When Li Zicheng was a child, he herded sheep for the landlord. In the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626), he served as a post in Yinchuan and studied riding and shooting hard. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, peasant uprisings surged.
In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Li Zicheng was laid off. In Mizhi, he called on the hungry people to revolt, led all the people to vote for the leader of the peasant army without touching mud, and then voted for Gao Yingxiang of the eighth team.
In six years, after Wang Zi, the leader of the peasant army, died of illness, he recruited more than 20,000 people. Later, Zhang Huishi, the leader of the peasant army, defeated Deng Gui, the general commander of the Ming Dynasty, in Linxian County (now Linzhou), Henan Province, killed his Ministry, and then moved to Shanxi and Shaanxi.
In seven years, Lianke was defeated by Zuo Guangxian, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, in Chengcheng, Shaanxi, Ganzhou, Gansu (now Ganxian) and later Gaoling and Fuping.
In eight years, I got together with the leaders of various peasant armies in Xingyang, Henan Province (once said that there was no such meeting) to discuss the strategy of dividing troops and orienting with * * *. Then he moved to Jiangbei, Henan and Shaanxi, and killed Ai Wannian, the deputy commander of Ming Dynasty, in Ningzhou (now Ningxian, Gansu). Spin in Zhenning (now southwest of Zhengning) and defeated the Ming army, forcing Cao Wenzhao, the company commander, to commit suicide.
Nine years later, he was captured and killed in Gao Yingxiang, and he was promoted to king. Leading the people to "defect to the enemy", they adopted the tactics of introducing from the east to the west, avoiding the real and attacking the virtual, and even connected Longzhou (now Wudu, Gansu), Longzhou (now Longxian, Shaanxi), Ningqiang (now Ningqiang) and other States. Soldiers entered Sichuan in three ways, and defeated the Ming army repeatedly in (now southwest of Guangyuan), Jianzhou (now Jiange) and Mianzhou (now Mianyang), killing Hou Liangzhu, the general of the Ming Dynasty.
In the winter of ten years, the siege of Chengdu failed for many days. Later, Zitong, the defeated teacher, confronted Zuo Guangxian, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, and Cao was defeated by a wide angle. So they parted ways and went back to Shaanxi and moved to Tongguan, where they were ambushed by the Ming army and suffered heavy casualties. He led Liu Zongmin, Tian Jianxiu and others 18 to ride in Shangluo mountain area of Shaanxi province. Soon, I went to Gucheng (now Hubei) and got Zhang's support for the Ming court.
In 12 years, Zhang joined hands with Zhang, who made a comeback, to break the Zhuxi River and cut off the route for providing foodstuff for the Ming army. Later, he helped Luo Rucai defeat Yang Shien, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty in Xiangyouping.
In thirteen years, Zuo Liangyu, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, was defeated in Fangxian County, re-entered Henan Province, broke Yongning (now Luoning) and beheaded Wan 'an Cai? . Fighting the local peasant army leaders, hundreds of thousands of people conquered Yiyang. Go to Lushi, get Niu Jinxing, give advice and use it as a counselor. Naliyan's policy of exempting farmland taxes won the support of the people. There is a ballad "Welcome the King, Don't Receive Grain" ("Ming History? Biography of Li Zicheng ").
In the spring of 14th year, when he moved to Luoyang, he was defeated by the defenders and executed Zhu. Revolving troops surrounded Kaifeng, failed to attack several times, and reached Dengzhou in the south, where they would learn from Luo Rucai, who had left Zhang. Later, the fourth route of the Ming army was taken to gather in Xincai and Xiang, Henan Province, and soldiers were sent to ambush on the way, causing the Ming army to flee in disorder and killing Fu, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, in Xiang.
In fifteen years, he and Luo Rucai besieged Kaifeng with 200,000 people and fought fiercely for more than twenty days. Li attacked Xiangcheng, Henan Province, and captured the governor of the Ming Dynasty and the leader of the peasant army alive. After Chen Zhou (now Huaiyang), he joined the local peasant army and returned to Kaifeng. First of all, we wiped out the third battalion Ming army that raided the city. Later, he sent troops to attack Zhengzhou, Xingyang and Shangcai to clear the Ming army strongholds around Kaifeng. Ming Governor Ding and company commander Zuo Liangyu led more than 100,000 troops into Zhuxian Town (now southwest of Kaifeng, Henan). Li Zicheng continued to attack the city with some troops, and occupied the favorable terrain of Zhuxian Town with the main force, winning the melee and capturing tens of thousands of Ming troops. Revolvers open Kaifeng, dig city walls, fill explosives, and dig the Yellow River levee to fill the city (a description of the army digging the levee to fill the peasant army). In order to prevent Sun Chuanting from splitting the Ming Dynasty, he led his troops to the west and attacked jia county, where the situation was unfavorable, so he moved to the village (now Nanyang). On the way, he abandoned a lot of armor and wealth, lured the Ming army to fight, and then led the troops to fight back successfully, beheaded more than 70 prisoners and rode thousands of troops to win the persimmon garden. Into Runing (now Runan), shooting around the city, climbing the city by ladder, arresting inspector Yang of the Ming Dynasty, patrolling Wang Shizhen and so on. He marched south, bypassed Baima Beach and built a pontoon bridge, forcing Zuo Liangyu to abandon the water village and escape, and occupied Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei). The textile army even broke Yiling (now Yichang) and Jingmen counties.
/kloc-in the first month of 0/6, I returned to Xiangyang with the slogan "No levy for three years, no killing for one citizen". Xiangyang changed to Xiang Jing and established Dashun regime. Known as the civil and military marshal who worships righteousness in Fengtian, he called Luo Rucai the general who helps the people on behalf of heaven, appointed Zhang Guoshen as a photojournalist, Niu Jinxing as an assistant, Liu Zongmin as a general of power, and Yan Li as a general of control. Subsequently, Gu Junen, the counselor, made a strategy to take Guanzhong first, then attack Shanxi and then Beijing. He led an army north to Henan, annihilated more than 40,000 Ming troops in the battle of Ruzhou, and forced Sun Chuanting to flee Shaanxi. Take advantage of the situation to pursue roadside mountains, destroy the Ming army in Tongguan, kill Sun Chuanting, and occupy Tongguan and Xi 'an. Revolving troops pursued the remnants of the Ming army, connecting Yan 'an, Hanzhong and Yulin.
In the first month of the seventeenth year, the title of Dashun, Jianyuan built Yongchang, was called Dashun. Xi 'an changed to Xijing, established a military system and rewarded heroes. Then he led the troops across the Yellow River, eastward into Shanxi, and even broke Fenzhou, Taiyuan and other cities. The soldiers were divided into two ways, and Liu Fangliang led the South Road Army to attack Daming (now Hebei), so it was settled (now Zhengding). Since Liu Zongmin led the main force northward, he fought a bloody battle with the Ming army in Wuguan (now Ningwu, Shanxi) for several days, killing Zhou Yuji, the company commander of the Ming army. Later, they successively occupied Datong, Fu Xuan (now Xuanhua, Hebei) and Changping (now Beijing). On March 17th, the two armies joined forces at the gates of Beijing, and the city was broken on the 19th, forcing Emperor Chongzhen Zhu Youjian to hang himself in Jingshan Park (now Jingshan), thus overthrowing the rule of the Ming Dynasty. Change the commander-in-chief of the fifth army to the fifth army, change the title of military commander, set the level and improve the military system. In order to disintegrate the remnants of the Ming army, he repeatedly sent envoys to surrender to Wu Sangui, the company commander of the Ming army, but all failed. On April 13, he led an army of about 654.38+ 10,000 (60,000) to attack. The battle of Shanhaiguan was defeated by Wu Sangui and Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty, and tens of thousands of soldiers were lost. They retreated to Beijing, and Dashun army turned from prosperity to decline. On the 29th, he proclaimed himself emperor, and left Beijing for the west the next day, so that Liu Zongmin could organize troops to fight back along the way for the coach. At that time, the internal contradictions of the peasant army intensified, and the troops retreated one after another, unable to station troops in Shanxi and Shaanxi, so he led the troops to retreat to Huguang through Shaanxi.
In the second year of Dashun Yongchang (the second year of Qing Shunzhi 1645), he was killed by the landlord in Jiugongshan, Tongshan County (now Hubei Province) in May, at the age of 40. He said that when he became a monk, he died in the Kangxi period. Li Zicheng fought for more than ten years, attaching importance to strict management and training troops; Pay attention to close public relations; Being good at grasping the initiative in the battlefield, he often made a surprise victory with flexible tactics and wrote an important chapter in the history of China peasant war.
1In March, 944, Guo Moruo published "The Three Centennial Festival of Shen Jia" in Chongqing, exposing the darkness of the rule in the late Ming Dynasty, and discussing Li Zicheng's arrogance and extravagance after entering Beijing, as well as Wu Sangui's choice. The Kuomintang thought that this article alluded to the corruption of the national government at that time with the Ming Dynasty; * * * The producer used this article in the rectification movement to remind party member not to make the same mistake as Li Zicheng.
Yao wrote the five-volume historical novel Li Zicheng, of which the second volume won the first Mao Dun Literature Prize with 1982.
abstract:
After this year's festival, Kaifeng was lucky enough to be rescued, but it was followed by constant defeat, which greatly dampened his hope of "Zhongxing". The failure of the Central Plains and the failure of the Commissioner almost happened at the same time. He had expected that Zuo Liangyu and Li Zicheng would have a decisive battle at the gates of Kaifeng, leaving Li Zicheng between Scylla and Charybdis. Unexpectedly, Li Zicheng was evacuated from Kaifeng, and Zuo Liangyu also left Qixian, and arrived in Yancheng almost at the same time with Li Zicheng, at loggerheads across the river. Later, he urged Wang Qiaonian to hurry from Luoyang to Yancheng and attack Li Zicheng with Zuo Liangyu. For this Wang Qiaonian who once dug Li Zicheng's ancestral grave, Chongzhen had high hopes. To his surprise, however, Li Zicheng was not destroyed, but Wang Qiaonian was killed in Xiangcheng. This is the second governor who died within one year after Fu. At the same time, Songshan fell, Hong Chengchou was captured, Qiu and Cao Yu were killed, and Zu Dashou of Jinzhou and many generals surrendered to Manchuria. In this way, Chongzhen's elusive hope in the two lines inside Shanhaiguan Pass was temporarily dashed. In addition, he also got a tip-off about a famous city in Jiangbei, which was very rampant at that time. He heard that he was going to cross the river to disturb Nanjing, and he is currently practicing the navy in Chaohu Lake.
In summer, a new blow came again. After Hong Chengchou was captured, he hoped that Hong would be loyal to his country, set an example for civil and military officials, and encourage everyone to be loyal to state affairs. I didn't expect Hong Chengchou to surrender in Shenyang. He had hoped that the guide house would stick to it. Li Zicheng's attack on Kaifeng, as long as the Guide government can persist, will be blocked and contained. He didn't expect that Guide, a city with a population of 100,000, was rich in food and deep in water, and fell in two or three days.
As all kinds of unfortunate military failure reports spread to Gan Qing Palace, Tian Fei's condition became more and more serious. State affairs and family affairs also made him sad and scared. Later, he hoped that the peace talks with Manchuria would be successful, so that he could free up one hand to deal with "hooligans"; I hope that the loyalist rescue of Kaifeng can succeed in World War I and save the Central Plains from defeat; I also hope that the situation in Tian Fei will improve. For these three troubles, he prayed to heaven at Danbu in Gan Qing Palace at dawn every day, and often went to Fengxian Temple to kneel in front of the ancestor's god and pray with tears, hoping that God and the ancestor's "spirit in heaven" would bless him. Monks and Taoists who live in Nangong (1) keep performing ceremonies; The famous temples, Taoist temples and Catholic churches in Xuanwu Gate in Beijing have been praying in an orderly way for many days. However, the national fortune has not improved, and Tian Fei's condition has not improved, but it is getting heavier every day. For several years, whenever he was worried about state affairs, only Tian Fei could temporarily alleviate some of his worries. His mood is only Tian Fei's most considerate. Although he never allowed his concubine to ask about state affairs, when he was very worried about state affairs, Tian Fei would amuse him and make him frown in various ways. Therefore, although there are many concubines in the deep palace, only Tian Fei, a beautiful woman with profound wisdom, is called the flower of Sakyamuni by him. Now this flower has withered and there is no way to save it. As the medicine was ineffective, he had to pin a ray of hope on the chanting of monks and Taoists, as well as the twice-daily prayers of foreign missionaries and China believers in the Catholic Church.
(1) The Nangong-the palace group of Wang Hongbin in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty is called the Nangong, also known as Nancheng. See Volume 1 for the construction scale.
One day in early June, a rare smile suddenly appeared on Chongzhen's pale face due to excessive fatigue. Eunuchs and ladies-in-waiting were relieved to see them, at least to avoid the rabbit emperor losing his temper with them easily. But no one knows why. They dare not ask such a strict, suspicious and angry emperor. Wei Qinghui, the "housekeeper" of Gan Qing Palace, happened to have something to go to Kunning Palace that day, so he told the Queen the good news. I am also very happy after listening to it. How she hoped that the emperor could come to Kunningguan for a walk when he was in a good mood!
Chongzhen is happy today for two reasons. First of all, Chen Xinjia came to the palace to play with him, saying that Ma had made peace with Manchuria in Shenyang and would soon be able to play the agreed terms in Beijing. Although he knew that the terms were beneficial to Manchuria, he would give up part of his land every year and lose a lot of money, but he could get peace outside the customs in a short time. As long as the Commissioner stops using troops, he can hand over the troops to the Commissioner for use. Thinking that he could devote himself to the cause of "suppressing thieves" in the future, he secretly praised Ma for not fulfilling his mission. Although Chen Xinjia is dissatisfied with some things, he is, after all, his confidant minister and has made great contributions to this secret peace.
Another thing that made him feel a little gratified was that he received a flying letter from Gao Mingheng, the governor of Kaifeng Prefecture, on May 17, saying that he had received Tang Bao from Yang, and that 200,000 troops of Ding, Yang and Zuo Liangyu had arrived in Zhuxian Town, surrounded the rogue and would be wiped out in a few days. Based on years of experience, he couldn't believe that Li Zicheng would be annihilated so easily, but he had hope in his heart: even if he couldn't annihilate the hooligans, it would be nice if he could win a battle and make Kaifeng a safe place for a while and let him catch his breath. He can't eat and sleep in recent days, and he feels a little relaxed today.
He decided to go to Chenggan Palace to see Tian Fei, but he thought he should see the queen first to make her happy. So, he stood up from the imperial court, walked out of the back door of the courtyard of Gan Qing Palace, and went to the Palace of Kunning. He didn't ride in a chariot, nor did many ladies-in-waiting and eunuchs follow him.
Seeing that Chongzhen was in a much better mood today, he was very happy after the worship, and quickly ordered the maid-in-waiting to make a cup of Yangxian tea, the emperor's favorite. Chongzhen took a sip and asked Queen Tian Fei about her illness. The queen sighed and said:
"It seems heavier than a few days ago. I went to see her this morning. She told me something herself. I was just about to speak to your majesty, please the emperor ... "
Chongzhen hurriedly asked, "What is it?"
"Tian Fei has not seen her family for many years. I have strict etiquette in the palace, and there is no system of concubines and mothering. Now she is very ill and she wants to see her family very much. Naturally, her father is not allowed to enter the palace. Since her brother is a man, even if he is only a teenager, he is naturally not allowed to enter the palace. She has a sixteen-year-old sister. She asked permission to call her sister to the palace for her to meet. I have told her that this matter can be explained to the emperor and asked for his permission. Will the emperor bow to Tian Fei? "
Chongzhen knew that Tian Fei had a beautiful sister. If in normal times, he doesn't necessarily want to see this sister, but today, because he is in a good mood, he also wants to see what she looks like, so he said:
"Since she wants to meet her sister, I think she can be allowed to enter the palace. You set a time and tell Tian Fei earlier. "
Hearing this, he immediately sent the inspector to Chenggan Palace to announce that the emperor had promised to let Tian Niangniang's sister into the palace tomorrow morning. Because Tian Fei is very popular at ordinary times, eunuchs and maids standing next to him are very happy, especially as we all know, Tian Fei may not live long. Chongzhen sat for a while and wanted to go to Chenggan Palace. Suddenly, he remembered that some documents had not been read, so he decided to wait until Tian Fei's sister entered the palace the next morning. He sat in the palace of earthly tranquility for a while, and suddenly he was full of gloom and returned to Ganqing Palace.
The next morning, when Chongzhen was reading documents in the Qing Palace, a eunuch came in and began to play: "Zhou Yanru Records" was waiting to be called in the Wenhua Hall. Chongzhen nodded and was about to get up when another eunuch came in and said, Tian Fei's sister has entered the palace, and the queen sent someone to ask him if he would like to go to Chenggan Palace. Chongzhen nodded again, thought for a moment, and told the eunuch to go to Wenhua Hall and tell Zhou Yanru to wait a moment. He immediately walked out of Gan Qing Palace and quickly took a chariot to Chenggan Palace.
Tian Fei is lying in bed at the moment. She called her sister to the palace this time because she knew that she would not live long and wanted to meet her family. Secondly, there is still one thing to be solved. Now, before the emperor arrived, she motioned the maids to retreat and told her sister to sit by the bed.
My sister is called Tian Shuying. When she first entered the palace, she bowed to Tian Fei. She is bound by etiquette and afraid of rudeness. At this time, when she saw the imperial concubine ordering the ladies-in-waiting to retreat, she waved to her kindly and pulled her to bed, and became a sister relationship again. This alone made her very moved and tears welled up in her eyes.
Tian Fei took her sister by the pale and emaciated hand, sighed lightly, and choked up and said, "Shu Ying, I am a person who will not live long. The etiquette in the palace is very strict, so I can't see the rest of my family, so I told the emperor and queen to call you into the palace. Today, we sisters are fortunate to meet. It's hard to say whether we can meet again in the future. I'm afraid we won't meet again. "
Speaking of which, Tian Fei sobbed. Shuying couldn't help sobbing, and tears rolled down her face like a clear spring. After crying for a while, Shu Ying finally stopped crying and whispered to comfort her sister:
"Please don't feel sorry for the imperial concubine. Now monks and Taoists in Beijing are praying for the imperial concubine, and even foreigners in Xuanwu Gate are praying for the imperial concubine. The imperial concubine is lucky and deadly, and nothing will happen; In a few days, the county will naturally get better. "
Tian Fei said, "I know my own illness very well, and now this patient is blind. Don't be sad either. You must remember what I want to say to you. "
Shuying nodded and said, "If the imperial concubine has any orders, just say so, and I will keep them in mind." (Chapter 132)
[Introduction to the novel]
This book * * * is divided into five volumes, mainly about the peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty, and also about the national wars in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It depicts the representative figures and life scenes of various classes, as well as the complex contradictions between various classes and groups, and unfolds a colorful historical picture. The author's purpose in creating this novel is clear. He tries to fully show the social picture of Ming and Qing Dynasties, so that readers can gain more extensive historical knowledge through artistic images. Based on the principle of "going deep into history and jumping out of history", the author described the complicated historical process and the magnificent peasant uprising more than 300 years ago. The novel takes the peasant uprising army led by Li Zicheng at the end of Ming Dynasty as the main clue, which changed from weak to strong, turned defeat into victory, overthrew the rule of Ming Dynasty and resisted the Qing army's southward movement. From many angles, aspects and levels, it reproduces the changing historical features of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and the tragic ending of the peasant uprising army from victory to failure, and reveals the law of the development of peasant wars and historical movements. This novel has made many achievements. First of all, it successfully depicts a series of characters such as Li Zicheng and Emperor Chongzhen. The change of Li Zicheng's ideological character and the snacks of Emperor Chongzhen in maintaining the crumbling regime are all profound and extensive. Secondly, the novel uses a lot of pen and ink and thoughts on the social life scenes in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, from the court to the battlefield, from the capital to the countryside, with many vivid descriptions; From political competition to battlefield confrontation, from law, etiquette to human customs, the descriptions are mostly accurate and realistic.
[writer's style]
Yao Yinxue (19 10- 1999), formerly known as Yao Guansan, was born in Deng County, Henan Province. 1929 was admitted to the preparatory course of Henan University, and was later expelled from the school for participating in the student movement. Around War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he wrote novels such as Half a Car of Straw, Cow Rights and Carrots, When Spring Blooms, Long Night, etc. He used to be a director of the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, an associate professor at Northeastern University and a professor at Shanghai Daxia University. After liberation, he served as chairman of Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles and member of the Fifth CPPCC. 1963 Created and published the first volume of the historical novel Li Zicheng. After more than twenty years, this five-volume novel was completely completed.