Most of the ancient political reforms ended in failure, only in ancient China, but different in other civilized countries.

The famous reform events in China's ancient history include: Wei's reform, Chu's Wuqi reform, Qi's Zou Ji reform, South Korea's Shen Buhai reform, Qin's Shang Yang reform, the Southern and Northern Dynasties' and Emperor Xiaowen's reform, Wang Anshi's reform in the Song Dynasty, the whipping reform in the Ming Dynasty and the Reform Movement of 1898 in the Qing Dynasty.

Of all the above-mentioned political reforms to consolidate the country, only Shang Yang's political reform was successful and the most thorough, which gradually strengthened the poor and weak Qin State and completed the great cause of unifying the six countries. Other political reforms, such as the Reform Movement of 1898 in the Qing Dynasty, are all farce. Some people may have achieved some success, but they did not achieve the goal of strengthening the country, such as Wang Anshi's political reform in the Song Dynasty.

As for other political reforms, or reforms, or new policies, or movements, all ended in failure and were eventually abolished. The famous is the reform of Emperor Xiaowen. Emperor Xiaowen's reform accelerated the sinicization process of Xianbei people and northern nationalities, and laid the foundation for unifying the north. However, with the split and collapse of the Northern Wei Dynasty, this very successful reform also went bankrupt.

I don't know whether this ancient word belongs to historical vocabulary or the general term of time. If it belongs to historical vocabulary, then the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898 in Qing Dynasty are both modern reform movements. If this is a general time term, not a modern term, then it may be ancient.

In modern times, the western movement to consolidate the country through political reform has been quite successful, such as Peter the Great and serfdom reform in Russia 186 1, modernization and Meiji Restoration in Japan, independence movement and civil war in the United States, and bourgeois revolution in Britain. None of these movements have the slogan of political reform, but they all have measures to reform the laws and regulations of major countries.

In ancient western countries, there are also many successful cases. For example, Solon Reform in ancient Greece and Caesar Act in ancient Rome. Perhaps Caesar was assassinated by the nobles of the Senate because of his bill, and the result was similar to Shang Yang's dismemberment, but Caesar's bill made Rome complete the transformation from * * * and to the empire, established the provincial system, and laid the foundation for Rome to become a huge empire around the Mediterranean.

Reform refers to the major reform of the national legal system. Such as the New Deal, bills, reforms, movements, reunification, wars, etc. Everyone has this property and the meaning is the same. Although politics, new policies, bills, reforms and movements have different names, they can all be regarded as political reforms as long as they meet the definition of political reform.

For example, the American Revolutionary War and the Civil War are called the first and second bourgeois revolutions in the United States. The War of Independence is called the first bourgeois revolution, because the Declaration of Independence abolished the eldest son inheritance law, the inheritance restriction law and the agency service law in the colonial period of thirteen American states, and contract slavery was basically abolished. In the American Civil War, in order to ensure the victory of the war, President Lincoln promulgated the Homestead Act and the Emancipation Proclamation, which completely abolished slavery in the United States.

The key to the success of political reform is to create or encourage new classes to replace the old ones.

The success of Shang Yang's political reform and Emperor Xiaowen's political reform lies in the emergence of a new landlord class, which replaced the old aristocracy's control over national politics. Most people think that Shang Yang's death was due to the counterattack of the old nobles. This is not true. The real existence is that Shang Yang's political reform was successful, Qin's power increased greatly, and Shang Yang's political authority was too heavy.

For Shang Yang, after the success of the political reform, his position in Qin was unshakable. Qin people don't know who the monarch is, let alone who Shang Yang is. If Qin Xiaogong were still here, as the ruler of Qin's political reform, Shang Yang would naturally not shake his position.

However, after Qin Xiaogong's death, the new king of Qin was still a criminal, which was very dangerous. Will Shang Yang take its place? Nobody knows. Some things are not whether you want them or not, but whether you have the ability to do them. Shang Yang has this power. Therefore, there is only one choice, either break off relations with him or make him a new king.

Political reform is actually the reconstruction of state power, which can only be completed by establishing a new ruling group.

There are three ways to rebuild state power: political reform, coup and uprising. In any case, the ruling clique must stand up again. Without renewing the ruling clique, power may make them compromise for a period of time so that the new law can be implemented. However, driven by interests, power will retrogress after decline, and then new laws will be abolished.

At the beginning of each dynasty, the political structure should be updated and many new laws should be introduced. In fact, this is also a great innovation of previous national laws and regulations. Of course, although this means whether the laws of the former regime will be followed and whether new laws will be passed after the new regime is established through a coup or uprising, this is not a "change" law, but a "legislation".

Is the Qin State after Shang Yang's political reform still the original Qin State? Actually, not anymore. Fundamentally speaking, he already belongs to the category of the Qin Dynasty. Shang Yang's political reform fundamentally established a new country, which is not the State of Qin, but the State of Qin. Although there is a word difference between China and South Korea, the two words are quite different.

To some extent, Emperor Xiaowen's reform already belongs to the historical category of Sui and Tang Dynasties. State system in sui and tang dynasties. Basically, it is a law that continues the reform of Emperor Xiaowen. The most obvious systems are: land equalization system and concession system. One is the land system, and the other is the tax system, which is completely different from the foundation of Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties.

It is a way to reform backward countries and learn from advanced countries, thus creating a new class.

In developed countries, there is nothing to learn from rebuilding state power. Only through a coup or uprising can the state power be rebuilt. Adapt the superstructure to the development of social productive forces. In backward countries, some people study and political reform is possible.

For example, in modern times, the most advanced country in the west was actually France. Therefore, to find a suitable social system in modern France can only be achieved through self-exploration, revolutionary uprising, regime change, turbulence and confrontation between old and new forces. From the French Revolution to the Paris Commune Movement, France has been exploring the state system in the new era.

On the other hand, other countries learned from France, the birthplace of the Enlightenment and the center of the Great Revolution, thus completing reform and innovation. Britain, Germany, Russia, etc. After studying the achievements of France, he made a political choice. France itself has no such reference, so it can only explore for itself. After a long period of exploration, the Napoleonic Code was born in France. Other countries don't need to explore, just quote.

After German unification, thinkers, philosophers and others became epoch-making figures, just like in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in ancient China. Therefore, at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, the reform and other powerful countries basically learned from Germany. Whether it is capitalism or socialism, the source of all ideas is Germany.

Germany can become the source of the two world wars, not only because of its strength, but also because of its exploration of the new world system. Although Germany triggered two world wars, it did great harm to the world. However, after two world wars, the world pattern has taken on a new look.

The most developed countries are also the most turbulent countries. /kloc-France before the 0/8th century,/kloc-Germany after the 0/9th century. Of course, the most advanced and powerful are two concepts.

In ancient China, the orthodox dynasty was the most advanced country, and there was no reference, only exploration.

Shang Yang's political reform was successful because there was a reference object at that time, and the research object of the reference object was Shandong. What happened in Shandong? The three families are divided into gold, farmland and so on. During the Spring and Autumn Period, all advanced countries in the Central Plains used war and violence to pursue their own interests and seek suitable systems.

Before Shang Yang's political reform, all the advanced countries in the Central Plains were groping for progress in political reform, innovation and coup. After these explorations, Shang Yang had a systematic reform strategy, which enabled him to carry out the reform steadily in Qin State. The implementation of each system has been tested by advanced countries in Shandong. Therefore, Shang Yang's political reform was stable and successful.

Japan's Dahua reform was learned from the Tang Dynasty and was very successful. During the Meiji Restoration, the object of reference research was western countries, so it was successful. Modern great power movements in China, such as the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898, all failed because there was nothing to learn from.

On the one hand, China's 2,000-year-old ancient China has always been the most advanced, never bowing its head, never admitting that it is inferior to others, and never learning from others. The psychological turning point is too great, from educating the country to being bathed by others. On the other hand, western powers are all nation-states, but they are all small countries if colonies are not included.

In modern China, it is difficult to find references. China has always been a unified multi-ethnic country with a vast territory. The Qing Dynasty's invasion of western powers was like a group of ants eating elephants. Elephants will not become ants even if they are bitten off if they don't learn their lesson. It was not until the rise of the two giants, the Soviet Union and the United States, that there was some reference.

To sum up: the ancient political reform, the most advanced country, is doomed to failure, because there is no reference to learn, so it can only be explored by itself.

If the reference research object is placed in previous dynasties, such as Wang Anshi's political reform, flogging, and the Reform Movement of 1898, etc. There will be disputes involving the practice of political reform in the past, and it is difficult to produce or encourage the rise of a new class. Even if it can be implemented for a period of time without class support, it will eventually be abolished and doomed to failure.

The Westernization Movement was successful to some extent. In the absence of reference, we should learn from foreign countries, only science and technology, and nothing else. To some extent, this has ensured the stable implementation of the movement of strengthening the country. It laid some industrial foundations for modern China.

Of course, the Westernization Movement did not make great changes in the country's legal system. Therefore, from the definition of political reform, the Westernization Movement is not a political reform. The influence on the country's strong rise is too small. Finally, although the Qing Dynasty established a huge naval fleet, it still lost the battle. The achievements of the Westernization Movement disappeared.