Guiding theory

General concept of logic

There is no science that feels the need to proceed from the essence of the problem itself more strongly than logic science, and there is no

Need to reflect first. In every other science, the object it studies and its scientific method are mutual.

Different from each other; Its content does not constitute an absolute beginning, but depends on other concepts, and

Contact with other materials around you. Therefore, these sciences can be allowed to only assume that there is

Other premise methods knock on their basis, their connections and methods, and direct local application are assumed.

For known and accepted definition forms, the usual inference is used.

Establish their general concepts and basic rules.

On the contrary, logic cannot presuppose the rules and laws of these forms of reflection or thinking, because

Because these things themselves constitute a part of the logical content, and they must be proved inside the logic.

Ming. Not only the statement of scientific method, but also the concept of general science itself belongs to the content of logic.

And this content constitutes the final result of logic; Therefore, what is logic? Logic cannot be said in advance.

Come out, only those who study logic will know what logic itself is and push it out as it.

The results and completion of. Similarly, the object of logic is thinking, or rather, it is the basis of conceptual thinking.

Basically, it is studied within logic; The concept of thinking is produced by itself in the process of logical development.

So we can't put it forward in advance. Therefore, the purpose of introducing it in advance is not here.

We should establish the concept of logic, or scientifically demonstrate its content and method in advance, but through it

Some explanations and reflections with reasoning and historical significance make the scientific point of view clearer.

Chu's idea.

(1) "If logic is generally regarded as the science of thinking, then people's understanding of it is like this.

Like, it seems that this kind of thinking only constitutes a simple form of knowledge; It seems that logic has taken everything away,

And the so-called second component of knowledge, that is, materials, must have another source; It doesn't seem to be for this at all.

The logic on which the seed material depends can only provide the formal conditions for truly understanding knocking at the door, but cannot contain reality.

Truth itself can't be the way to achieve the true truth, because the essence of truth, inside

Capacity is just outside the logic.

However, first of all, logic takes everything away, saying that it only teaches the rules of thinking and does not exist in depth.

It is not appropriate to think about things without considering their state. because

Because thinking and thinking rules are the objects of logic, then logic has logic directly in it.

The unique content of the series, logic also has the second component of knowledge, namely the pair of matter and logic.

The condition of this material is worrying.

However, in the era of * * *, some concepts on which logical concepts are based have been eliminated, and the rest.

Part of it has completely disappeared. It is time to grasp this science from a higher angle and make it available.

In a completely different form.

Until now, the concept of logic is still based on the knowledge content and knowledge that is always assumed by consciousness.

On the separation of knowledge form or truth from certainty. First of all, this is the material of hypothetical knowledge.

As a ready-made world, it exists freely outside thinking, but thinking itself is empty.

As a form added to matter from the outside, so as to enrich oneself, only in this way can thinking obtain content,

So as to become real knowledge.

Furthermore, these two components-because they are said to have the relationship of components, knowledge.

See page 93.

It will consist of them in a mechanical or at most weathered way-that's the case with them.

In the extreme order, that is, the object is regarded as a complete ready-made thing, which is entirely possible.

You don't need to think to be realistic; On the other hand, thinking is flawed and must be flawed.

It can only be accomplished by materials and must be adapted to it as a weak and irregular form.

Materials. Truth is the consistency between thinking and object, and, in order to obtain this consistency-because this

This consistency is not ready-made-thinking must adapt to and accommodate the object.

Third, since people don't let the difference between matter and form, object and thinking be blurred, they should

Then, to be more precise, every convenience is separated from another convenience as a range. Therefore, thinking is acceptance.

When matter is combined with matter in form, it can't surpass itself, and it still accepts and accommodates matter.

But it is a kind of deformation of itself, and thinking has not become the other; Needless to say, consciously

Rules only belong to thinking; Therefore, thinking can't go out of itself in the relationship with the object.

And reaching the object, ① the object, as a thing in itself, is always something on the other side of thinking.

These views on the relationship between subject and object are mutually beneficial, which constitutes our usual harmony.

The stipulation of the nature of consciousness is expressed; But these stereotypes, if transferred to rationality, are good.

Just as in reason, there is the same relationship. If this relationship is to have the truth freely, then this

Some prejudice are wrong; Refute these mistakes from all parts of the spiritual world and nature,

This is philosophy: or, because these mistakes blocked the door of philosophy, they entered philosophy.

I have to clean all the doors I studied before.

In this respect, earlier metaphysics had a better concept about thinking than modern times.

High popularity. Its fundamental view is that things and things can only be understood through thinking.

Things are the real things in things; So the real thing is not direct.

Things, but things in the form of thinking, as things that are thought. Therefore, this

This metaphysics holds that thinking and the rules of thinking are not unfamiliar with objects, but unfamiliar with objects.

Or, the essence of things and thinking about things, just as our words also express them.

Blood relationship,-self-reliance is consistent, thinking is stipulated in it, and things.

The true colors of things are all the same content.

But the intellectuality of reflection occupies philosophy. What does this noun mean? We need to know its exact meaning.

In the past, it was often used as a slogan: under this term, it is usually understood as abstract,

Therefore, it is separated intellectuality, which has become rigid in its separation. This is against reason, as a general.

Active understanding; It advocates the view that truth is based on power and thought.

Thinking is thought only in the sense that power perception gives it content and reality; And why, as long as

Or self-sufficiency, will only produce the illusion of the mind. Because reason is so self-destructive,

The concept of truth is lost, and reason is limited to understanding subjective truths and phenomena.

Only then do we know what does not conform to the essence of things; Knowledge is reduced to opinions.

Although it seems to be a loss of donations and a retrogression, it is based on profound things.

Foundation; In the higher spirit of modern philosophy, the promotion of rationality depends on this foundation. This situation has become very common.

The concept of "communication" is based on the understanding that intellectual provisions are bound to conflict with each other. ——

The above reflection is to go beyond the specific direct object, specify it and separate it. But,

This kind of reflection must also go beyond its own separation rules and play first.

Tie it up. From the point of view of this connection, these provisions conflict. This reflective connection,

It is rational in itself; Beyond those rules, improve to insight into their conflicts, this is up to.

It has taken a huge and negative step towards the real rational concept. However, this incomplete insight has degenerated.

See page 93.

People are misunderstood, as if they are in contradiction, but they are rational: such insights do not know the spear.

Shielding is the transcendence of intellectual limitation and the solution to this limitation. Don't take this last step.

Rising to the heights, on the contrary, he fled back to the perceptual existence from the place where the intellectuality stipulated that the individual was not satisfied, mistakenly thinking that

There will be something solid and consistent there. However, on the other hand, since we know ourselves.

Just for the understanding of the phenomenon, you will admit that this understanding is not satisfactory to the individual, but at the same time it is a hypothesis.

It seems that we can't correctly understand things themselves, but we can correctly understand the East within the scope of phenomena.

The west, as if it were there, seems to have only different types of objects, one is the thing itself, and knowing is knowing.

What can't be achieved is another phenomenon, which is within the scope of understanding. This is like saying that a person has rights.

Opinion, but added that he can't see anything real, can only see things that are not true.

Things. If this statement is absurd, then say a real understanding, not knowing the object itself, such as

Why? That's ridiculous, too.

(1) * Criticism of knowledge forms leads to the above results, that is, these forms are not applicable to freedom.

Things. -this can't have any other meaning except that these forms themselves are something untrue.

However, since the form of knowledge is still regarded as an effective subjective reason and experience, the above criticism is not.

I have changed myself, but make them as effective as the previous objects, in the same way.

The form is valid for the subject. However, if they are not enough for things themselves; So, this is

Children belong to the intellectual, will certainly be more dissatisfied with them, no preference. "If they can't get from

Then, in the prescribed things, they can't be intellectual, because at least knowledge should always be recognized.

Sex itself has a qualification. These two rules, finite and infinite, apply to time and space.

Sometimes, when applied to the world, or as a rule in the spirit, they are all in the same conflict.

Just like black and white, whether on the wall or on the drawing board, they still produce.

If Gray takes our concept of the world into account, because of the two rules of infinity and finiteness,

Then, the spirit itself, which contains these two provisions, is even more contradictory.

Something contradictory, something that solves itself. -It's not the rules that make the difference.

The state of the applied or existing material or object; Because the object just passes through and follows it.

Some regulations are only contradictory in themselves.

So that kind of criticism just keeps the objective form of thinking away from things, but keeps them still.

However, as the criticism found, it stays in the theme. In other words, that kind of criticism is not at ease with these.

His own form, his own unique content, was observed there, but only if he was there.

Premises, simply receiving them from subjective logic; So, we are not talking about these shapes.

The translation of forms themselves is not even their translation as subjective logical forms, let alone theirs.

Dialectical observation.

(1) a thorough and consistent transcendental idealism, realize that critical philosophy stay in the thing in itself.

Ghost, the shadow that blocks everything, does not exist and needs to be completely eliminated.

However, this philosophy also led to the beginning of letting reason express itself. However, this attempt

Subjective attitude, so that it may not be completed. Later, this attitude will be accompanied by the beginning and development of pure science.

The exhibition was abandoned together. However, what we usually know about logic doesn't consider form at all.

And the meaning of going to school. This science, as far as its present situation is concerned, is certainly not like common sense.

What you think is true. But for this reason, it is not a theme.

Formal science lacking real content. Although logic has no materials, so does the lack of materials.

It is often regarded as the deficiency of remote editing, but the field of truth can never be found in materials. go on patrol

See page 93.

See page 93.

There is nothing in the form of compilation, and the only way is to observe and deal with the form. (1) Because the form is only solid.

Fixed rules, split without combining into an organic unity, then they are the forms of death,

There is no spirit, but spirit is their concrete and vivid unity. So they lack firmness.

Content-a material itself is content. What logical forms can't find is nothing more than

The solid foundation and concreteness of these abstract provisions, and such substantive things, for form,

Usually I always think I have to look outside. But the rationality of logic itself is objectivity or reality.

Things, which combine all abstract rules in themselves, and are the solid of these rules,

Unity of abstraction and concreteness. Therefore, there is no need to go far away to find what is usually called matter.

Looking for; If logic is empty, it is not the fault of the logical object, the only thing is to grasp the object.

Wrong way.

This kind of thinking makes us further state the position that research logic should be based on, and the relationship between this position and

This science has been studied in different ways so far, and it is the only thing that will hold water forever in the future.

Real location.

(2) In Phenomenology of Spirit (Ban Bao and Fort Koen Weuts, 1807), I once learned from consciousness and rights.

Like the initial direct opposition until the absolute knowledge of this forward movement, thus expressing consciousness. this

This road has gone through all forms of the relationship between consciousness and object, and the scientific concept is its result. therefore

This concept (not to mention its appearance in the super series itself) does not need to be debated here because it

It itself has been proved; And it besides only by consciousness to make it happen, also don't

There can be other arguments; Unique forms of consciousness are dissolved in concepts, just as they are dissolved in

Actually. -the demonstration or explanation of scientific conceptual reasoning, at most, makes the concept appear in

Before the concept, and get historical knowledge from there. But a scientific definition, or rather,

Only in the inevitability of its occurrence can a definition be proved. A definition,

If any kind of science takes it as an absolute beginning, it can only include the recognized knowledge that people imagine.

The goals and objectives of science are determined and correctly expressed. As for why people just imagine this there.

This is a historical judgment. For this argument, people can only quote this or that.

Based on recognized facts, or in fact, people can only put forward one fact or another.

I want to take it as recognition. This doesn't stop anyone from lifting another person from here or there.

For example, according to this example, there must be more or different expressions of this or that.

Understanding, so the definition of expression must also be more precise or more general, so science must also be thick.

The whole. -As for what must be included or excluded, what is the boundary and scope, it all depends.

Argument: the argument itself can have extremely diverse and different viewpoints, and finally it is arbitrary.

To make a firm decision. We can't talk about this way of studying science by definition.

To show the necessity of scientific objects and science itself.

Because Phenomenology of Spirit is nothing more than an explanation of pure scientific concepts, and this book is like this.

In this case, take this concept and its explanation as the premise. Absolute knowledge

Is the truth of all forms of consciousness, because, as a process of consciousness, only in the unique.

You know, the separation between the object and the certainty of the object itself is completely dissolved, and the truth is equal to this.

A kind of certainty, which is also equal to truth.

Therefore, blunt science is based on getting rid of the opposition of consciousness. If thinking is also a comfortable thing.

Pure science itself contains this kind of thought, or, if what is comfortable is also pure thought,

(1) see page 93-94.

② See page 94.

(1) The certainty of the object itself refers to the consciousness about the object. -Translation

Pure science also includes this everyday thing itself. * As a science, truth is the pure self of its own development.

My consciousness has its own form, which realizes the concept of self-sufficiency, and this

The concept of "species" is the kind of self-sufficiency.

This kind of objective thinking of spine is the content of bowl science. So blunt science is by no means a form, by no means.

Lack of material as realistic and true knowledge, but only its content is absolutely true.

West, or, if people still use the term material casually, it is the real material,-but

It is this substance, and the form is nothing more than it, because this substance is pure thinking.

D, the absolute form itself. Therefore, logic should be regarded as a purely rational system, because

To grasp the kingdom of pure thinking. * This kingdom is truth, just as truth itself has no obstacles, because

In your own way. Therefore, people can say that this content is the display of God, showing the eternal essence.

What was God like before he created nature and limited spirit?

AnaXagoras was praised as the first person to say the idea that:

Nus, thought, is the origin of the world, and the essence of the world must be defined as thought. In this way, he will

It lays the foundation of rational cosmology, and the pure form of this cosmology must be logic. In ...

What is involved is neither thinking about something originally based on jealousy, nor just

Provide the form of truth sign; However, the inevitable form of thinking and its own rules are the content and the most important

High truth itself.

In order to accept this at least conceptually, it seems that truth must be something that can be grasped by impression.

Touch the crown and put it aside. People even use their hands to handle this elusive nature, too.

For example, Plato's ideas in The Thought of God are as if they existed.

Like, but in another world or region; Beyond that world, there is a real world,

It is different from those ideas, and it is precisely because of this difference that it has a real entity. Baila

The concept of purpose is only * * *, or more precisely, the concept of object; Just something.

Reality exists in its concept; When it is different from its concept, it is no longer realistic.

But what children have in the virtual room; Externally, you can feel and feel with your hands, which belongs to this.

The nihilistic side. -but on the other hand, two people can quote the unique point of view of ordinary logic.

Reading; Suppose, for example, that the definition does not contain provisions that only belong to the cognitive subject, but

Contains the provisions of the object, which constitutes the most essential and unique nature of the object. Or, fake.

If other rules are inferred from known rules, it is assumed that the inferred rule is not one.

It lies in the object, which is unfamiliar to the object, but suitable for the object itself, that is, the symbol "you".

Suitable for this kind of thinking. Generally speaking, we are using concepts, judgments, inferences, definitions and classifications.

When we wait for forms, we think that they are not only forms of conscious thinking, but also

It is also an objective and intellectual form. The term thinking is particularly easy to include rules in itself.

Give extra consciousness. However, as long as it has been said that both intellectuality and rationality are in the objective world, spirit and self.

However, everyone has the general rules on which his life and changes are based. "(1) that is to say, it has been admitted that the rules of thinking are the same.

It has objective value and existence.

It is true that critical philosophy has turned metaphysics into logic, but, as mentioned above,

It is the same as the later idealism, because of the fear of the object, so it gives logic something that is essentially the Lord.

The meaning of the view; In this way, logical rules are still corrected by the objects they escape, and

A thing itself, an endless conflict, is still a left bank for them.

② See page 94.

See page 94.

(1) refers to Fichte's philosophy. -Translation

However, getting rid of the opposition of consciousness is the premise that science must be able to use, which makes thinking

Regulations go beyond this timid and incomplete position and require self-sufficiency in thinking regulations.

Get rid of this restriction and worry about logical things, and purely rational things will be investigated.

Once upon a time, Kant called it spring logic, that is, the set of rules and propositions, which is commonly called logic.

It is very lucky that taxes have reached a perfect level long before other sciences; Ziari

Since it got on Dodd, it has not taken a step back, but it has not taken a step forward. The reason why it has not made progress is because it has made progress.

From all aspects, it seems to have been completed and completed. -if logic since Aristotle,

There is no change-if you consult the outline of modern logic, change is often just a fact.

There are some omissions.-Well, the conclusion we draw from this is that the logic needs to be completely changed.

Made; Because the spirit has worked continuously for two thousand years, it must have achieved its thinking and purity.

The essence itself has a higher consciousness. Combine spiritual practice with religion and science

The improved form of spirit in every real and conceptual field of consciousness is the same as that of logic-spirit.

As far as its pure essence-its present form is concerned, a comparison makes Edge look different.

Greatly, because the most superficial observation will not immediately notice that the latter consciousness and the former one have improved.

Totally out of place, out of place.

(1) "in fact, the logic needs to be transformed, and it has long been salty. Logical images are displayed in textbooks.

In that case, both form and content can be said to be despised. The position of logic teaching

It is still dragging on, mostly because of the lack of feelings that the super series can't work, but also because of the traditional view of the importance of logic.

The law is still in the habit of continuing, but it is because it believes in those common contents and studies those empty shapes.

Type, what is the value and use.

Logic was once expanded by the materials given by psychology, pedagogy and even physiology.

But it is almost recognized as a deformity. At first, these psychological, educational and physiological views

Checks, laws and rules, but in other parts of logic, must be mostly trivial.

Bread crumbs have no taste. Moreover, such rules, such as reading, listening, playing tricks and taking exams, have poor eyesight.

Use glasses to help-these principles are also divided into chapters in the so-called applied logic textbook.

Section, rely on it to realize the truth,-that is everyone will feel redundant,-at most.

Others can't figure out what to use to expand, too dry and rigid to expand.

Ability, and therefore feel flustered writers or teachers, not like this: ②.

As for why such content is so spiritless, raccoon dogs have given reasons in front. Its rules

Fixed firmly, the relationship between regulations and regulations is only external. Because of the use of judgment and reasoning;

Mainly belongs to oranges, which are based on a specified amount of things, so everything depends on external differences.

Relying on single and blunt comparison, it becomes a complete analytical method and conceptual calculation. "Thick rules and laws.

Interpretation, especially deduction, is no better than pulling out sticks of different lengths according to size.

Tie them together again, it's no better than the children taking decent pieces from the cut pictures.

How well the game is pieced together. -so people equate this kind of thinking with calculation, calculation and

It makes sense to equate this kind of thinking. Arithmetically, numbers are regarded as the East without concept.

The west, except equality or inequality, that is, except complete external relations, is meaningful.

Neither itself nor its relationship is thought. If you use mechanical means, you can calculate three-quarters times three-thirds.

Second, get a half, how many ideas this operation contains, and so on and so forth.

See page 94.

(2) The newly published book Fries Logic System by Yin Science has returned to the foundation of anthropology. The idea or book on which it is based.

My point of view and the superficial nature of my exposition made my province not notice this meaningless publication. -First edition,

Hegel's original note

It's a little long I have an e-book You can take it from the water tank if you want.