1769 August 15 was born in a poor aristocratic family in ajaccio, Corsica.
1April 25th, 779, studied military affairs at Brenney Military Academy in France.
1784 10, was ordered to transfer to the Royal Military Academy in Paris.
1In September 785, Napoleon graduated with the rank of second lieutenant.
In June, 1785, 1 1, began to serve in the "Rafer Artillery Regiment" in Vallance.
1789, the French bourgeois revolution broke out. Napoleon sympathized with the revolution and once became a supporter of jacobins. He returned to his hometown of Corsica three times and actively carried out activities for the autonomy and freedom of Corsica. Due to the exclusion of the local pro-British and anti-French Poly Group, the family was forced to move to France.
1793 In July, Napoleon led an army to capture Toulon, the fortress of the royalist party, which was deeply appreciated by Augustus robespierre of jacobins. 1794 In June, Napoleon was appointed as Major General and Artillery Brigade Commander. After the hot month coup, jacobins 103 people were killed, and Napoleon was also implicated and arrested on August 5. After trial, he was acquitted, but he was removed from the rank of major general and the post of artillery brigade commander. Napoleon was trapped in Paris for some time.
17951On October 4th, a royalist armed rebellion took place in Paris. Governor ballas invited Napoleon to help quell the rebellion. Napoleon defeated the rebels with artillery and saved the crisis. The governor promoted Napoleon to lieutenant general and commander of the Paris garrison. Overnight, Napoleon, down and out, became a big shot in military and political circles.
1796 On March 2, Napoleon, who was only 26 years old, was appointed as the commander of the French Italian army and began his independent combat career. On March 9th, Napoleon and Josephine Beauharnais, a famous Paris socialite, got married in a hurry. Two days later, he bid farewell to his new wife and rushed to the Italian legion to take office. He commanded tens of thousands of troops to March into Italy, and fought continuously with the Austrian Army and Sardinian Army, the first anti-French Coalition, in a favorable position, and achieved a series of brilliant victories. When he triumphed in Paris from Italy, he made up his mind to be the leader of the country that unified the whole country. The rising Napoleon made the governor feel threatened, and the governor officials decided to move him away from Paris.
1April 798 12, Napoleon was appointed commander of the French Egyptian army (Oriental Army). /kloc-in may of 0/8, Napoleon sent troops to the east and made an expedition to Egypt. He hopes to realize his ideal with the help of new victories.
1799 On August 22nd, Napoleon secretly left Egypt and returned to Paris.
1799165438+1October 9, (foggy month 18) Napoleon launched a coup to overthrow the prefect government and establish a three-person rule.
On June 1800, Napoleon defeated the Austrian army in marengo, forcing the second anti-French alliance to collapse. Napoleon took advantage of the short-lived peace in the European continent, vigorously governed and developed national strength, and for a time France was prosperous.
1802 On August 4th, France promulgated the * * * and ten-year constitution, and Napoleon ruled the French Republic for life.
1804 March 2 1 day, Napoleon officially promulgated the French civil code.
1804 18 in may, the constitution of the twelfth year of * * * was promulgated, declaring France as the French empire and Napoleon as the emperor of the empire.
1February 2, 804, Napoleon held a coronation ceremony in Notre Dame de Paris, known as Napoleon I.
1August 9, 805, Austria, Britain and Russia formed the third anti-French alliance. Napoleon led his army eastward and won the battles of Ulm and Austerlitz. The Russian emperor and the Austrian emperor fled in panic. Napoleon used his victory to form the "Rhine Union" in the vassal states of South Germany and China and Germany, and put it under his own protection. 1in the autumn of 806, Britain, Russia and Belgium formed the fourth anti-French alliance. 1 0/0/month/day, Prussia took the lead in declaring war on France. 14 during the day, the French army fought two beautiful battles in Jena and Olstadt at the same time, and the Pujun army was almost completely annihilated. 10 year1October 27th, the French army invaded Berlin. Heine once exaggerated: "Napoleon blew Prussia in one breath." Then, France attacked the Russian army in the East.
1on June 4th, 807, Napoleon defeated the Russian army in friedland, and the Russian emperor was forced to make peace. In order to suffocate the British Isles and strictly implement the policy of "continental blockade", Napoleon launched a war to conquer the Iberian Peninsula in 1807+00. The invasion of the French army aroused the strong resistance of the people on the island, and the French army soon fell into the quagmire of the people's war. Napoleon had to swallow the bitter fruit he planted.
At the beginning of 1809, due to the fifth anti-French alliance against Prussia, Austria and other countries, Napoleon led his troops back to China before the end of the Spanish War. Napoleon turned defeat into victory with an iron will, forcing Austria to cede territory for peace again.
18 10 in March, Napoleon married Maria Louise, the royal princess of Austria. Napoleon's empire reached its peak.
1865438+June 2 1 In 2002, 500,000 French soldiers entered Russia in three ways. The lack of military preparation, the cold weather in Russia, and the tactics of clearing the field by the Russian army almost wiped out the French army.
181218 In February, Napoleon returned to Paris. The war against Russia ended in failure.
18 13 years, the sixth anti-French alliance in Europe was established. Napoleon led the army against the Allies and won a series of victories. However, after years of war, France finally failed to reach the whole armed Europe and was defeated in the Battle of Leipzig.
18 14, the allied forces marched into France. On March 3 1 day, French Marshal Marmond handed over Paris to the Allies.
1865438+On April 6th, 2004, Napoleon was forced to sign his abdication.
On May 4th, 2004, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, Italy. Bourbon restoration.
1865438+On February 6, 2005/kloc-0, Napoleon left the island of Elba, escaped the surveillance of the British fleet and sailed for France.
1865438+On March 20th, 2005, Napoleon returned to Paris and established the "Hundred Days Dynasty".
1865438+On March 25th, 2005, Britain, Russia, Austria and other countries formed the seventh anti-French alliance.
1865438+In June 2005, the French army was completely annihilated in the Battle of Waterloo, and Napoleon abdicated for the second time. 10, exiled to St. Helena.
1821On May 5th, Napoleon died in St. Helena at the age of 52. Four days later, people on the island held a funeral for the conqueror. In the roar of the salute, the coffin was slowly buried next to Tolbert Spring on St. Helena. In the depths of this quiet canyon, a few weeping willows are shaded by flowing water, and Haitang, taro and canna are competing to open. Napoleon, the once all-powerful, outstanding and unparalleled hero, was buried under these green leaves and flowers.
1840 15 February 15, Prince Anwar of the French July Dynasty led a warship to St. Helena to take Napoleon's body back to the motherland. 900,000 Parisians braved the cold and attended this grand funeral with deep affection. Napoleon's body was escorted by a guard of honor, passed through the Arc de Triomphe and was buried in the lobby on the roof of the garden of the Paris Veterans Retirement Home. 15 years later, Queen Victoria of England and her prince, later Edward VII, came here in person, and the queen made the prince kneel at the grave of the great Napoleon.
The end of Nine Yous (1) has come back.
1865438+On April 6, 2004, Napoleon abdicated, and the Senate summoned Louis Stanislas Xavier to return to China and acceded to the throne. On April 24th, Louis Stanislas Xavier arrived in Calais. On May 2, he issued a declaration in Shengyang, promising to respect democratic constitutionalism. On June 4th, the Constitution was read in both houses. The heir to the throne, a burly man, walked with crutches on both sides, wore a blue lapel robe and hung an old-fashioned gold medal on his chest, and hobbled into Tuileries Palace. Bourbon was restored. After Louis Stanislas Xavier came to power, exiled French royalists also returned to China. All these privileged aristocrats want is to restore the privileges before the revolution and let them enjoy the happiness they get for nothing. In addition, it is crazy revenge on revolutionaries. Their general representative, Louis Stanislas Xavier, is not prepared to honor his promise. He fired more than 1000 officers in a short time, and placed incompetent aristocrats in senior positions, and received generous salaries. He exempted the church schools from all rent taxes, freed the church from the government's jurisdiction and continued to levy "comprehensive consumption tax" on the people. He also erected a monument for the royalists who were shot, and for Cadoudal who was executed for murdering the noble Napoleon. Louis Stanislas Xavier and his relatives tried their best to restore the old system and order and cancel all revolutionary achievements. The French people who were baptized by the revolution soon realized that Louis Stanislas Xavier returned to China not to liberate them, but to establish a new autocratic system. The autocratic government under Napoleon can at least bring honor and vitality to France, while the autocratic government in Louis Stanislas Xavier is corrupt and incompetent, and only knows how to oppress the people. Bourbon dynasty began to lose popularity, especially the generals who were snubbed missed their old master Napoleon more.
18141kloc-0/October, Russia, Britain, Austria and Poland, the four major European powers that defeated Napoleon, discussed the aftermath of Europe in Vienna. Kings, nobles, and diplomats wore gorgeous dresses and various medals on their chests. While toasting and drinking to celebrate peace, they quarreled endlessly about the uneven distribution of spoils, even to the point of being tense. Russia wants to occupy the whole of Poland. It called for the merger of the Warsaw Grand Duchy in Napoleon's time with Poland in Russia and the establishment of a kingdom ruled by the czar. Prussia supported Russia's request to merge all Saxon territories to make up for the Polish territory ceded to Russia. Britain and Austria are firmly opposed. Britain doesn't want Russia to be too strong and go west to Europe. Austria does not want to cede Galicia, Krakow and the Vistula River to Russia, nor does it want Prussia to become strong because of the merger of Saxony. In this way, the top four of the Vienna Conference formed two opposing camps, one is Russia and Austria, and the other is Britain and Austria. French representative Talilan weighed the pros and cons and decided to join the Anglo-Austrian side. 18 15 65438+10.3, British foreign secretary Castlereagh personally drafted an alliance treaty against Russia, metternich and Talilan joined the alliance, and countries promised to send troops150,000. Talle Lan Gaoxing quietly wrote to Louis Stanislas Xavier: "Your Majesty, the anti-French alliance has been dissolved forever." The changes in the situation at home and abroad did not escape Napoleon's eyes, and his seemingly peaceful life once again set off waves. While inquiring about the news from tourists who have been to the island with great interest, he secretly communicated with French government officials. 18 14 12 One day, Napoleon was walking near his palace. Suddenly, he stopped in front of a guard grenadier. "Hey, you are always complaining. Aren't you bored here?" "no, your majesty, but I don't think it's interesting either." The grenadier answered seriously. Napoleon put a gold coin into his hand and whispered as he walked away, "This won't last forever." 1865438+In February 2005, French politician Marley and others sent Fleuri de Chablon to the island of Elba disguised as a sailor. Shabulun gave Napoleon a detailed report on the general discontent in China and the shameless behavior of the nobles who took bribes. He told Napoleon that the army was expecting his return. Napoleon's ambition to return to Europe was aroused, and he decided to act at once. Napoleon and his mother had a talk in the garden before the action began. In his mind, mother is a smart, strong and brave woman. In his own family, only his mother can understand his heart. He told his mother about his bold decision. He said: "I can't die on this small island. I can't end my career peacefully. I don't deserve this. The army is waiting for me. All this prompted me to hope that the army would come to me as soon as they saw me. Of course, I will meet officers loyal to the Bourbon dynasty, they will stop the army from starting, and then I will die in a few hours. This ending is much better than living on this island. I hope to start over and try to be happy. Mom, what do you think? " Mother was shocked by this sudden question and her heart was in a mess. She said to Napoleon, "Let me be a mother for the time being, and I will answer you later." After a long silence, my mother finally said, "Go, son, and finish your mission. Maybe you will lose your life immediately if you fail, but you can't stay here. I'm sorry to see this. I hope that God who has blessed you in so many battles will bless you again. " After that, the mother gave her son a big hug. Napoleon told this decision to his three loyal assistants, Cambronne, Derouau and Beltram. The generals were very happy, but they doubted whether the trip was successful. Napoleon confidently told them that he didn't want to fight now, and he didn't want to exercise autocratic rule. He hoped that the French people would become free people. So he didn't conquer France with weapons, but just wanted to appear in France, go ashore, announce his purpose and demand the restoration of the throne. He believes very much in the appeal of his name. He believes that all France will fall at his feet without going through war or trying to resist. The absence of armed forces will not be an obstacle to this action. All the preparations are being made in secret. At this time, Campbell, the British representative in charge of supervising Napoleon, happened to go to Tuscany for a holiday. On February 26th, everything was ready. That night, Napoleon led 1000 soldiers who were still in the dark, took seven small sailboats and carried several cannons, quietly left the island of Elba, and began a thrilling page of conquering France again. Royal British and French warships often patrol the waters around the island of Elba. Their task is to monitor the island of Elba just in case. That night, Napoleon's ship met a French warship, and the officer on board asked the captain with a microphone, "How is the emperor?" The captain replied, "Very good." The official let the ship through without a doubt. Napoleon felt lucky that the British warships did not appear at all. The fleet sailed on the vast sea for three days and nights and finally approached the French coast. Napoleon's blood was boiling, and he knew that this action was gambling with his life. Once he loses, there is no money. But if he doesn't make this last attempt, he won't die willingly.
18 15 March 1 3 a.m, the small fleet landed in Juan harbor. When the customs guards saw Napoleon land, they immediately took off their hats to him. Napoleon made a famous speech to local soldiers with his usual loud voice. He said, "Soldiers! I heard your voice in exile. Now I have landed in France. " Your commander-in-chief, who was proclaimed monarch by the people's voice, was promoted to the throne under your protection, and now he is back. Come and unite with him and throw away the flag of Bourbon dynasty, which has been abandoned by our nation and has been playing a role in rallying French enemies for 25 years. Unfold the tricolor flag you raised on the day of our great victory and replace it. Pick up the eagle flags you held in Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, Ailao, friedland and Moscow again. ..... "We must forget that we are the masters of the European continent, but we don't allow anyone to interfere in our affairs. ..... you and your descendants' status, property and glory, there will be no greater enemy than the bourbon princes imposed on us by foreigners. "Soldiers, unite around the flag of your commander in chief. His interests and honors are the same as yours, exactly the same. Victory will advance rapidly. The eagle emblem with the color of our country will fly from one minaret to another until it reaches the tower of Notre Dame de Paris. Then you can show your scars gloriously, and then you can boast of your achievements again. You will be the savior of this country. In your later years, you will be able to bravely say,' I have washed away the dirt polluted by the rebellion in Paris and the appearance of the enemy.' ..... Honor belongs to brave soldiers! Let's drink to our motherland France! "The soldiers warmly cheered Napoleon, and they soon joined Napoleon. Napoleon threw four cannons from the island of Elba on the coast and led his team northward along the foothills of the Alps. He decided to win the whole of France without firing a shot. Every time he passed through a town, he gave a performance to the citizens and soldiers, telling everyone that his only mission was to restore order in France and give the dear compatriots of the motherland a constitution suitable for the people's feelings. He assured everyone that France would no longer win glory by war and dominate European countries by force, and France would live in peace with European countries. The French people have long been dissatisfied with the incompetent Bourbon dynasty, especially those exiled nobles who returned and reoccupied the land they allocated during the revolutionary period. Now Napoleon's heartfelt words and his fearless courage and adventurous spirit deeply touched them, and Napoleon became their ideal leader. In all the cities Napoleon passed, tricolor flags were raised, and armies from all over the world rushed to his arms. His team snowballed. The news that Napoleon landed in France reached Paris on March 3, and the Bourbon government was terrified and immediately sent troops to stop Napoleon. On the morning of March 7th, Napoleon's team came to Lamill village near Grenoble, and saw from a distance that the royal army had lined up and cut off the road. Napoleon realized that his team was not enough to deal with the huge army in front of him. He made a decisive decision and ordered the soldiers to carry guns in their left hands and follow him with their guns down. The two sides are getting closer. When the team approached the firing distance of the rifle, Napoleon signaled his soldiers to stop and he walked on alone. The soldiers of the Royal Army froze with guns, staring at the man who was wearing a gray coat and a triangular hat and walked towards them with firm steps. "Soldiers of the Fifth Regiment, don't you know me?" Napoleon's shouts broke the silence. "It's the emperor, it's the emperor." The soldiers began to cry. Napoleon unbuttoned his coat, exposed his chest and said loudly, "Which one of you wants to beat his own emperor?" Then shoot! " The royal army suddenly lost its formation, and the soldiers rushed to Napoleon together, shouting "Long live the emperor!" " They surrounded Napoleon and kissed his hands and knees. Some people cried like children. All the troops sent to defend Grenoble joined Napoleon in droves. Some commanders didn't even wait for Napoleon's arrival, so they gathered their own teams and shouted "Long live the emperor" to meet Napoleon at the front. Surrounded by soldiers and suburban residents, Napoleon successfully entered Grenoble. Since then, Napoleon's team has expanded rapidly, reaching 7000 people and 30 guns. At the same time, there are farmers' friends from Qian Qian who heard the news. These farmers consciously escorted the team to take a trip, and when they arrived at the previous stop, they automatically handed it over to another group of farmers, who provided supplies for the troops along the way. The situation is developing rapidly, and it has really formed a trend of making a comeback. Napoleon issued orders for the growing army, sent envoys, collected information, appointed commanders and appointed local officials. On March 9, the team went straight to Lyon at the gates. Although Lyon was defended by many royal troops, Napoleon still believed that he could take Lyon without firing a shot. In his view, there is no royal army in France at all, only Napoleon's army and the emperor's army, but this army unfortunately spent 1 1 month under the banner of others. The urgent report flew to Paris like snowflakes, and Louis Stanislas Xavier was as anxious as a cat on hot bricks. Lyon is the second largest city in France after Paris, and it must be firmly defended. The king's brother, Count artois, volunteered to go to Lyon. He fantasized about using his loyalty to the Bourbon dynasty to encourage Lyon workers to cut off Napoleon's way forward. MacDonald also went, and the Bourbon dynasty had high hopes for him. MacDonald began to review his army and made a speech before the battle. He tried to make everyone understand that once Napoleon won, a new war with Europe would surely break out. He also asked everyone to welcome Count artois sent by the king, but the army answered him silently. Just then, a general came running. He persuaded Yuan Shuai to send the king's brother to a safer place as soon as possible. The Earl of artois fled from the censored position in great panic and soon left Lyon. MacDonald himself stayed to continue to lead the security work in Lyon. The soldiers worked listlessly, and even one soldier went to the marshal and said directly, "You'd better take us to see Emperor Napoleon." Marshal answered nothing.
On March 10, Napoleon arrived at the gates of Lyon, and MacDonald led the army to fight. But when his team saw Napoleon, the slogan "Long live the emperor" was endless. In an instant, all the troops he commanded and Napoleon's army formed a torrent. Macdonald saw a warm smile and rode out of the city for fear of being caught by his own soldiers. The next day, Napoleon inspected the guards in Lyon. All the bridges, banks and streets are crowded with men and women. People followed Napoleon, eager to see him more closely, listen to his speech and touch his clothes. The cry of "Long live the emperor" resounded over Lyon. The Bourbon dynasty, which was in danger, was terrified and quickly sent Marshal Ney to lead the army against Napoleon. Nye is an enthusiastic soldier and an irritable soldier. The flattery of Bourbon and Louis Stanislas Xavier made his mind hot. He boasted to Louis Stanislas Xavier, "I will turn him into a prisoner and bring him back in an iron cage." Therefore, Louis Stanislas Xavier and his court pinned their fate and hope on Ney. On March 12, Marshal Ney came to Qiu Chen, north of Lyon, and enthusiastically mobilized the troops, but all he got was silence and supercilious look. Nye looked at this lifeless army and felt uneasy.
/kloc-On that night in March of 0/3, Marshal Ney was awakened from his sleep. He was told that some of his artillery units and cavalry companies had defected and all of them had defected to Napoleon. At dawn, Ney received new news: many cities drove away the royalist regime and put it under Napoleon's command, and the emperor was marching on Nisha. The soldiers were sad, and Ney was wavering. Just then, Ney received a note from the grenadier, which read: "Ney, I will meet you in the suburbs of Moscow as the day after the war. -Napoleon. " When Ney's hesitation was over, he immediately called his troops, drew his sword and shouted, "Soldiers! The cause of the bourbon dynasty failed forever. The legitimate dynasty chosen by France itself is on the rise. The emperor and our monarch should rule this beautiful country in the future. " The soldiers cheered: "Long live the emperor! Long live Marshal Nye! " Nye led all the soldiers to meet Napoleon. Now, it is no longer the messy small team from Elba to Paris, but a powerful torrent that no one can stop. /kloc-On the night of March, 0/9, Napoleon entered Fontainebleau with his striker. The king's family has long since fled, and so have the royal supporters. The newspapers in Paris are changing their attitudes sharply: on March 2, it was reported that the Corsican monster landed in Rouen port; The next day, it is said that the murderer is advancing on glass; On the third day, it is said that the traitor has entered Grenoble; On the fourth day, it was said that General Bonaparte had arrived in Lyon. On the fifth day, it is said that General Napoleon has recovered Fontainebleau; On the sixth day, it was said that His Majesty was about to win a great victory in Paris. 1865438+At 9 pm on March 20th, 2005, Napoleon entered Paris surrounded by his entourage and cavalry. The white flag was torn down and the tricolor flag was raised in the Tuileries Palace in Paris. The Bourbon lily pattern on the palace carpet was replaced by the golden bee pattern in the imperial country. Thousands of people gathered around Tuileries Palace and hung their heads. From the distance of the palace square, there came the cheers of the people who surrounded Napoleon. These cheers intensified every minute and finally turned into a deafening wave of cheers. When Napoleon's motorcade approached the square in front of the palace, the huge crowd waiting beside the palace rushed up crazily. The motorcade was surrounded by people from all directions and could not walk. The guards on horseback tried to open the road, but to no avail. People are crying, shouting, jumping on horseback, jumping on carriages, and don't want to hear anything. Finally, people rushed out of the emperor's entourage, opened the carriage, and carried Napoleon into the palace with endless shouts and sent him to the room on the second floor.