College entrance examination history compulsory unit 4 1
the opium war
I. The Opium War (1840- 1842)
1, outbreak reason:
Root cause: direct cause: opium was destroyed in Humen (1839 Lin zexu) in order to open China market and plunder raw materials for production.
2. Course: 1840- 1842
3. Results:
1842, China signed the first unequal treaty-treaty of nanking.
Content: a section of hong kong island C. compensation 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars.
B. Five-port trade (Guangsha Funing) D. Agreement tariff
(ps:b and D reflect the fundamental purpose of the British Opium War)
Annex of treaty of nanking: Consular Jurisdiction, Unilateral Most Favoured Nation Treatment, Land and House Lease.
4. Impact: It has brought great humiliation and profound disaster to China, and its sovereignty and territorial integrity have been constantly undermined. China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, which was the beginning of China's modern history.
(1) Social nature: from feudal society to semi-colonial and semi-feudal society;
B. Economic relations: the natural economy began to disintegrate and was involved in the capitalist world market;
C social contradictions: from single class contradictions to ethnic contradictions and class contradictions;
D. revolutionary task: the dual task of transforming from anti-feudalism to anti-aggression and anti-feudalism;
E. ideology and culture: from being closed to the outside world and blindly arrogant, it has changed to learning from the west. )
5. Reasons for China's failure
(1) The root cause: decadent and backward absolutism can't fight against emerging capitalism.
Objective: Britain's comprehensive national strength is strong; ③ Subjectivity: The Qing Dynasty was decadent and backward, and its armaments were lax.
Second, the Second Opium War (1856-1858-1860) saw the Yuanmingyuan burned by Britain and France.
1. Reason:
The root cause: further opening the China market and expanding the rights and interests of aggression.
Direct cause: the request to modify the contract was rejected.
2. Results:
1858 Tianjin treaty: ① ten ports for trade; (2) Allow the Foreign Minister to stay in Beijing;
(three) allow foreign businessmen to do business, travel and preach in the mainland of China; (4) Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail in the Yangtze River port.
1860 Beijing treaty: Tianjin opens for trade; Divide Kowloon into a local area and hand it over to Britain. ...
3. Impact:
(1) The Qing government began to be controlled by foreign forces, and reactionary forces at home and abroad openly colluded to suppress the resistance of the China people;
(2) The semi-colonial and semi-feudal degree of China has deepened.
4. Revelation: If you fall behind, you will be beaten; Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the country; Attach importance to scientific and technological innovation and develop productive forces; Have a sense of hardship and the spirit of keeping pace with the times.
College entrance examination history compulsory unit 4 unit 2
taiping rebellion
I: Movement process (185 1- 1864)
1. Start sign: 185 1 jintian uprising.
2. Initial regime: Yong 'an organizational system
3. Formally establish political power: 1853 set its capital in Tianjing to fight against the Qing court.
4. Military heyday: Northern Expedition and Western Expedition.
5. From prosperity to decline:1Tianjing Rebellion in 856.
6.End: Tianjing fell 1864.
Ps: Reasons for failure: ① the limitations of the peasant class; (2) Joint strangulation by Chinese and foreign reactionary forces.
Second, the celestial system: 1853 promulgated by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
1. Thought: absolute egalitarianism.
2. Core content: advocate the abolition of feudal landlord land ownership.
3. Assessment:
① It is a programmatic document of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. ② Revolutionary: It reflects farmers' strong desire for land and is the crystallization of farmers' anti-feudal struggle thought for thousands of years. (3) Utopia: The absolute egalitarianism embodied is seriously divorced from reality and cannot be realized at all. (4) backwardness: the pursuit of small-scale peasant economy lags behind the trend of the times.
Three. Senior Minister: 1859, Hong Rengan.
1. Objective: To revitalize the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
2. Evaluation: The design of developing capitalism in China was first put forward by advanced China people, but it was not implemented due to the social situation at that time.
Compulsory History of College Entrance Examination 1 Unit 4 3
Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China.
I. Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (1894- 1895)
1. Outbreak reason:
The root cause: In order to adapt to the development of Japanese capitalism and the needs of Japanese mainland policy, it has been planned for a long time.
② Direct cause: East Korean uprising.
2. Process:
Battle of Yashan Fengshao → Battle of Pingyang (left sacrifice) → Battle of the Yellow Sea (Deng Shichang sacrifice) → Battle of Liaodong (Dalian occupied Lushun) → Battle of Ahava (completely annihilated, Ding and Liu committed suicide).
3. Result: The Qing court was defeated and treaty of shimonoseki was signed.
Treaty content: Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan; Compensation for Japanese military spending of 220 million silver; Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports; The Japanese can invest and set up factories in China's trading ports, and the products are shipped to the mainland of China without domestic tax.
Impact: The means of foreign powers invading China have changed, and capital export is the main way. It set off a frenzy of great powers to carve up China, and the degree of semi-colonization of China was greatly deepened.
4. Reasons for China's defeat: China's Qing government was corrupt and incompetent, avoiding war and making peace; After the Meiji Restoration, Japan became a powerful country, and the war against China has been planned for a long time. The acquiescence or support attitude of European and American powers
Second, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China (1900- 190 1)
1. Reason:
① Root cause: further carve up China.
(2) Direct cause: suppression of the Boxer Rebellion (Boxer Rebellion slogan: Help the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries)
2. Results: The Qing court was defeated, and the "Xin Chou Treaty" was signed in 190 1.
The content of the treaty: the Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver from various countries and paid it off in 39 years, with a total principal and interest of 980 million taels, secured by customs duties and salt taxes; Establish an "embassy circle" in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing, where China people are not allowed to live and countries are stationed to protect them; Dismantle the battery from Beijing to Dagu and allow countries to send troops to strategic locations along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan; Punish the officials who participated in the anti-imperialist struggle in the Boxer Movement, and forever prohibit the people of China from establishing or joining anti-imperialist organizations; Change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking above the six ministries.
Influence: The Qing government became a tool for the great powers to rule China. It indicates that China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
College entrance examination history compulsory Unit 4 Unit 4
the Revolution of 1911
I. Background
1. Political basis: After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", people in China generally believed that the Qing government was corrupt and incompetent and should be overthrown.
2. Economic basis: The reform in the late Qing Dynasty objectively promoted the development of capitalism and laid a material foundation for the bourgeois revolution.
3. Ideological basis: the spread of bourgeois democratic revolutionary ideas.
4. Organizational basis: extensive establishment of bourgeois revolutionary groups. (Xingzhonghui, Huaxinghui, Alliance)
5. Military basis: Armed uprisings were launched in various places (Huanghuagang Uprising was the most heroic).
6. favorable opportunity: Sichuan road protection movement led to Hubei's defense emptiness.
Ps: 1894, Sun Yat-sen established the Zhong Xing Society, the first bourgeois democratic revolutionary group in China, in Honolulu.
1In August, 905, China League was founded, which was the first unified bourgeois political party in modern China.
The platform of the League: expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and sharing land rights (later developed into the Three People's Principles).
Second, after:
1. Outbreak:19110 June10, Wuchang Uprising.
2.: 19 12 On New Year's Day, the Republic of China was founded.
19 12, Sun Yat-sen promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. This constitution is the first bourgeois democratic constitution in China's modern history, which is of progressive significance in opposing feudal autocracy. Principles: sovereignty belongs to the people, freedom and equality, separation of powers, and a cabinet of responsibility. )
Third, the result: the fruits of victory fell into the hands of Yuan Shikai.
12 February 12, Xuan Tong abdicated, and the Qing Dynasty perished.
1965438+In March 2002, Yuan Shikai was appointed as the interim president of the Republic of China in Beijing.
Four. Evaluation:
1, nature: a great bourgeois-democratic revolution.
2, historical achievements (success! ):
(1) overthrew the Qing Dynasty politically, put an end to China's more than 2,000-year feudal autocratic monarchy system, and established a bourgeois republic, which enabled the people to gain some rights of democracy and freedom and objectively dealt a blow to imperialist aggression.
Economically, it has created conditions for the development of Chinese national capitalism.
(3) Ideologically, democracy and ideas have gradually taken root in people's hearts.
3, limitations (failure! )
The anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary task was not completed, the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social nature of China remained unchanged, and the revolutionary achievements were stolen by Yuan Shikai. (reason: subjective: weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie (fundamental reason); Objective: Chinese and foreign reactionary forces are powerful)
Compulsory History of College Entrance Examination 1 Unit 4 5
The rise of the new democratic revolution
One: May 4th Movement
1. fuse: China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference.
2. Slogan: fight for sovereignty outside, and eliminate national thieves inside; Repeal article 2 1; Refuse to sign a peace treaty; Fight to the death to give Qingdao back to me.
3. Assessment:
Nature: The May 4th Movement was an uncompromising patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism.
② Significance: The working class in China stepped onto the political stage; Is the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution; Some intellectuals with * * * ideology began to combine with workers and spread Marxism among them.
Second, the birth of China * * * production party
China * * * Production Party was founded in 192 1. Let the China revolution take on a new look.
The program of democratic revolution formulated by the Second National Congress is the first thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal program of democratic revolution in China in modern times.
Three. Cooperation between China and the Northern Expedition
1, the symbol of the first national cooperation:1the convening of the first national congress of the Kuomintang in 924.
2. National Revolution: basically eliminated the rule of the Beiyang warlord government and dealt a heavy blow to imperialist aggression. However, because the Kuomintang Rightists betrayed the revolution, the China * * * production party made a right-leaning mistake and gave up the leadership of the revolution, and the revolution failed. (The sign of failure: Wang Jingwei's counter-revolutionary coup on July 15th)
Compulsory History of College Entrance Examination 1 Unit 4 6
Ten years of confrontation between China and the United States
1. Nanchang Uprising (1927.08.0438+0)
Significance: The Nanchang Uprising fired the first shot of armed resistance against the reactionary Kuomintang rule, marking the beginning of China's independent leadership of the armed struggle, the establishment of the people's army and the armed seizure of political power.
Second, the agrarian revolution:
1. The idea of the armed regime of workers and peasants includes armed struggle, agrarian revolution (the core) and the construction of base areas. (China has found a road that conforms to the national conditions, that is, the road of encircling cities from rural areas and seizing political power by armed forces. )
2. The August 7th meeting clarified Chen Duxiu's right deviation.
3. 193 1 year 1 1 month, the provisional central government of chinese soviet republic was established, with its capital in Ruijin.
Iii. The Long March of the Red Army (1934- 1936);
1, reason: root cause: left-leaning mistakes were made in the party; Direct cause: the fifth defeat of the "encirclement and suppression" campaign.
2. Turning point: Zunyi Conference. Zunyi Conference ended the left-leaning error rule in the central government, became a turning point in the history of the Party, and marked the political maturity of China's * * * production party.
3. Victory ended: 1936 Gansu Huining joined hands.
Significance: The Red Army's Long March sowed the seeds of revolution and forged the great Long March spirit. As soon as the Long March ended, a new revolutionary situation began.
Compulsory History of College Entrance Examination 1 Unit 4 7
War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression
1. At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the four major battles organized by the Kuomintang in the frontal battlefield were Songhu, Taiyuan, Xuzhou and Wuhan (1938+00, the fall of Wuhan marked the beginning of the stalemate in the Anti-Japanese War. )。 Its effect is to delay Japanese aggression.
2. The Hundred Regiments War was a large-scale battle in which China troops in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression took the initiative to attack the Japanese.
3. The Kuomintang is a one-sided anti-Japanese war line, and the China * * * production party is a comprehensive anti-Japanese war line.
4. Japanese heinous crimes: Nanjing massacre, Panjiayu massacre, 73 1 troops.
5.1Aug.94515th, the Japanese surrendered unconditionally, and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression China won.
The reason for China's victory is:
The anti-Japanese national united front based on 1 national * * * cooperation, and the whole nation's resistance (the fundamental reason);
2 Japan launched a war of aggression;
The world anti-fascist alliance was formed, and anti-fascist countries and people supported each other.
3. The historical significance of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory;
1 is the first time that the people of China 100 have won a complete victory against imperialist aggression.
Greatly enhanced the national self-esteem and self-confidence of the people throughout the country;
3. It is an important part of the world anti-fascist war and has made great contributions;
China's international status has been improved.
College entrance examination history compulsory unit 4 unit 8
war of liberation
First, the stage of striving for peace and democracy:
1. 1945 "October 10th agreement": peaceful founding of the country resolutely avoids civil war, and CPPCC meeting is held to protect people's rights. However, no agreement was reached on the legal status of the People's Army and the political power in the liberated areas.
2. 1946 signed the CPPCC Agreement, but it was quickly torn up by the Kuomintang.
Second, the war stage:
1. The symbol of the outbreak of all-out civil war: 1946, Kuomintang troops attacked the Central Plains Liberated Area on a large scale.
Ps: China's * * * production party adopts the way of mobile warfare, concentrating superior forces and fighting annihilation.
2. The prelude to the strategic counterattack was unveiled: 1947 Liu Dengjun advanced into Dabie Mountain.
3. Strategic decisive battle: Liaoshen Campaign (1September 1948), Huaihai Campaign (19491October), Pingjin Campaign (19491October, the peaceful liberation of Beiping) → basically destroy the Kuomintang army.
4. Battle of Crossing the River:1On April 23, 949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing, marking the end of the national government that ruled China for 22 years. The new-democratic revolution has achieved a basic victory.
Third, the victory stage:
1. The significance of the victory of the new-democratic revolution: ① It marks the end of China's history of humiliation and division for more than 100 years, and the long-awaited independent and unified new China is about to be born; The great victory of world significance has changed the world political structure, strengthened the forces of world peace, democracy and socialism, and inspired the morale of the oppressed nations and people in the world in their liberation struggle; (3) It is the victory of Marxism in China, the universal principle of Marxism-Leninism and the concrete practice of China revolution.
2. The basic experience of the victory of the new-democratic revolution:
(1) The correct leadership (core) lies in * * *; (2) Marxism-Leninism, (soul); ③ Take the road (direction) from new democracy to socialism; (4) get the support of the people (foundation) (5) have a people's army (backbone) that insists on armed struggle; ⑥ The broadest United front has been formed, uniting all forces that can be United (guarantee).
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