Formerly known as Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. The successors of the cause and theory of Marx and Engels, the revolutionary mentor and great leader of the proletariat and the working people all over the world.
1870 was born on April 22nd in Simbirsk-on-Volga (now Ulyanovsk), Russia.
1887 entered Kazan university to study law and was arrested for participating in revolutionary activities.
/kloc-moved to St. Petersburg in the autumn of 0/893.
1894 wrote "What is a" friend of the people "and how do they attack the Social Democratic Party? Criticize populism and expound the basic principles of historical materialism.
1895, the Petersburg Workers' Liberation Association was established in Petersburg. At the end of the year, he was arrested and imprisoned again. After 14 months in prison, he was exiled to Siberia. During my three years in Siberia, I began to use the pseudonym "Lenin"-this pseudonym may be related to Lena Fox, a French fairy tale character, and the Lena River in Siberia-wrote the book "The Development of Russian Capitalism" and married the revolutionary Krupskaya.
Exile in Siberia ended in February 1900, and he went to western Europe shortly after returning to Petersburg.
1900 12 The newspaper Mars, the organ of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (the predecessor of the Soviet Union's * * * Production Party), was established in Germany, preparing for the founding of the Party ideologically and organizationally.
1903 in July, the party held a congress in Brussels, at which a Bolshevik (majority) with Lenin as the core was formed. The emergence of Bolsheviks and their ideological system marked the formation of Leninism.
1904 wrote "One Step Forward, Two Steps Back" and proposed that the proletarian political party is a unified organization established in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism.
The Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in July 1905. He wrote "Two Strategies of the Social Democratic Party in the Democratic Revolution", which pointed out the way to carry the revolution to the end and turn it into a socialist revolution.
1905165438+10 returned to China to directly lead the revolution and put forward the strategy of the proletarian party in the democratic revolution.
190565438+February Moscow workers' armed uprising failed. During this period, he wrote "Marxism and Revisionism" and other works, which made Marxism develop in an all-round way.
1907 began his second exile in more than ten years.
Critique of Materialism and Experience, written in 1908, criticized idealism, developed the epistemology of dialectical materialism and defended the party spirit principle of philosophy.
1908- 19 12 is dedicated to summing up the experience of the February revolution, opposing the abolitionist and the recall faction, and confronting the second international opportunist leaders.
19 14 after the outbreak of the first world war, the slogan "turn the imperialist war into a civil war" was put forward.
19 15 In August, he wrote "Slogan on European Federation", and for the first time, he came to the conclusion that socialism may win in several or even a single capitalist country first.
The czar's government was overthrown in March.
1965438+returned to Russia in April 2007 and actively prepared to launch an armed uprising. Bring it up.
19171kloc-0/Under the leadership of Lenin and the military command of Trotsky, the Russian people won the socialist revolution in October, which opened a new era in the development of human history.
After the victory of the October Revolution, he was elected as the chairman of the People's Committee of the first Soviet government, led the people to smash three armed attacks of imperialism and many large-scale domestic rebellions, and gradually put the economic construction of Soviet Russia on the right track. From then on, the personal signature was changed to "Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)".
At the party congress, he was elected as a member of the Political Bureau.
1965438+In February 2008, the Soviet Red Army and the Soviet Red Navy were founded together with Trotsky.
In the summer, he was assassinated by the left-wing Social Revolutionary Party because he disagreed with the Brost Peace Treaty.
At the beginning of 1923, he left a political will, which laid the political foundation for Soviet socialism and the League of Nations, and went to Gauerk Village with sick leave.
1924 65438+1October 2 1 death; The remains were embalmed and placed in Lenin's mausoleum under the red wall of Moscow Kremlin. In memory of Lenin, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad, and it was not until the disintegration of the Soviet Union 1992 65438+ 10 that the old name of St. Petersburg was restored.
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
1865438+On May 5, 2008, Marx was born in Trier, a lawyer's family in Rheinland (now Rhineland-Pfalcz, the federal state). His grandfather Max Levi was a Jewish jurist, and his father Herschel Karl Marx was later renamed Henrik Marx. He was born in 1782. He married a Dutch woman, Henry Price Ford, and had many children. However, from a document confirming the heir, only Karl Marx and his three daughters Sophia, Emile and Louisa survived.
1830 10 In June, Marx entered Trier Middle School. After graduating from high school, he entered Bonn University, then transferred to Berlin University to study, and completed his university studies at 184 1. In the same year, he applied for a doctor's degree from the University of Jena with his thesis "The Difference between democritus's Natural Philosophy and Epicurus' Natural Philosophy". After graduation, he became the editor-in-chief of Rheinische Zeitung and resigned. It was during this period that I met friedrich engels.
He is knowledgeable and proficient in philosophy, history, political economy and mathematics.
1843, 19 In June, Marx married Yanni, a noble lady who had waited for him for seven years and was born in 18 14.
1844 1 month, and embarked on an exile journey with Yanni. To Paris. Completed in the same year:> This manuscript was not discovered and published until 1933, and it was called 1844 Philosophy and Economics Manuscript.
1845 autumn, deported by the French government. To Brussels, Belgium.
1845 12 renounced Prussian citizenship. Later, together with Engels, he completed German Ideology. The book criticizes Hegel's idealism and Feuerbach's materialism. They systematically expounded their historical materialism for the first time, clearly put forward the historical task of the proletariat to seize power, and laid a preliminary theoretical foundation for socialism to think about science from space. Later, the declaration of the producers' party was born.
Soon after, he was persecuted by the Belgian authorities. Return to Germany with his wife.
At the beginning of 1846, Marx and Engels established the Brussels * * * Productive Communication Committee. At the beginning of 1847, Marx and Engels were invited to join the alliance of the just. 1in June, 847, the alliance was renamed as * * * Producer Alliance, and the platform of the alliance-* * * Producer Declaration was drafted.
1in April, 848, together with Engels, the New Rheinische Zeitung was founded in Germany.
After being deported, he went to Paris. Now he is asked to leave Paris and go to London, England. In London, they spent the most difficult days of their lives. In five years, Marx and Jenny lost three of their four children. But during this period, Marx wrote his most important work-Capital.
1On September 28th, 864, Marx attended the inaugural meeting of the First International and was elected as a member of the leading committee. He drafted the Declaration on the Founding of the People's Republic of China, the Interim Constitution and other important documents for the international community.
September 1867, The First Volume of Das Kapital was published.
Reunited with Engels who moved to London. Exiled by many countries, he once called himself a "citizen of the world."
1On March 4th, 883, Marx died in his apartment in London and was buried in Highgate Cemetery in the northern suburb of London.
The last two volumes of Das Kapital were published by Engels after sorting out Marx's legacy, and were published in 1885 and 1894 respectively.
Marx's former residence in Trier, Germany, is now the Marx Museum.
Friedrich engels (1820.1.28 ~1895.8.5).
1On October 28th, Engels was born in Bamen, Rheinland Province, Prussia. He is two years younger than Max. My father is the owner of a textile mill, and my mother is kind and virtuous and well-educated. Gus showed extraordinary language ability from an early age. He mastered many foreign languages such as French, Greek and Latin when he was in middle school. As an adult, he can speak and write in 12 languages and read 20 languages. Segars wanted to go to college for further study, but he was the eldest son. His father hoped that he could follow in his father's footsteps, so he was forced to drop out of school and study business at 1837. At this time, there is still one year before he graduated from middle school.
1848, Engels and Marx published the epoch-making Manifesto of the Productive Party. /kloc-after the failure of the revolution in 0/848, he set out to sum up the revolutionary experience and wrote books such as German Revolution and Counter-Revolution and German Peasant War. He returned to England in 1850.
1834 10 entered Abeifeite Middle School. 1In September, 837, he was suspended from school by his father and worked as an intern in a firm. 184 1 September to1June, 842, served in the artillery corps in Berlin, and took a philosophy course at the University of Berlin. 1April 842 started writing for Rheinische Zeitung (K. Marx was working in a newspaper at that time). June 65438-1October 065438 of the same year, worked in the office of "Oumen-Engles Cotton Mill" in Manchester, England. Here he often goes deep into the factory and takes part in workers' rallies and struggles. During this trip to England, he first met Marx in Cologne. 1844 In August, they met Marx again in Paris, and from then on, they began their extremely close cooperation and unshakable friendship with the cause of * * *. 1845 published the first book "Holy Family" in cooperation with Marx, which clarified the important principles of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Together with Marx, he not only devoted himself to the creation of revolutionary theory, but also actively participated in the revolutionary movement to prepare for the establishment of proletarian political parties. 1847, they reorganized the right-wing alliance, making it the first international producer organization-producer alliance. In February of the following year, entrusted by the League, they published the Manifesto of the * * * Producer Party, which clarified the new world outlook and put forward the historical mission of the proletariat, the creator of the * * * capitalist society. In April, entrusted by the League, the organization published the New Rheinische Zeitung, the fighting organization of the revolutionary movement. 1849 in may, armed uprisings were held in western and southern Germany to defend the imperial constitution. Engels went to Eberfeit to lead the people's fortification construction there, and took part in the battle of volunteers during the Baden-Pfalcz uprising. After that, he wrote "German Movement for Defending the Imperial Constitution" and "German Peasant War", summed up the experience and lessons of revolutionary struggle, and discussed the strategy and tactics of proletarian struggle. He deeply realized the significance of military affairs in the proletarian revolutionary struggle and began to study military affairs systematically for a long time. He read the military theories and historical masterpieces of military strategists in past dynasties, discussed military issues with dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and made a profound analysis of the major military actions at that time. From June 1850 to June 165438, Engels completed many important military works. The possibility and prospect of the holy alliance's war against France in 1852, which he wrote, demonstrated that the development of military organization and combat methods depends on the development of production methods, and predicted that the liberation of the proletariat would also have its own military manifestations and create its own special new combat methods. He summed up historical experience in German Revolution and Counter-Revolution (185 1 ~ 1852), and put forward that revolution is the motive force of social and political progress, and uprising is an art. He wrote 59 entries for new york's New Encyclopedia of America, including army, infantry and artillery, involving army building and equipment development. He published commentary articles and other military papers on the Crimean War, the Italian War, the American Civil War, the Puao War and the Franco-Prussian War in The Tribune, the New Ode, the News, the Manchester Guardian and the Pyle-Mayer News. After getting rid of business activities, he moved to London. 1870 10 was elected as a member of the first international general assembly and directly participated in the leadership of * * * production international. 1878 completed his brilliant masterpiece "Anti-Turin Theory", systematically expounded Marxist philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism, demonstrated the dependence and reaction of violence on economy, and affirmed that violence not only played a reactionary role in history, but also played a progressive role. 1March 88314th, when Marx died, Engels undertook the finishing and publishing of the second and third volumes of Das Kapital that Marx had not finished. The following year, he wrote an important book "The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State", which revealed the ways and forms of private ownership, class and state, and discussed the origin and essence of war. Engels completed great theoretical works in his later years and guided the activities of the international workers' movement. In order to defend the purity of Marxism, he waged an uncompromising struggle against all kinds of opportunism. 1895 died in London on August 5th.
Joseph Vissarion Norwich Stalin (иосив). сталин), ( 1879- 1953)
Formerly known as dzhugashvili, he was the main leader of the former Soviet * * * production party and the Soviet government, and an activist of the international * * * production movement. In addition, Stalin was one of the founders of the Soviet Socialist International Union (referred to as the Soviet Union for short) and one of the five great men who produced * * *. (The other five are Marx, Engels, Lenin and Chairman Mao Zedong. ) had a far-reaching impact on the world in the 20th century.
From 65438 to 0894, when Stalin entered the Orthodox Middle School in Tifries (now Tbilisi), he began to study Marx's works and take part in revolutionary activities.
1898 Joined the Tifries organization of Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
1900 began to participate in underground political activities and organized strikes and demonstrations in some industrial centers in the Caucasus.
1903 He joined the Bolsheviks after the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.
Led the workers' strike in Baku in February.
1902 April to 19 13 March, he was arrested seven times for participating in revolutionary activities and was exiled and imprisoned many times.
19 12 was elected to the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and edited Pravda, the party's organ newspaper.
1965438+arrived in July 20031965438+was exiled to Siberia in March 2007.
1965438+From May 2007 to 1952 65438+ 10 was elected as a member of the Political Bureau of the Russian Central Committee. Assisted Lenin in organizing and leading the 19 17 October socialist revolution. After the victory of the October Revolution, he participated in the first People's Committee headed by Lenin.
19 18 to 1920. During the Soviet-Russian civil war, he was a member of the People's Committee for Ethnic Affairs and the People's Committee of the Ministry of Supervision.
From 1922 to 1952, 10 was successively elected as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee-Soviet * * * production party 1925-52 (Bolshevik for short).
1922 12 at the first Soviet congress, a report on the establishment of the Soviet socialist union was made. He put forward the idea that "a country must first build socialism".
1928, he abandoned Lenin's new economic policy and devoted himself to industrialization. Through several five-year plans, the backward country of the Soviet Union quickly changed its appearance.
At the end of 1934, Stalin launched a storm of political terror and executed many senior and middle-ranking officers of party member, the Soviet Red Army and the Soviet Red Navy who had supported him in seizing power.
1936, the Soviet Red Army and the Red Army implemented the Red Army-style rank system. On February 5, 65438, the first Soviet Constitution drafted under his leadership, the so-called "Stalin Constitution", was adopted at the Eighth Special Congress of the Soviet Union.
1940, the traditional Russian rank system was restored.
194/kloc-0 served as chairman of the Soviet people's Committee (later renamed the Council of Ministers) from May to March, 1946.
1941June served as chairman of the national defense commission, and in August of the same year served as supreme commander of the Soviet armed forces.
1June, 945, was awarded the title of Soviet Grand Marshal. During World War II and the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, he became one of the most successful commanders of the Allied Forces.
194 1 In winter, when the Germans arrived at the gates of Moscow, Stalin always stayed in the capital to organize a big counterattack. Under his excellent command, the Soviets successively won the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk, which made the situation turn sharply, and the front of the soldiers pointed directly at the Germans. He led the Soviet People's War and finally defeated Nazi Germany. Stalin attended several summit meetings of allies, including the Tehran meeting and Yalta meeting with British Prime Minister Churchill and American President Roosevelt.
1March 1946 to1March 1953, he served as chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers.
1952 10 when the Political Bureau of the Central Committee was reorganized into the Soviet central presidium, he was elected as a member of the central presidium and the first secretary of the central secretariat.
1on March 5, 953, Stalin died of cerebral hemorrhage, and his body was preserved and placed in Lenin's mausoleum.
1956 After the 20th Congress of the Soviet Union, Stalin's body was cremated and buried under the red wall of the Kremlin in 196 1 year.