Austria, Britain, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia and upper and lower Sicily participated in the anti-French alliance.
According to the plan of the French command, it is scheduled to launch an attack in two war zones: 1796. The two army groups of General Dan Lu and General Morrow should launch a large-scale assault on the Austrian army from the Rhine region.
The French army commanded by Bonaparte, who fought in Italy, received a secondary task: to capture northern Italy, and then enter Austria to join forces with the main forces to occupy Vienna. However, the decisive battle was held in Italy.
By the beginning of April 1796, the main force of the French army in northern Italy was deployed along the coast of Genoa Bay.
Its face-to-face enemies are the 22,000 Sardinian army under the jurisdiction of General Corey and the Austrian army under the command of Marshal Borrieu. The mountain passage from Piedmont to France is guaranteed by the French alpine army of General Kellerman. Its face-to-face enemy is the Sardinian army of Archduke Osta.
On April 1 1, Pauliu began to take active actions to expel the French army from Italy. The next day, the French army also turned to attack.
The main force of the French army inserted into the gap between the two army groups. Taking advantage of the weakness of the enemy's mutual dispersion, the French army defeated the enemy many times in a divide-and-conquer way, cutting off the connection between the troops and the Austrian army. Bonaparte is different from an enemy fighting on a broad front. He concentrated his superior forces in turn and made individual attacks on individual groups of the enemy. On April 12, the French army destroyed the basic forces of the Austrian army near Munnott, and on April 22, it hit the army of Sardinia near Cervar and Mondavi, forcing Sardinia to make peace with France alone on May 5. On May 10, the Austrian army was defeated in the Battle of Rorty. /kloc-In May of 0/5, the French army occupied Milan and surrounded mantua on June 4th.
Some troops marched into Tuscany and occupied Livorno, where the British naval base was located, on June 29th. The attack on mantua began at the end of July.
The headquarters of the Austrian Army tried to smash the blockade of the fortress four times, but all of them were in Castren on August 5th, near Rovereto on September 5th, near Bassano on September 8th, in Alcol on June 5438+0 15 ~ 17, and in L month 13 ~ 65438.
The Austrian army has been under the command of General Umsel since May 1796 and Marshal alvin toffler since May 1796. 1February 2, 797, mantua surrendered. All Austrian troops were expelled from northern Italy. In March, the French army invaded Austria and began to attack Vienna.
18 April, Leobin armistice agreement was signed. After the armistice agreement was signed, Bonaparte provoked a conflict with Venice and occupied Venice. 1797 10 17 In June, the Campo Formio Peace Treaty, which is beneficial to France, was signed.
Napoleon's expedition to Italy began under the slogan of defending the Republic of China, and later evolved into a war of aggression. Napoleon's strategy in this expedition, based on the political goal of the French bourgeoisie, is devoted to breaking the alliance between Sardinia and Austria, eliminating Austria's rule in northern Italy and establishing its own dominant position.
The French bourgeoisie tried every means to plunder Italy's grain depot and financial resources, and also tried every means to open up a convenient road to the Balkans and the Near East for itself.
In Italy, with the progress of the war, many republics were established and bourgeois reforms were implemented, but the French army rudely destroyed the sovereignty of the Italian people, plundered the occupied areas and brutally suppressed the people.
Napoleon's expedition to Italy clearly proved that the concentrated use of troops in the war zone is far better than the cordon-style combat method.
The victory of the French army was mainly due to the adoption of new tactics, and Napoleon's commander-in-chief talent also played a role. Napoleon always insisted on using and developing the tactics of the revolutionary army-combining the use of columns with the development of formations. Napoleon resolutely gave up the cordon strategy blindly followed by the Austrian Army Command, and first tried to annihilate the enemy's effective forces.
Although the enemy occupied the overall advantage, Napoleon was able to maneuver his army skillfully and quickly and annihilate the enemy through concentrated assault. Napoleon was also good at relying on talented generals emerging from the revolutionary army, such as Bert, Lubel, Massina and others.