Maobijiang

Mao Bijiang was one of the four famous sons in the late Ming Dynasty. At that time, state affairs were chaotic at the upper level, and discussions were provoked at the lower level. Mao Bijiang, Hou Chaozong, Fang Mizhi and Chen Zhenhui are also called the four great grandchildren, and they are all the backbone of the establishment of the complex society. They have to shoulder the heavy responsibility of the rise and fall of the world, and Wu Ziwei drafted "Stay in Beijing to prevent exposure" in Nanjing. Counting the crimes of Ruan Dacheng, the eunuch remnant, scared the officials not to go out. Later, Ruan Dacheng's followers revived, their reunion was frustrated, and they risked persecution to cross the border. Then the Qing army went south, and the Ming dynasty was teetering. Big waves wash sand. Wu Ciwei fought against Qing martyrdom, Mi Fang hid in the countryside, and Hou Chaozong was Xiaguan. The weather-beaten Mao Bijiang, as a literati, has an empty heart to serve the country, so he believes that Ruan Ji, Tao Yuanming, born in troubled times, retired to Gaoyi and became a temple and a proud garden. Mao Bijiang has a great talent for gardening and is good at learning. As described in Mao Youguo's Ink Painting Gallery, Mao Bijiang's father once served as Wu Chu. "When he broke the edge, he visited famous mountains and rivers from time to time, often following the map, but he was reluctant to leave. Therefore, Hunan is full of victory, well-read and salty. " He also collected them in Lanting, Yanyulou and West Lake in Zhejiang. The Ming Dynasty lost his "hometown of building houses", and those who recalled the past to him built a stone mountain, because Sichuan is a pool, and almost realized that the beauty of a Dong He is the best!

Hou Fangyu

Hou Fangyu, together with Fang Yizhi, Chen Zhenhui and Mao Bijiang, are called the four sons of Ming Society, and with Wei Xi and Wang Wan, they are called the three articles in the early Qing Dynasty. In terms of talent, he can be compared with Wu, Zhang Qian, but he died young (at the age of 37) and named his article Collected Works of Zhuang Regret Hall, which is similar to Qian's experience.

Hou Fangyu was born in Shangqiu, Henan. The official, his father Hou Yao, was a minister of the Ming Dynasty. Uncle Hou Ke, let's offer wine. Chaozong teenagers are gifted, and their reading speed and understanding are better than their peers. Their writing style is peculiar, their writing style is extraordinary and their ending is unexpected. In the fifth year of Chongzhen, 15-year-old Hou Fangyu became a scholar. He read a lot of books and learned a lot. He can distinguish loyalty and righteousness when he is young, so he is known as "the pillar of the future country". At that time, he climbed mountains and wrote poems with gifted scholars, disturbed Yang Qing, appraised characters and devoted himself to a complex society, which won the appreciation of Zhang Pu and others. Hou Fangyu once took part in the provincial examination, because of his incisive article, he criticized Emperor Chongzhen for improper employment, and the examiner refused to hire him out of selfishness. However, when he finally came, he became more famous and met Li in Meixiulou, which led to a beautiful love story. On this basis, Kong created Peach Blossom Fan. Hearing the news of Li's death, Chao Zong was very sad. He cried and went back to Shangqiu with his father. At that time, the Ming Dynasty perished and the Qing Dynasty was established. In order to consolidate the political power, the Qing government held an examination. Most of the Han intellectuals at that time ignored this point. Can't live in seclusion, risk crossing the border to release nymphs, Fang Yizhi became a monk, and Yang Kangqing was martyred, consciously, but he couldn't bear loneliness. He thought he would never be worse than others, so he took part in the provincial examination in Shunzhi for eight years, and he was bent on "three feet of waves in the dragon gate and a spring thunder in the flat ground", although Hou's article had extraordinary insights. When Hou Fangyu learned that he had taken the exam, he felt very ashamed, which caused many people's criticism. Hou Fangyu died of various blows in his prime. Because he regretted it, he named his room "Zhuang Regret Hall". Fang Yizhi, his good friend, once used "beauty and talent, unable to bear loneliness" to evaluate Hou Wen, but he didn't want this theory to come true. Hou Fangyu inherited the charm of Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu and was extremely clever. Unfortunately, I was born out of time, unwilling to be lonely, and died of people's criticism and melancholy. His merits and demerits are left to future generations to comment on.

Fang Yizhi

Fang Yizhi is a native of Tongcheng, and Tongcheng (Anhui) Fangjia is very famous. For example, Fang, a female writer in Ming and Qing Dynasties, was the founder of Tongcheng School prose. Fang Yizhi's name was not found in the literature volume and history volume of Ci Hai, and then there was a biography of Fang Yizhi in the Dictionary of Historical Figures in China. He was a scholar in Chongzhen, studied phonology, wrote 40 volumes of Tongya, was a linguist, and also wrote 12 volumes of Notes on Physics. His book was influenced by western thoughts.

Fang Yizhi, Shuaijiang and Wei Xuelian were known as the "three great talents" in the late Ming Dynasty, and together with Chen Zhenhui, Shuaijiang and Hou Fangyu, they were also known as the "Four Scholars of Fu She". Based on his life, there are too few articles about him and studying him. I want to make a brief introduction here.

Fang was born in the thirty-ninth year of Wanli. His grandfather Fang Dazhen was an official in Dali Temple, and his father Kong Huozhao was an official in Hubei Province. Fang studied "Four Books and Five Classics" in his childhood, studied literature and history at the age of six, recited poems at the age of seven, learned fencing at the age of nine. Fang Yizhi has received strict training in Chinese studies since childhood, and her aunt Fang Weiyi is knowledgeable, outstanding in literary talent, noble in moral character, and has the tolerance of not being angry and arrogant. Later, Fang Yizhi became ambitious and energetic, which was influenced by her.

Fang Yizhi lived in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and the troubled times made his life bumpy. He left his newlywed wife at the age of 20, traveled around the world, made friends with celebrities and pointed out the mountains and rivers. He made friends with Qu Shizhen, the prime minister of Nanming, Qian, Shen Shizhu, Xia, and later Huang Zongxi, Wu and Wei Xueyan. Fang Yizhi is an all-rounder in civil and military affairs. He not only talks about state affairs with poems, but also prances and wields swords to exercise the army. However, at that time, state affairs were dominated by Yang Sichang, which made Fang Yizhi's ambition of serving the country impossible. His father has been in prison, and his career is booming. Fang Yizhi is a crazy student, almost insane. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, Fang Yizhi went to Donghuamen to pay his respects to Chongzhen. He was captured by the peasant army and was beaten black and blue. Later, he fled to Fujian, Zhejiang Province, sent his feelings to the mountains and rivers, and became a monk and resigned from the appointment of the Qing government. Ma Jiaolin, the general of the Qing army, was driven to death. Fang Yizhi did not budge and fought to the death. His integrity made the general of the Qing army gasp in admiration and leave. After his death, he did not engrave the title of the Qing Dynasty to show the popularity of reading.

Chen Zhenhui

Chen Zhenhui was born in Gaochenghao Village, Yixing in the fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1604). He was the third son of Chen Yuting, the backbone of Lindong Party. He studies hard, pays great attention to honesty and is good at making friends with scholars all over the world. He, Mao Xiang, Hou Fangyu and Fang Yizhi are also called "four sons of the late Ming Dynasty". The poet Chen Zilong offered a poem saying, "If this child is a god, he will float in the air." . Is an important member of the complex society. Won the second place in Chongzhen for three years (1630). He loves and hates clearly, and hates as much as hatred. In the 11th year of Chongzhen (1638), He, Gui Chiwu and Wuxi Gu Zifang drafted "Defending the Capital against Chaos" to expose the charges of eunuch Yan Dayue. Ruan has always held a grudge and deliberately waited for revenge. When the Axe King was the capital of Nanjing, Ruan Dazhao was the minister of the Ministry of War in charge of the dynasty, so he framed Chen Zhenhui for treason and asked Tiqi to arrest them. Wu died in prison after trying to assassinate one side. After calling for help many times, Chen Zhenhui was finally rescued and survived.

After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he lived in seclusion in rural Yixing, far away from the city for 20 years. He sat in a small building in the village, accompanied by a book, and occasionally knew that he had met, so he raised his glass and drank to express the pain of national subjugation and vicissitudes. He praised his brother's indomitable spirit, but he was drunk and lamented that he could die for Shen Jia's suffering. It can be said that serving our country and honoring our ancestors is also a fair death, and we are elated.

There are thirteen classics and twenty-one histories hidden in his small building, and ancient books such as Tang Ji of Loushan and Chen Huangmen's poems are displayed, which can be recited at night and can't be read in hot and cold days. Sometimes I walk around the field with crutches, thinking a lot and sighing. Whenever literary thoughts are restless, the images of anti-Qing characters in Ups and downs of Hearts are vivid, intertwined with sincere and painful feelings, which are vividly displayed on paper and exposed in prose. When he was drunk and confused, he was silent, so he asked his son Wei Song to read Qu Yuan's Buju, while listening, thinking and crying. He is the author of Huang Ming, The Collection of Yin Xue, The Record of Friends, The Record of Yangshan, The Mixed Collection of Autumn Gardens and Seven Books.

It seems that except Hou Fangyu, several other people basically adopted an uncooperative attitude towards the Qing court, and their honesty was passable.

Yuan Chonghuan's resume: (1584- 1630) Pingnan, a scholar in the forty-seventh year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (16 19). After Emperor Chongzhen ascended the throne, in April of the first year of Chongzhen (1628), he was promoted to the position of Minister of War. Governor Ji Liao was also in charge of military affairs in Deng, Lai and Tianjin, and entrusted him with the heavy responsibility of resisting the Qing Dynasty and repeatedly attacked the Qing army. Later, Huang Taiji used a double agent and was falsely accused of "conspiring against the monarch" and was fined.

Chronology of Yuan Chonghuan's Activities in the Late Ming Dynasty;

Date: forty-seven years of Wanli (16 19)

⊙ In February, Levin, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, pledged himself to Liaoyang, led an army of 220,000 troops, divided into four ways, and launched a massive attack on the Qing Dynasty.

⊙ In March, Salhu fought with Yang Hao, and his men were divided into three ways, and the Ming army was defeated.

⊙ Yuan Chonghuan March Zhong Shi. Awarded to Shao Wufu.

Date: the second year of the apocalypse (1622)

⊙ In the first month, Yuan Chonghuan made a pilgrimage to Beijing, so the suggestion and Hou Xun made an exception and asked him to appoint him as the Minister of War.

In the same year, Yuan Chonghuan went out to study customs alone. Go back to the DPRK and close the situation with words. Therefore, he overstepped his authority to supervise foreign troops.

⊙ A few days later, the running king asked Yuan Chonghuan to prepare Ning Qianbing in Jin.

⊙ Wang's plan to build a heavy city in Jin Yi is not a strategy and cannot be disputed. The leaves were recorded.

⊙ University student Sun Chengzong passed by, and master Yuan Chonghuan insisted on keeping Ningyuan.

Date: Three Years of Apocalypse (1623)

Sun Chengzong will keep Ningyuan in September. Life is full of laurels and worship. According to the custom of Yuan Chonghuan, build Ning Yuancheng. Completed the following year.

Date: Four Years of Apocalypse (1624)

⊙ After September, together with Ma Shilong and other generals, he led a 22,000-horse stance just look amphibious army, traveled to Guangning in the east, visited Beizhen Temple, passed the Ming Tombs, went to Youtun, and returned home after crossing the Sancha River.

⊙ Join the army to prepare for deputy, and then join the political power.

Please reply to Jinzhou and Youtun Zhucheng immediately. Chengzong thought it was late, but it stopped.

⊙

In the same year, I was worried by my father and took the situation for granted.

Date: Five Years of Apocalypse (1625)

⊙ Yuan Chonghuan entered the provincial judges in December.

Date: Six Years of Apocalypse (1626)

In the first month, the Qing army surrounded Ningyuan.

⊙ In the first month, Chonghuan pricked blood as a book, inspiring loyalty, bowing to it, and asking for death. Man Gui and Yuan Chonghuan stick to it. Around the solution.

In the first year of Qing dynasty, tens of thousands of troops were sleeping on the island in China, and tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians were killed.

⊙ In February, Yuan Chonghuan was appointed as the imperial capital, specializing in military affairs, and was still stationed in Ningyuan.

⊙ In March, the governor of Liaodong was reinstated, promoted by Yuan Chonghuan, and concurrently served as the governor of Liaodong and Shanhai.

⊙ In March, the imperial court set up an official overseer in each border town. Eunuch Liu Yingkun guarded Shanhaiguan. Chonghuan resisted remonstrance and refused to accept it. Xu Gong, right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, has thousands of silver coins in the world.

⊙ After Chonghuan was cleared, it was at odds with Gui. Please move to another town, that is, call Gui back.

Chonghuan is playing with ministers in Guangxi, but he doesn't agree. China and North Korea were worried about things and ordered Liaodong Governor Wang Zhichen to supervise the customs, while Liaodong Governor Yuan Chonghuan commanded the customs.

⊙ In winter, Yuan Chonghuan, Ying Kun, Yong and others came to inspect Jinzhou, Da and Xiao Linghe, and discussed the reclamation of Daxing, and gradually recovered the old land abandoned by De.

⊙ In October, Yuan Chonghuan sent an envoy to hang Nurhachi, so as to deceive the actual situation.

⊙ In November, Huang Taiji sent an envoy to report it, worshiping Huan and wanting to discuss peace, bringing books and returning them.

Date: Seven Years of Apocalypse (1627)

⊙ In the first month, Huang Taiji sent messengers to Yuan Chonghuan for peace.

⊙ In the first month, the minister was called back, but it was not established, and both inside and outside the customs were honored.

⊙ In April, Yuan Chonghuan made peace, which was reported by the emperor's superior.

In May, the Qing army surrounded Jinzhou and attacked Ningyuan.

Solution to the encirclement of Jinzhou in June. Its name is Ning and Sister Jin.

⊙ In July, Yuan Chonghuan begged for a rest, and the court allowed him to return. Wang Zhichen, the governor of Liaodong, was stationed in Ningyuan.

⊙ In August, the Apocalypse Emperor collapsed in Gan Qing Palace at the age of 23. The testamentary edict is that the emperor's fifth brother thinks the king is the heir to the throne.

⊙ In November, withdraw all the guards. Wei Zhongxian was hanged. Free from the apocalypse, arrest ministers and release their families.

⊙ In November, Yuan Chonghuan was appointed as the right suggestion, and the Ministry of War added left assistant minister.

Date: the first year of Chongzhen (1628)

⊙ In April, Yuan Chonghuan was the minister of the Ministry of War, with Ji and Liao.

In July, Emperor Chongzhen summoned courtiers and Yuan Chonghuan to the platform.

⊙ In July, Yuan took the general plan of "calming Liao for five years" as the opposite.

⊙ Ningyuan mutiny, the governor committed suicide after the suggestion.

Date: the second year of Chongzhen (1629)

⊙ In April, declare the Spring and Autumn Fortune, add the Prince Taibao, and give every household python clothes, silver coins and brocade clothes.

Yuan Chonghuan killed wool in Shuangdao in June.

In October, the Qing soldiers marched from the west road and entered Daankou.

11month martial law in the capital.

In November, Zhao Lvjiao, the company commander of Shanhaiguan, did not fight Zunhua.

⊙ In November, the Qing soldiers entered Zunhua, and the governor advised Wang Yuanya to push the official to die.

⊙ 1 1 month, company commander Mangui joined Vietnam aid.

⊙ Yuan Chonghuan joined the aid in November, and then Jizhou. The soldiers of Xuan, Da and Baoding joined the aid successively.

⊙ In November, Emperor Chongzhen summoned Yuan Chonghuan as a platform, gave him great encouragement and gave him a royal beard mink. Chonghuan invited him not to go to the city to fight, not allowed.

⊙ In November, the Qing soldiers fought fiercely with 5,000 soldiers in Mangui. Yuan Chonghuan and 9,000 Guan Ningjun fought a bloody battle with1100,000 Qing troops outside Guangqumen. From 8 am to 4 pm, the Qing army retreated 10 miles.

⊙ In December, Huang Taiji began to use double agents. Emperor Chongzhen called Yuan Chonghuan to the platform again and went to the Royal Guards Prison. Guan Ningjun was in an uproar. Zu Dashou, the company commander, went through the East in a rage and was recalled by Yuan Chonghuan in calligraphy.

⊙ In December, Emperor Chongzhen sent middle officials into Manchuria, and Guangxi and former company commander Sun Zu fought for their lives.

⊙/kloc-reinforcements of Ma Shilong, chief company officer, in October/February.

Date: Three Years of Chongzhen (1630)

In the first month, the Qing soldier Ke Yongping, the deputy envoy Zheng and the magistrate Zhang Fengqi waited for death. Soon, Luanzhou. Liu Zhilun, the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, was defeated by Zunhua.

⊙ In May, Ma Shilong and Zu Dashou entered Luanzhou. The Qing soldiers returned to the east, and Yongping, Qian' an and Zunhua successively resumed.

Yuan Chonghuan was executed on August 16th.

⊙ On August 1st, a servant named She collected his bones at night and was buried in Guangdong Yiyuan Garden in Guangqumen, where he kept the tomb for life. His descendants have always followed the ancestral teachings and guarded the tombs from generation to generation.

Introduction of Gu Yanwu, a famous thinker, historian and linguist in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and the founding Confucian scholar.

Abstract: A famous thinker, historian and linguist in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, one of the most outstanding scholars and thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, one of the three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, a famous patriotic scholar in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and an advocate of "everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world".

Gu introduced:

Gu (16 13 ~ 1682) was originally named Jiang, and its word was loyal and clear. After the death of Ming Chengzu, he changed his name to Yanwu, whose word was Ningren, and also worked as a domestic servant in Shan Jiang. Scholars respectfully address him as Mr. Lin Ting. Han nationality, a native of Kunshan County (now Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province), was a famous thinker, historian and linguist in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Gu Yu, Huang Zongxi and Wang Fuzhi are also called the three major Confucianism in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.

Gu Yanwu-A Character's Life

Studying in early years

Gu was born in the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty (16 13). He was originally the son of Gu Tongying, his great-grandfather Gu Zhangzhi, and his family is a prominent family in Jiangdong. Xu, Xu and Xu are Gu's nephews. Gu adopted his late uncle Gu Tongji as his heir. My widowed mother is the daughter of Wang Wei. 16 years old, she is unmarried and keeps a festival. "She weaved during the day and read books at night until the second watch." She raised Gu alone and taught Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang and Fang Xiaoru the Loyalty Festival. After he obtained the student qualification at the age of 14, he joined the club with his good friend Gui Zhuang. Their personality is unique in Geng Jie, and their time code is "Return to the Stranger, Take Care of the Stranger". Gu took "being ashamed of himself" and "learning from others" as his learning purpose, and failed repeatedly. He felt that the Four Kingdoms were in peril, ashamed of being born with few skills, and thought that "the harm of stereotyped writing is equivalent to burning books; Some corrupt talents made their fortune in the suburbs of Xianyang, so he retired to study. From the age of 27, he gave up the study of imperial examinations, browsed historical records, county annals, collections and chapters, and sorted out records about farmland, water conservancy, minerals and transportation. , and began to write "World County Diseases" and "Zhao Yuzhi" according to the geographical evolution data. In February of the fourteenth year of Chongzhen (164 1), his grandfather Gu Shaofu died. In the summer of the sixteenth year of Chongzhen (1643), he became a student in imperial academy by donating money.

Nanming kangqing

After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, Gu stayed in the language classics for a while, and was recommended by Yang, the magistrate of Kunshan County, to join the Nanming court as the secretary of the Ministry of War. "You know, the Sixth Army will come out and sweep China." Gu pinned his hopes of revenge on his small court. With great enthusiasm, he wrote "Thinking is helpful" (Wu Yingkui's Chronicle of Mr. Gu) into Military System, Situation, Tiangong and Qian Fa, which is the famous Yixi. In May of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Gu went to his post via Zhenjiang. Before his arrival, Nanjing had been captured by the Qing army, Emperor Hong Guang was captured, the Nanming army collapsed, and the Qing army fighters pointed at Suzhou and Hangzhou. At that time, there were many anti-Qing rebels all over the south of the Yangtze River. Gu and his good friends Gui Zhuang and Wu Qiling (born in Jiading, Shanghai) joined a rebel army led by Wudu Yushi Wang Yongzuo. The rebels plotted to recapture Suzhou first, and then capture Hangzhou, Nanjing and coastal areas. At that time, "Mao Ge went overseas and moved to Jiangdong" ("Poems of Lin Ting" and "Thousand Miles"); Although it was broken, it really lost to the Eight Banners elite. The insurgents collapsed as soon as they entered Suzhou, and Songjiang and Jiading also fell one after another. Gu Qian returned to Kunshan, guarding the city with Yang and Gui Zhuang. A few days later, Kunshan fell, with as many as 40,000 victims. Wu Qiling died, his mother He's right arm was cut off by Qing soldiers, and two younger brothers were killed. Yan Wu itself was lucky to survive because of the history of the city before it was destroyed. Nine days later, Changshu fell, and her heir mother Wang heard the news and died of hunger strike. On her deathbed, she told her, "Although I am a woman, it is a favor to serve the country, and I am the meaning to serve the country. If you don't act as a foreign courtier, if you don't lose the gratitude of the country to the world, if you don't forget the teachings of your ancestors, then I can go underground. " ("Walking in") After Wang was buried, in June this year, Ming Chengzu Zhu proclaimed himself emperor in Fuzhou, with the title of longwu. On the recommendation of Lu Zhenfei (Hao Yuebai Jian, a native of Quzhou, Hebei Province), Emperor Long appointed Yanwu as the Minister of War. Due to the new loss of the heir mother, it was difficult for Yan Wu to go to his post for the second time, so he could only "dream of taking Ji to the class" (poetry anthology I, Ambassador Yan Ping). At that time, the Songjiang magistrate in Qing Dynasty was at odds with the governor's national treasure. In the pre-Ming period, officials such as (a word lying son, a celebrity of Fu She Society, a native of Songjiang), Gu Xianzheng (a word Duanmu, a native of Kunshan) and Yang (a word from Wuxian, Jiangsu) secretly instigated Wu Yangyi. Anyway, it was Yanwu's consanguineous elder, Chen Zilong and others were closely related to Yanwu, and Yanwu was also involved in this matter. In the summer of the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), things were exposed, "a few things were leaked, and it was dark again and again"; ("Poetry Collection" I "Cry for Too Servant Chen"), was taken to Nanjing to be beheaded, and the Qing court searched for all the people in the same case. Zilong has gone to Yanwu. He has left home and died. So Zilong fled to the home of Gu Xianzheng's sons Tian Lin and Tian Kui, and they were arrested soon. Wu Yan used many methods to rescue them, but all failed. Meanwhile, Yan Wu is still searching for the truth. "Zhou Yu came to persuade: if you go any further, it will no longer count ("The Book of Songs, I cry and push the official ") to persuade him to leave in time, and the virtuous government will not listen. As a result, Chen Zilong drowned when the police were not looking. Yang and Gu were killed successively, and the number of victims in this case reached more than 40.

While encouraging Wu anyway, he also carried out some other activities. In the third year of Shunzhi (1746), Yanwu planned to go to Fujian to serve as the Secretary for Housing. When he was ready to leave, Lu Zhenfei sent someone to contact him and asked him to contact "Huai Xu Hao Jie". In the following four or five years, Yanwu "went to the sea in the east, and went to Wang Jiaying (now Huaiyin, Jiangsu) in the north, and his servants came and went" (Chronicle of Qing Poetry), running among various anti-Qing forces. "Every time I come back from Huaishang, I will sue Zepu, the son of Fei, or go to the sea to find out the news", with the intention of correcting the rebel forces in various places. Although Hong Guang, Longwu and other Nanming regimes along the coast of Fujian and Zhejiang were successively destroyed, Yanwu's anti-Qing activities were frustrated again and again, but Yanwu was not depressed because of this. He compared himself to the jingwei who reclaimed land from the sea: "everything is unfair, so why bother?" You will grow to an inch long and hold the wood to the end. " I would like to calm the East China Sea, but my heart will not change. There is no peace in the sea, and the heart is not fading "("Poetry Collection I Jingwei ").

Family Plan

In the last years of Chongzhen, the fourth ancestor Shao Fu and his elder brother Gu Kun died one after another, and there was a drought in Wuzhong, so Yan Wu was helpless because of "temporary mourning and giving a cabin" (preface to sending Gu Ning people to the north in Guizhuang). He once gave 800 mu of ancestral land to Ye Fangheng, a famous family in Kunshan, at a low price. At that time, Yanwu's uncle and others competed for inheritance and provoked family disputes. They also colluded with the Ye family and deliberately embezzled the property. Yanwu's residence in Qiandun, Kunshan and his residence in Language Road, Changshu were robbed and set on fire several times. In the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), Ye Fangheng tried to harm Gu again. In order to avoid disaster, Yanwu had to "slightly remove his sideburns and change his appearance as a businessman" (Collection of Poems II Circulation), and left Kunshan to be renamed as a servant of businessman Shan Jiang. In the next five years, he traveled between Wu and Hui. Despite avoiding merchants, Yan Wu still cares about his old country and always pays attention to the progress of the coastal anti-Qing struggle, hoping to have the opportunity to make contributions. He wrote in the poem "Circulation": ... I went to the North Building in the morning and cried like rain ... Haoran thought of the Central Plains and vowed to be a river and lake. When there will be fame and fortune, Zhang Ce will pursue light weapons. "

Lead a mass association

When Zhang Mingzhen (word Houfu, Nanjing native) broke the Qing army in the Yangtze River estuary in September (1653) and entered Chongming (present-day Shanghai), in the first month of the following year, he led hundreds of "seagoing ships" back to the Yangtze River, reached Zhenjiang, and boarded Jinshan to worship Xiaoling (Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang Mausoleum, now outside the Zhonghua Gate in Nanjing). Jinshan suddenly wavered, and the bell tower bell talked endlessly. The water army is 110 thousand, near Huangzhou. The giant ship is the camp, and flying is the most. The yellow flag crossed the Yangtze River, and the drums went out of the mainland ... After pondering for more than ten years, I didn't see any floating. Suddenly I heard that Lv Wang was coming, so I moved to Yanyou first. He spent a lot of money, but he didn't get enough. Zu Shengfen hit it with one blow, and he is willing to play for the prisoners in Nanguan. I would like to tell my comrades that I will take advantage of my long stay. "("Poetry II Jinshan ") During this period, Gu returned to Zhuang, (with the same word, from Wuxing, Zhejiang), (with the same word Chiyu, from Wujiang, Jiangsu), Pan (with the same word, from Wujiang), Wang Xichan (with the same word Yinxu, from Wujiang), (from Qitian, Huai 'an) and Wanshouqi (from Xuzhou, a teenager).

In the spring of the 11th year of Shunzhi (1654), Gu moved to the southern foot of Shenlie Mountain in Nanjing. Shenlie Mountain is Zhongshan Mountain, which was renamed Shan Jiang in the Three Kingdoms and Shenlie Mountain in the Ming Jiajing period. Three hundred years ago, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Nanjing (then called Qing Ji) and explored the East and the West on this basis. 10 years later, he proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing and established the Ming empire. Yanwu "traveled all over the Yangtze River to see the prosperity of the old capital" (Shinto Table), but the mountains and rivers are still completely different and quite invincible.

prison

In the spring of the 12th year of Shunzhi (1655), Yanwu returned to his hometown of Kunshan. It turned out that Guggenheim had a servant's name, Luen. Seeing that his family was declining and Yan Wu was away for a long time, he betrayed his master and took refuge in Ye Fangheng. They also tried to accuse Yan Wu of being "connected to the sea" (that is, connected with Nanming Group along the coast of Fujian and Zhejiang) and planned to put him to death. After returning to Kunshan, Lu En was secretly executed, while Ye Fangheng colluded with Lu's husband, kidnapped him privately and forced him to commit suicide. At that time, "the same person was unfair", and Shilin was in an uproar. Fortunately, Liu Zebo (word Su Sheng), a confidant, has an old friendship with soldiers in Songjiang and intercedes for him. Yanwu's case was handed over to Songjiang for trial. Finally, the case was closed on the charge of "killing a guilty slave". At the last moment, Gui Zhuang was at a loss and had to ask Qian Qian B for help. The word "modest benefit" was accepted by him. His name is Muzhai and he is from Changshu. At the beginning of Shunzhi, he was the right assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites and a civil servant at that time. Qian said, "If Ning Ren is my apprentice, I can speak for him." Guizhuang doesn't want to lose money. Although he knew Yan Wu wouldn't agree, he still regarded Yan Wu as a teacher. When Yan Wu knew this, he quickly asked his apprentice, Zhuang Daishu, for a position, but he was not modest. He wrote a confession, stating that he had never been listed on the wall of Qianjia's gate and had it posted everywhere on the avenue. Qian Yi was greatly embarrassed and said, "It's better to be impatient!"

In the spring of 13th year (1656), Yanwu was released from prison. Although Gui Zhuang is equal to a famous person in the city and tries his best to solve the problem, Ye Fangheng is still unwilling to send an assassin to follow him. In midsummer, Yanwu was suddenly attacked by an assassin when he returned to Zhongshan State and passed through Nanjing Taipingmen. Fortunately, he was saved. Later, Ye Fangheng also ordered dozens of gangsters to ransack Yanwu's home to "carry on the family line" ("Preface to Gui Zhuang's Sending Gu Ningren"). A few years ago, Yanwu prepared to go south several times and went to Fujian to take part in the surging anti-Qing and regaining sight in coastal areas, but he failed to make it for various reasons. At this time, Yan Wu made up his mind to go to the north to meet anti-Qing people, inspect the situation of mountains and rivers in northern China, and restore the great cause of Xu Tu. Traveling to avoid disasters is of course also a reason.

Tired of refusing to be honest.

In the 14th year of Shunzhi (1657), on New Year's Day, Yanwu paid a visit to Xiaoling. In the past seven years, Yan Wu * * * visited the Xiaoling Mausoleum six times, in order to send the thoughts of his motherland, then returned to Kunshan, sold all his possessions, and then lost his hometown and never came back. Yan Wu is 45 years old. In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), he went to Shanhaiguan to pay homage to the ancient battlefield. More than 20 years later, Yan Wu traveled all over Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi and Henan alone. "Wan Li has twists and turns, reading more than 10,000 volumes" ("Collection of Lost Articles in Lin Ting", written by Yang Yi, began to settle in Huayin, Shaanxi in his later years. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), he was imprisoned for the yellow case in Laizhou, and was later rescued by his good friend Li Yindu. In the tenth year of Kangxi (167 1), he visited the capital and lived among Xu Gan's nephews. Xiong Cilv hosted a banquet in honor of Yanwu and invited him to write a history of Ming Dynasty. Yanwu refused to say, "If you do this, it will be the death of Qu Yuan! " .

In the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), Emperor Kangxi opened a course of learning to be an excellent official, which attracted the adherents of the Ming Dynasty. Gu Zeng wrote three times, saying that "this heart will not change" and refused to recommend it with death, and said: "What does an old man want? I'm dying! If you must force each other, you are dead! " . In the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1679), Gu refused, with the words of "willing to die and thank the public, willing to live in seclusion at the bottom". In the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), Mrs. Gu died of illness in Kunshan. He wept and worshipped in front of his wife's coffin, and wrote a poem: "Gu Zhen Maxiang is in Jiangcun, taking you to your six-year-old grandson. When I met my father underground, there was a survivor. " In the twenty-first year of Kangxi (1682), on the fourth day of the first month, I was at the home of a friend named Han in Quwo, Shanxi. He slipped and vomited when he got on the horse, and died on the ninth day at the age of 70.

Gu's academic thought

Gu is known as the founder of "opening Confucianism" and "opening mountains in Qing Dynasty", and is a famous scholar of Confucian classics, history, geography and phonology. He is knowledgeable and has profound attainments in Confucian classics, history, phonology, primary school, epigraphy and archaeology, local chronicles and geography, poetry, etc., and has made achievements in connecting the past with the future. He inherited the anti-Neo-Confucianism thoughts of Ming scholars, not only cleaned up Neo-Confucianism, but also showed different learning purposes from Neo-Confucianism in many aspects, such as heaven and man, qi, Tao, knowing and doing, heaven and human desire. The distinctive purport of applying what one has learned, simple inductive textual research methods, pioneering spirit and achievements in many academic fields have declared the end of the late Ming Dynasty and started a generation of simple learning style, which has had a very beneficial impact on scholars in the Qing Dynasty. Gu also advocated "benefiting the country and enriching the people" and believed that "those who benefit the country are hidden in the people". He boldly doubted the monarchy and put forward the idea of "pluralistic governance" with the color of early democratic enlightenment. His slogan "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world" has far-reaching significance and influence, and has become a spiritual force that inspires the Chinese nation to forge ahead. He advocated practical application, opposed empty talk, paid attention to extensive evidence, and put forward that "a gentleman should learn from Ming Dow and save the world". It's just poetry. What are the advantages of carving insects? "Qian Mu calls it reality rather than empty talk." Being able to give full play to its advantages and disadvantages in all aspects of political affairs can be described as having both the sage inside and the king outside. Gu stressed that learning should first establish personality: "propriety, righteousness, honesty and shame are four dimensions" and advocated that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world". "The History of Japan" Volume XIII "Beginning": "Those who protect the world are inferior to their husbands and have no responsibility. In addition, he also wrote Records of the Days, Zhao Yuzhi, Five Books of Phonology and Rhyme, and Biography of Lin Ting's Poems.