree. He cut hundreds of axes, the trees were in full bloom, and the trunks and stumps were more and more connected. As a result, he died, and a new man continued to cut. As a result, several axes were successfully cut.
In the Ming dynasty, the old trees were cut, in the Qing dynasty, the new trees were cut, and the cut trees were Mongolia. Therefore, on the issue of Mongolia, the predecessors of the Ming Dynasty planted trees, while the descendants of the Qing Dynasty enjoyed the cool.
That is to say, in the Qing Dynasty, the forces left over by the Yuan Dynasty were completely eliminated, and in the late Qing Dynasty, Mongolia began to rise again.
Therefore, to say that the Yuan Dynasty was finished, we can only say that it was really finished in name. But strictly speaking, it doesn't count, because later Mongolia was still the official machine left by the Yuan Dynasty, the army left by the Yuan Dynasty, the khanate left by the Yuan Dynasty, and the golden aristocracy left by the Yuan Dynasty. In short, history and society are like this, not black and white, either one or the other, and there is such a gray middle zone.
Make sure it's really over. If it's over, go back early and overthrow the Ming Dynasty!
Yuan Shundi of Yuan Dynasty returned to grassland with imperial edict and a full set of troops, which was called "Northern Yuan" in history. It was not until the late Jin Dourgen surrendered to Li Dan Khan and withdrew the imperial edict that the Yuan Dynasty perished.
Drive away!
In the pre-Qin period of the ancient Xia, Shang, Zhou, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, the production and life of agricultural society and its social civilization were just in the primary stage of development, and the primitive living state of primitive tribes changed from gathering, hunting and migration to reclaiming land and settling down by agricultural production and life. The initial state of early agricultural society was Datong society. The well-off society in Datong has a small population, small and extremely scattered cultivated land, and primitive and simple social management. The so-called small country and few people, the voices of chickens and dogs in various settlements are not related to each other. Since ancient times, farmers in rural areas of China have been going to bed early and getting up early. They have been working endlessly all day, growing grain, growing vegetables, cooking, raising cattle, raising pigs, raising chickens and dogs, and they have never stopped worrying about things at home and abroad. They are busy all their lives every day, generation after generation, that is, today's rural farmers in China have modern pesticides and fertilizers, modern water conservancy projects, modern agricultural machinery, modern herbicides, and so on. Aren't farmers just like ancient farmers, handed down from generation to generation? Therefore, since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the territory of China has been confined to the agricultural area of the Yellow River Basin in the Central Plains, and the agricultural area in the Sui and Tang Dynasties has been extended to the southeast Yangtze River Basin. By the time the developed center of China's agricultural economy moved from the Yellow River valley to the Yangtze River valley in the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, the whole territory of China was limited to the agricultural areas in the Central Plains and the south of the Yangtze River. China's territory occupies one-third of the agricultural land rights, while two-thirds of the areas, namely Baishan Heishui in the northeast, are fishing and hunting ethnic groups, and the Mongolian Plateau is a nomadic ethnic group. Xinjiang, which accounts for one-sixth of the country, is an oasis agriculture dominated by animal husbandry, while Ningxia and Gansu are semi-pastoral and semi-agricultural. Qinghai and Tibet, west of Sichuan Plain, are inhabited by non-agricultural ethnic minorities, and 90% of China's population is concentrated in agricultural areas. When did the territory of China expand from the two agricultural areas in the north and south of the Central Plains to the non-agricultural cultivated land of ethnic minorities? Not the Qin and Han Dynasties, nor the Sui and Tang Dynasties, nor the Northern Song and Southern Song Dynasties, but Kublai Khan, who founded the Yuan Dynasty. After Kublai Khan destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, which was located in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River in China, he established the centralized and unified Yuan Dynasty in China for the first time, which expanded the territory of the Chinese empire from the traditional agricultural areas in the north and south of the Central Plains to the vast non-agricultural areas for the first time. Let the imperial territory after the Qin and Han Dynasties expand from the Central Plains farming area to fishing and hunting nomads, Tibetans of all ethnic groups in Central Asia, and the vast number of non-traditional farming ethnic groups and Chinese farming areas. People and land are the support of generations of production and life, and they all belong to the Chinese Empire and the Central Plains Dynasty. Farming people, fishing and hunting nomads and ethnic minorities in the Central Plains are all closely related to each other, and they are the same body of the social destiny of China. China people were really saddened by the demise of Kublai Khan in the Southern Song Dynasty, but the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty gave China a vast non-agricultural territory and a large number of non-Han ethnic minorities in China, although the population was small. Do you think this historical fact can't be admitted? Zhu Yuanzhang denied it, nor did the Ming Dynasty, which overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and drove Yuan Shundi out of China's Central Plains farming area. This is the old slogan of expelling the Tatars, restoring the concept of Chinese China's traditional civilization and culture, and expelling and eliminating all ethnic groups except the farming ethnic groups from the farming areas in the Central Plains. The territory that the Ming Dynasty wanted to restore was limited to the traditionally inherited farming areas in China. In order to defend and protect the land of farming homes in the Central Plains, the emperor guarded the border. Judy, whose capital is Beijing, came to the Great Wall with his army to fight against many non-Han ethnic minorities in non-Central Plains farming areas. The ethnic minorities in non-Central Plains farming areas are all aliens, barbarians and not orthodox China people. Except the Central Plains farming areas, they are all barbaric areas, which must be separated from the Central Plains farming areas in China. They either fight to the death, or fight to the death if they can't finish, or split up or surrender. Since the Ming Dynasty expelled the Tatars and restored the inheritance of Chinese thought, some people have questioned: Is it true that Yuan Shundi fled to Mongolia to establish the Northern Yuan? The answer is obvious. From the perspective of Zhu Yuanzhang and Judy, Kublai Khan and Yuan Shundi were non-Han emperors, denying that the Yuan Dynasty was an orthodox Chinese empire, and that the Mongols were non-China people, while Mongolia was a non-agricultural region, so they did not belong to the territory of the Chinese empire. Therefore, it is necessary to expel the Tatars, separate the agricultural areas and non-agricultural areas in China, treat them differently, and discriminate against ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas. The answer, of course, is whether the demise of the Yuan Dynasty is false. Like Zhu Yuanzhang and Judy, we should also crusade against non-agricultural areas outside the Great Wall and expel the barbaric ethnic minorities in the barbaric areas that are incompatible with the farming civilization and culture of China and China. If China people who are equal to the Han nationality are all members of the Chinese nation, and the farming areas and non-farming nomadic fishing and hunting areas are the territory of China people and the country, then the Yuan Dynasty, like all the Han and Han emperors in China and any Chinese empire, is the orthodox dynasty of the Chinese nation, regardless of Qin Huang, Wu Han, Tang Zong, Song Zu or any non-Han Han Han Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. With all non-Han emperors Kublai Khan, Ai Xinjue Roche and other orthodox and positive dynasties of the Chinese nation, historical facts and achievements are used as historical evaluation and judgment criteria instead of whether agricultural areas are non-agricultural, whether farmers are non-agricultural, whether they are Han or non-Han. Please ask the auditor to judge whether to exclude my answer. I have finished answering. Thank you.
The Mongolian yuan is indeed finished, but the Mongols are not finished yet. Don't say that the country's imperial seal was acquired by Huang Taiji in the Northern Yuan Dynasty. The five generations disappeared, and the later ones were all fake.
The unified Mongol-Yuan dynasty must end. However, the khanates of the Mongolian empire still exist, such as Tatar and Wala (called Willa Mongolia in Qing Dynasty).