Baseball is a collective ball game, which is characterized by hitting small balls with a stick.

There are different legends about the origin of modern baseball. The British believe that it evolved from the "spinning ball" popular in Canada. Americans believe that Kuijpers was founded by A. Dobrday in New York State on 1938. 1845, A.J. Cartwright of the United States organized a baseball team, and formulated the earliest rules, which stipulated the field pattern and size that are still in use today. 1860 professional baseball players began to appear in the United States; 187 1 The United States established the "National Organization of Professional Baseball Players"; 1876, the organization was renamed as "National Baseball Federation"; 188 1 year, another national professional baseball organization-the later National Professional Baseball Federation was established. 1884, the championship game between the two organizations was held for the first time, that is, the world baseball champion? Quot once a year since then, and it has continued to this day. 19 10, American President W.H. Taft officially approved baseball as quot; 1978 May 20th? At the plenary session of the International Olympic Committee held in Athens, Greece, baseball was adopted as the official event of the Olympic Games.

From 1873 when baseball was introduced to Japan from the United States to 1934 when the Japanese professional baseball team was established, baseball gradually became a favorite sport of the Japanese people.

1938, the first amateur world championship was held in London, England. Since then, most tournaments have been held in Central and South America. 1969- 1973 Cuba won five consecutive championships. 10 in the 26th World Amateur Baseball Championship held in Japan in 1980, there were10 countries from Europe, Asia, Central America and North America, plus the last champion Cuba and the host Japan, *** 12 countries participated, followed by Cuba, which was 1976 and/kloc respectively.

Baseball is played in 26 countries in Europe. The members of the European Amateur Baseball Federation include Italy and other countries 1 1. According to the statistics of the Federation 1978, there are about 50,000 athletes and 326 stadiums, and international competitions such as "Mediterranean Cup" and "World Baseball Championship" have been held.

At present, the most popular baseball is America and Japan. In addition, China, Taipei, South Korea, the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries and Latin America are also very popular.

Baseball is in China

The earliest record of China people playing baseball is that Zhan Tianyou, an engineer from China, organized the "China Baseball Team" (1877- 188 1) when he was studying at Yale University in the United States, and overseas Chinese and overseas students returning from the United States and Japan brought baseball back to the motherland.

1895 Beijing Huiwen College established a baseball team. 1907 Beijing Huiwen College vs. Tongzhou United College. This is the earliest baseball game in China. From 19 13, the "Far East Games" sponsored by China, Japan and the Philippines has always had baseball games, and China has sent teams to participate in it many times. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were also baseball games, and most of them were students. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Eighth Route Army played baseball in anti-Japanese base areas such as northern Shaanxi, Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei and so on.

During the period of 1952, there was a baseball game in the 1st National Games of China People's Liberation Army. From 65438 to 0959, baseball was listed as the official event of the first National Games, with 23 provincial and municipal teams participating, and the Beijing team won the championship. 1975, in the 3rd National Games, the baseball preliminaries and finals were held in Lvda and Beijing respectively, and the first place was the Tianjin team. 1979 in the 4th National Games, teams from 14 provinces and cities participated in the baseball game, and the champion was the Beijing team. 1975 In September, the Japanese Aichi University baseball team visited China for a competition, and China began the international spread of baseball. 1In August, 976, the baseball team of Hosei University in Japan visited. China Baseball and Softball Association was established in 1979, with branches in various provinces and cities. 1980 65438+ 10 The American Amateur Baseball Association sent Dr. B. Aspen, head coach of the national Olympic baseball team, to give lectures in China.

1. Baseball game

The baseball game is a right-angle fan with four bases. It was played by two teams, each with nine people, and the two teams took turns to attack and defend. The attacking team members hit the ball thrown by the defending team pitcher in turn on the home plate and took the opportunity to run the base. Can cross 1, 2, 3 bases in turn, and safely return to home plate 1 point. After intercepting the ball hit by the attacker, the defender can continue to touch the attacker's base runner or step on the base with the ball to "block" the base runner. When three members of the attack team were "killed", the two sides exchanged offense and defense. The two teams have one attack and defense, and 9 official games. The person who scores more points wins. According to the defensive position and responsibilities, the names of the defenders are: pitcher, catcher, 1 base guard, 2 base guard, 3 base guard, shortstop, left fielder, center fielder and right fielder. A player who enters the attacking team to hit the ball is called a batter. When a foul ball is legally hit, the batter should immediately run to base. This is called base runner. After the batter safely enters 1 base, he is called a runner.

There are 4 referees in the official competition, 1 is the main referee (the other 3 are basic referees). The referee is located behind the home plate and the receiver, whose main responsibility is to pronounce the pitcher's ball "good" or "bad"; Announce the batter's "number of hits" and "number of balls"; Determine whether the attacker scores or is out; Decide "inside the ball" and "out of bounds" quot or "clean the bat"; Handling and sentencing violations of rules by both parties; Announce the result of the game. The base referee is responsible for the referee work near the 1, 2, 3 bases; Judge whether the runner is safely out; Whether there is any obstruction, obstruction or other foul behavior; Deal with problems such as missing bases, assist referees to implement rules and make the game go smoothly. In addition, there are 2-3 recorders responsible for recording and technical statistics. In some official matches, two outfield referees will be added. Their duties are to judge whether the ball that falls far away from the outfield is in or out of bounds, whether the outfielder legally catches the kill ball, whether he hits a home run, etc.

2. Basic technology

The basic skills of baseball are catching, passing, hitting and running.

1) Catch the ball with both hands in place and keep your eyes on the passing ball. When catching the ball, both hands should have backward buffering action to avoid collision and rebound.

2) Pass the ball with index finger, middle finger and thumb. Passing the ball is the same as pitching, the front foot should point to the target, pay attention to the wrist swing when passing the ball, and complete the forward and follow-up actions after pitching. There are three passing postures, namely, shoulder pass, shoulder pass, under-shoulder pass or low hand pass.

3) There are three ways to hit the ball; Swing, touch and push. When swinging, put your hands together, keep your forearms away from your body, keep your forearms flat, keep your back elbows away from your body, keep your feet slightly apart, and don't overstretch your front feet when swinging, so as not to affect the accuracy of your swing or even hinder your next departure. The swing strength mainly depends on back pedaling, turning, arm pulling and wrist swinging. Powerful people try to hit a "home run" with a straight arm swing. In order to get on the base safely, another way is to swing your wrist and bend your arm slightly, so that you can shoot down quickly, have a short trajectory and hit a fast and straight safe ball. The touch stroke method is to hold the club lightly with both hands and lay it flat in front of you, with the head slightly higher, until the ball hits 2. Home? [14] ⑤ jealousy value mu? Is it a waste of time? What's the matter with you? Hey? BR>4) Take the first step quickly by using the swing force after hitting the ball at the base, and run along the base line to 1 base. After arriving at 1 base safely, you can cross the base, but you should return immediately. When it is possible to enter the first base, you should follow the gesture of the base running coach, make a small turn as soon as possible, touch the inside of 1 base bag with your left foot and run to the second base. The purpose of sliding base is to avoid touching and killing the defender and avoiding collision with the defender. There are four postures in the sliding base: one foot rushes forward and slides in the sitting position; Hook the base with one foot before the foot rushes; After your feet slide forward from the base, turn over and grab the base with your hands; Slide your abdomen into the base before punching with your hand. In the sliding foundation, both sides should pay attention to avoid colliding with each other and hurting people by nailing shoes.

3. Offensive and defensive techniques

Offensive techniques are generally carried out according to the tactics stipulated by the whole team and the tactical signals sent by the coach on the spot. Commonly used offensive tactics are:

1) Equal ball tactics, that is, the first ball thrown by the pitcher misses, to observe the pitcher's movements and strength.

2) Actively greet the first goal and achieve the goal of taking it by surprise.

3) Play golf and be prepared to sacrifice yourself for the team to score.

4) Hit-and-run tactics, that is, hitting the ball to the gap behind the runner at 1 base, so that other runners can safely enter the second base or grab the third base, thus destroying the opponent's chance of double play.

5) Run and hit again, that is, the runner steals the base first, and the batter hits the ball again.

6) Hit the ball at the cost of hitting the ball, that is, the batter hits the ball to 1 base or (3 base) by touching, and hits the ground ball to induce the defense team to "kill" 1 base, and the batter sacrifices himself to make the same team enter the base or return to the home plate to score.

7) 1, 3 base runner double-stealing base tactics, creating third base and base runner returning to home plate to score.

The defensive tactics must be closely coordinated by the whole team, move and cover the position in time to prevent the attacker from entering the base or scoring. Commonly used tactics are:

1) After receiving the ball, pass 1 base to block the runner.

2) Double play tactics pass the ball to the nearest base to block the runner, and then pass it to 1 base to block the runner, resulting in double play.

3) The defensive teams in the double attack tactics cooperate with each other to pass the ball, intercept the runner in the base, force the runner to return to the original base and take the opportunity to touch and kill in the base.

4) To prevent double-base stealing tactics, the catcher directs the action, and the shortstop, second baseman or pitcher acts as a middleman to intercept the ball passed by the catcher to the second base, and then returns it to the home plate to intercept the third baseman. If base runner at third base doesn't get the home plate back, the player on second base will catch the ball and intercept the runner at 1 base.

5) Change the pitching tactics According to the batter's different weaknesses, the pitcher throws different balls, such as fastball, change ball, curve ball or drop ball, so that the batter can't hit the ball and is out.

6) Narrow circle defensive tactics. In order to prevent the batter from using the tactics of sacrificing touching the ball and shorten the defensive distance, it is clear that someone in front of home plate is responsible for intercepting and catching the ball, and other players move to cover the defense.

In short, both offense and defense should have a unified command and a unified code, which should be used repeatedly in the usual training, so as to cooperate with each other and be used freely in the game.

4. Site and equipment

The ground should be flat. The soil on the base runway should be soft. Generally, international competition venues require the whole infield to be turtle-backed, with the pitcher's area as the highest point, clay ground around the running route, pitcher's area and base, and lawns around the infield and outfield. The infield of the competition venue is flat with the ground except that the pitching area is a circular soil slope with a diameter of 5.49, and the pitching board is 25 cm higher than the ground. The pitcher's board is made of wood or rubber and should be fixed on the ground. The acquisition area and takeover area are to limit the legal activities of acquisition and takeover. Home plate is made of rubber, soft plastic and wood. It is required to be fixed on the ground and flush with the ground. 1.2.3 The base bag is (38. 10) cm square, sewn with canvas, and filled with soft materials such as brown and wool, which should be fixed on the site according to regulations. The bat is made of wood or aluminum, and the ball is stitched with open thread. Defenders should wear gloves. The catcher and 1 baseman can wear mittens. Put away masks, chest protectors, leg protectors, etc. Batters should wear protective hats. The sneakers are leather, and there are three flat nails in the front and back palms.

5. Baseball rules

Regarding the rules of pitching, pitchers can use two postures: front pitching and side pitching. Before pitching, you must touch the pitcher's board with your feet. Frontal pitching is only allowed for batters. After the pitching action begins, the action must be continuous and cannot be interrupted. Side pitching can use base runner to pass the ball to the base, but after the pitching action starts, it can only be thrown at the batter. Before pitching, you must hold the ball in front of you for at least 1 second. Throwing in violation of pitching rules is called "illegal pitching" and the pitcher is sentenced to "bad ball"; When there is a runner on the base, it is called "pitcher foul", and the runner should score 1 base safely.

According to the rules of batting and running base, the attacking team must enter the court to hit the ball according to the list of "batting order" Don't go out of the hitting zone when hitting the ball; The fly ball was legally caught by the defense team and the batter was out; A batter can swing, push or touch the ball with a bat. After hitting the foul ball, the batter has to run the base; The pitcher accumulated three strikes (within the width of home plate, between the batter's knees and armpits), and the batter didn't strike out three times. If four "bad balls" are thrown or the ball hits the batter, the batter can safely enter 1 base. When the batter hits the ball and falls out of bounds, he becomes a batter and should run to 1 base. When he reached the base of 1, he was not stopped or killed by the defenders. In order to reach the base safely, he became a base runner at this time. Runners must run bases in the order of 1.2.3 and home plate. Don't run the base in the opposite direction, and don't deliberately hinder the defensive team from catching the ball, otherwise it will be ruled out. Runners can steal bases, but they may be "killed" out. You can run or slide the base when running in, but you must run in along the base line. When the batter hits the fly ball out of bounds, base runner should touch the base bag and leave the base after the ball touches the defender. Legal base running and touching 1.2.3 base grading. A home run is when a legitimate fly ball is hit out of the bounds of the outfield. Batter's safety score 1 point. However, the batter still needs to touch the third base according to the prescribed route before returning to home plate to be considered as a legal score.

Provisions on defensive interception

1) base slide. When the batter becomes a batter, the other runners are forced to give up the original base and run forward. As long as the base guard touches the base with his foot, he can stop the base runner from going out.

2) The defender touches and kills the runner who leaves home plate or runs to the middle with the ball, and judges the runner out.