Electricity is a kind of secondary energy that can be easily distributed and used. For thermal power plants, an important index to assess their economy is the consumption of standard coal for power generation, and its unit is grams/kWh, that is, how many grams of standard coal are needed for power generation 1 kWh. The so-called standard coal is to convert different kinds of coal from all over the country into standard coal with a combustion value of 7000 kcal/kW for convenience of comparison.

Due to the improvement of automation management level of power plants and the wide use of high-efficiency large units, the standard coal consumption of thermal power plants has been reduced. For the power grid, an important index to assess its economy is the standard coal consumption of power supply, that is, how many grams of standard coal are needed for each power supply 1 kwh.

In recent years, the transformation of urban power grid and rural power grid has made the power grid structure more reasonable and reduced the coal consumption of power supply. If the factor of reducing coal consumption in power generation is deducted, the reduced coal consumption due to the improvement of power supply network is obviously beneficial to reducing the power supply burden of users.

The development of electric power production requires the state to invest more funds. For a long time, the proportion of thermal power in China will still be relatively large. The expansion of power production means consuming more limited resources such as coal, oil and natural gas, and brings corresponding environmental problems. As a big country with economic development, we must adhere to the energy policy of paying equal attention to development and conservation, and put energy conservation in the first place. There are many ways to save electricity, such as scientific management; Transform old equipment; Adopt energy-saving equipment (including energy-saving lamps, frequency conversion speed regulation equipment, low-loss motors, transformer equipment, etc.). ); Popularize energy-saving technical transformation measures. But it is the most fundamental thing to carry out reasonable and mass energy-saving activities and let everyone establish "energy-saving consciousness".

"Power-saving consciousness" should start from dribs and drabs, and start from cherishing and saving every kilowatt hour.

Don't underestimate the role of this electricity. "One degree of electricity" seems to be the smallest unit of electricity measurement. However, the economic value of "once electricity" cannot be ignored. In addition to saving about 400g of coal resources brought by 1 kwh, 1 kwh can also bring the following social and economic values.

Power saving method:

I. Reasonable purchase of equipment

1. The indoor layout of lighting equipment should be reasonable, choose energy-saving light sources with high luminous efficiency and use energy-saving lamps.

2. Household appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines and rice cookers. It should be selected according to the family population and actual needs, and the appropriate equipment for refrigerating and lifting and washing kilograms should not be too demanding.

3. When purchasing household appliances, try to choose high-efficiency and energy-saving electrical products. Energy-saving appliances can be determined by looking at energy-saving signs.

Second, the use of management issues that should be noted

1. Lights, fans, televisions, air conditioners, etc. All the rooms in the house should be closed in time when no one is around.

2. Household appliances should not be in standby state, such as computer monitors, televisions and microwave ovens. It consumes a lot of power in standby state.

3. The setting of air conditioning temperature should be reasonable.

Third, power-saving methods.

television

(1) Adjust the brightness and volume of the TV set reasonably. The higher the brightness and volume, the more power consumption.

(2) Don't switch the TV frequently.

(3) If the power supply voltage changes too much, it is best to use a voltage regulator.

Rice cooker

(1) In order to make full use of the waste heat of the rice cooker, if you cook with the rice cooker, you can turn off the power for 7-8 minutes after the rice cooker boils, and then turn it on again.

(2) When choosing a rice cooker, the power should be determined according to the number of family members and economic conditions.

(3) Cover the pot with a towel to reduce heat loss.

(4) After using the rice cooker, be sure to unplug it. Entering the heat preservation state without unplugging will not only waste electricity but also reduce the service life.

(5) There are stains on the surface of the electric heating plate and the bottom of the inner pot, which should be wiped clean or lightly polished with oil sands to avoid affecting the induction efficiency and wasting electric energy.

fridge

The refrigerator should be placed in a place with the lowest indoor temperature, good air circulation and no direct sunlight. Open the door less; Store food until it is cooled to room temperature, and then put it in the refrigerator for preservation; Defrost in time and keep the condenser and freezer clean to facilitate heat dissipation;

(1) Try to shorten the opening time. If the door is opened for half a minute to one minute at a time, the compressor works for five seconds after the temperature in the box is restored, and the power consumption is 0.008KWH.

(2) Adjust the temperature in the cabinet properly. In midsummer, setting the freezer temperature at 5℃ consumes 10 kWh more per month than setting it at 8℃, and the preservation effect is poor.

(3) The stored food should not be too full, and there should be a gap of more than 10 mm between the food and the box wall, which is beneficial to the convection of cold air in the box, so that the temperature in the box is uniform and stable, and the power consumption is reduced.

(4) Hot food should be cooled to room temperature and then put into the refrigerator to reduce electricity consumption and unnecessary moisture.

Method Manual 2:

1. electric water heater

Try to control the temperature at a moderate level. It is higher in winter and lower in summer. This can save electricity. Bathing at 42 degrees in summer is enough (maybe lower? )。 It is about 52 degrees in winter. If there are many guests, turn it up a little.

2. An electric mosquito-repellent incense device

Remember to turn off the power switch of the electric mosquito repellent incense device in the morning. Power on for a long time may not waste a lot of electricity, but if it is plugged in day and night, the life of the electric mosquito repellent incense device will be reduced by at least half. It could have been used for three years, but you may have to buy a new one in a year and a half.

4. washing machine

The washing machine at home is actually a big user of electricity. Second only to air conditioning. Summer clothes are not very dirty, try to wash them by hand. Moreover, clothes are thin in summer. If several clothes are divided into coats, underwear and silk, they should be washed three times with a washing machine, which is not as simple as hand washing. In addition, you can also play with water in the bathroom by the way. It is estimated that you can wash the clothes of the day in half an hour, which saves electricity and water.

5. electric light

Be sure to turn off the lights, don't buy a dozen big chandeliers that are rarely used, and don't stay up late.

If we can work at sunrise and rest at sunset like the ancients, it is estimated that we can really save a lot of electricity, and our health will be better and more in line with the laws of nature. If you do this, you will save electricity.

6. Electric water heater

Try to control the temperature at a moderate level. It is higher in winter and lower in summer. This can save electricity. You can take a bath at 42 degrees in summer (maybe lower? )。 It is about 52 degrees in winter. If there are many guests, turn it up a little.

7. An electric mosquito-repellent incense device

Remember to turn off the power switch of the electric mosquito repellent incense device in the morning. Power on for a long time may not waste a lot of electricity, but if it is plugged in day and night, the life of the electric mosquito repellent incense device will be reduced by at least half. It could have been used for three years, but you may have to buy a new one in a year and a half.

8. Computer

Turn it off when not in use. Or at least turn off the display. If you have enough money, buying an LCD can save a lot of electricity.

9. washing machine

The washing machine at home is actually a big user of electricity. Second only to air conditioning.

After installing a new electricity meter this year, I recorded it, and the electricity consumption of the washing machine surprised me.

Summer clothes are not very dirty. I tried to wash it by hand. Moreover, clothes are thin in summer. If several clothes are divided into coats, underwear and silk, they should be washed three times with a washing machine, which is not as simple as hand washing. In addition, you can also play with water in the bathroom by the way. It is estimated that you can wash the clothes of the day in half an hour, which saves electricity and water.

10. Electric light

It has always been said that energy-saving lamps save more electricity. but I cannot do it. Because I always think that the energy-saving lamps sold in the market are expensive, and the service life is not several times as long as the incandescent lamps they boast, which may be a quality problem.

Individuals can only turn off the lights conveniently, do not buy a dozen large chandeliers that are rarely used, and do not stay up late. If we can work at sunrise and rest at sunset like the ancients, it is estimated that we can really save a lot of electricity, and our health will be better and more in line with the laws of nature. If you do this, it will be even more difficult.

The significance of saving electricity:

To solve the energy problem, we must adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to development and conservation for a long time and put energy conservation in an important position. Electric energy is extremely valuable secondary energy, and saving electricity is an important content of energy saving. Saving electricity is to constantly improve the technical level of electric energy utilization, don't waste electric energy in vain, and let the electric energy per kWh play its greatest role. The significance of saving electricity lies in:

(1) Save electric energy, that is, save the primary energy needed for power generation, thus saving the energy of the whole country and reducing the tension of energy and traffic;

(2) Saving electric energy means saving the state's capital investment in power generation and power supply equipment accordingly;

(3) In order to save electricity, we must rely on the progress of science and technology. With the continuous adoption of new technologies, new materials, new processes and new equipment, saving electricity will certainly promote the development and improvement of industrial and agricultural production level;

(4) To save electricity, we must strengthen the scientific management of electricity consumption, so as to improve the management work and improve the management level of enterprises;

(5) Saving electric energy can reduce unnecessary electric energy losses, reduce electricity expenses for enterprises, reduce costs and improve economic benefits, so that limited electric power can exert greater social and economic benefits, improve the utilization rate of electric energy and make better use of electric resources;

Inductive conclusion:

Due to the continuous progress of society and the rapid development of science and technology, human needs and desires have been greatly stimulated. Therefore, human beings constantly extract natural resources such as fresh water and minerals from nature to meet this growing material demand. After thousands of years of development, human society has created rich material civilization and spiritual civilization, but at the same time it has destroyed the ecological environment to some extent. Nowadays, climate warming and the scarcity of fresh water resources have become familiar. Governments and world organizations are increasingly putting it on the agenda, and the voice of environmental protection and sustainable development is becoming clearer and clearer, which is printed in everyone's heart. Through the study of "Introduction to Public Policy" and my own understanding of resource conservation, I combine the theoretical knowledge I have learned with practice and conduct a comprehensive study on resource conservation, hoping to make more scientific and effective contributions to resource protection in this way.

In the process of sustainable development, there will be contradictions or conflicts among economy, society, environment and resource systems, and they cannot coordinate spontaneously. Therefore, as a social manager, the government must implement a series of effective policies and adjust the activities of various systems to meet the overall goal of sustainable development. Generally speaking, the means that the government can take mainly include administrative control and market mechanism (or economic means). Judging from the theory and practice of environmental protection around the world, the government's fiscal policy is undoubtedly an important measure to use the market mechanism. The effective implementation of fiscal policy is conducive to the protection of resources and environment and the sustainable development of economy and society.

First, the research status of resources and fiscal policy at home and abroad

Resource fiscal policy refers to the government revenue and expenditure policies and measures related to protecting the ecological environment and natural resources, providing environmental services to the society and the public, and ensuring the national environmental security. A complete financial system framework of resources and environmental protection includes environmental resource tax system, sewage charge system, environmental protection government budget expenditure system, environment-related public product pricing mechanism, environmental capital market management system and various government environmental fund management methods.

With the concept of sustainable development put forward and the extensive concern of the international community, how to use financial and other economic tools to realize the sustainable utilization of natural resources and environmental protection has aroused widespread concern in the economic circles. Therefore, since the 1960s, there has been an upsurge of research on financial policies for resource and environmental protection, and many achievements have been made. In the theoretical system of western economics, welfare economics and environmental economics are theoretical tools to study the fiscal policy of resource and environmental protection. Coase theorem put forward by welfare economist Coase is considered as the theoretical basis of financial policy research on resource and environmental protection. Foreign economists are concerned about controlling global warming and reducing pollution emissions.

A great deal of research has been done on the general equilibrium theory and empirical analysis of financial policies for resource and environmental protection, including the design and implementation of environmental tax, the international significance of environmental tax, the distribution effect of environmental finance and the use of income. In particular, the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have gained rich practical experience in using fiscal policies to protect resources and the environment, which provides guidance for countries around the world to implement fiscal policies for environmental protection. Chinese economists have been paying close attention to the fiscal policy of resources and environmental protection, and the research ideas are basically divided into: First, analyze the shortcomings of the current fiscal policy of resources and environmental protection in China, and put forward corresponding policy suggestions. The second is to introduce and draw lessons from the experience of foreign financial policies on resources and environmental protection, and put forward measures to improve China's financial policies on resources and environmental protection. Thirdly, from the financial policy of resources and environmental protection to the construction of environmental finance system, that is, it is no longer limited to the shallow financial policy of resources and environmental protection, but puts forward that environmental finance should be the breakthrough of the construction of public finance system, and discusses the function, target mode and specific measures of environmental finance system. Fourthly, from the perspective of environmental fiscal revenue and environmental tax, define the concept of environmental tax, investigate foreign environmental tax policies, especially the successful practices of OECD countries, and explore the idea of constructing China's environmental tax system. Generally speaking, domestic research is mostly carried out from the policy level, mainly qualitative analysis, with prominent normative research, while the empirical research on fiscal policy of resource and environmental protection is relatively weak. Based on this, this paper will use empirical methods to analyze the impact of China's fiscal policy on resource and environmental protection, evaluate the incentive effect of fiscal policy on resource and environmental protection, and provide a basis for the government to formulate more efficient and reasonable fiscal policy on resource and environmental protection.

Two. Current situation of resource protection and tax policy

Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's economic development has made remarkable achievements. But China's economic growth

At the expense of the environment and excessive consumption of energy resources. Saving energy resources and protecting the environment has become an inevitable choice for sustainable economic development and building a harmonious society. In recent years, China has attached great importance to energy conservation and emission reduction. The 11th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of People's Republic of China (PRC) has set a binding target of reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by about 20% and total discharge of major pollutants by 10% during the 11th Five-Year Plan period. The State Council issued a comprehensive work plan for energy conservation and emission reduction, and the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China also put forward new requirements for building an ecological civilization, resource-saving and environment-friendly society. Therefore, experts and scholars have carried out some useful studies, such as the guiding ideology and basic principles that must be adhered to in making full use of taxation to support energy conservation and environmental protection, the policy thinking of implementing comprehensive energy conservation and emission reduction programs, and the basic thinking of China's environmental tax system, etc., which provide a theoretical basis and general thinking for further discussion on this issue. However, there is still much room for study in choosing tax policies that are in line with China's national conditions, promoting energy and resource conservation and environmental protection, perfecting the existing tax system, and designing new taxes to be levied at the institutional level.

3. Analysis of the current situation of resource conservation in China.

The development of urbanization and industrialization in China has not only brought about rapid economic growth, but also brought about a series of problems.

From the growth track of some cities (especially those with rapid economic development), we can see that China's economic growth is a gray road, which is largely at the expense of excessive consumption of resources and sacrifice of the environment. The grim situation facing land resources reminds us that we must face up to the problems of resources and environment.

China's natural resources can be said to be "vast in territory and abundant in resources" in absolute value, but the per capita possession is relatively poor. Zai Zai

While resources are in short supply, there are problems of low efficiency and great waste in many fields in China: the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP is twice the world average and 10 times that of developed countries; The fuel consumption per unit output value is 4.3 times that of Japan, 4.03 times that of France and 3.7 times that of Germany. The water consumption per unit output value is 8 ~ 10 times that of developed countries. With the development of heavy industry, energy consumption will increase. On the one hand, there are few resources per capita, on the other hand, the utilization rate of resources is low, and the destruction and waste are serious. Facing the increasing demand for resources in economy and society, the resource situation faced by China is very severe.

From the perspective of macro-control, relying solely on fiscal policy and monetary policy can no longer affect economic and social development.

Exhibition plays a full regulatory role, especially in the field of resource conservation and environmental protection, but it lacks effective regulatory means. Practice since the reform and opening up has proved that effective regulation of land market can promote economic growth; Once the land supply is out of control, there will be problems in economic development. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of resources and environment from the perspective of land management.

Saving resources can be said to be the goal of our ancestors' efforts and the subject of our study, with great responsibility.

Energy saving slogan:

1, the way to save energy and prolong life!

2, save electricity, everyone is responsible!

Electricity is the source of life. We can't live without electricity, so please save electricity.

4. A gentleman should be moderate and understand with electricity.

5, save electricity, everyone starts, join hands, * * * save together!

6. Save electricity, start with small things, start with us, and start now!

7. A small step to turn off the lights, a big step to save energy.

8, there is no trick to save electricity, turning off the lights is the top priority.

9. It's easy to turn off the lights, every little makes a mickle.

10, if the cooling air consumes less power, the temperature setting should be appropriate.

1, use energy-saving lamps. Under the same brightness, energy-saving lamps save 80% electricity compared with incandescent lamps.

Don't stand by for home appliances. Television, air conditioning and other household appliances, when the power switch is not turned off, the internal infrared receiving remote control circuit is often in standby state and still consumes power.

3. The refrigerator can reduce the number of opening doors, and hot food can be cooled before being put into the refrigerator, saving electricity.

4. Cover the rice cooker with a towel to reduce heat loss.

5. Cleaning the scale on the electric heating tube in the electric kettle in time can save electricity.

6. When ironing clothes with an electric iron, iron low-temperature resistant clothes at the initial stage of power-on, and iron high-temperature resistant clothes after the temperature rises. After the power is cut off, iron some clothes that can withstand low temperature.

Second, the use of management issues that should be noted

1. Lights, fans, televisions, air conditioners, etc. All the rooms in the house should be closed in time when no one is around.

2. Household appliances should not be in standby state, such as computer monitors, televisions and microwave ovens. It consumes a lot of power in standby state.

3. The setting of air conditioning temperature should be reasonable.