China has always been a country of etiquette, and Confucian morality is the foundation of feudal society. Before the emperor, ministers must always remember their relationship with the emperor. When the monarch and the minister meet, they should bow down and "knock three times and worship nine times" in important ceremonies.
As the last feudal dynasty in China, the Qing Dynasty had strict requirements on the relationship between monarch and minister. "The monarch treats his ministers with courtesy, and the ministers treat them with loyalty", and the so-called way of monarch and minister has corresponding regulations. But by the end of the Qing dynasty, the last dynasty in the early Qing dynasty, ministers had stopped worshipping nine times. What is the reason behind this?
Throughout the ancient history of China, the Nuzhen nationality, the predecessor of Manchu, was unified from Nuerhachi. This nation living on horseback has gradually entered our field of vision. After Huang Taiji established the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty in China began to write its own story in history.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, it was not until the emperor shunzhi's generation was truly unified. The first year of Shunzhi 1644 was the first major turning point in the history of history of qing dynasty. This year, the Qing army completed the first major mission entrusted to them by the Qing emperor-entering the customs.
On April 7th this year, the Qing army led by Wu Sangui, a rebel in the late Ming Dynasty, entered the customs on a large scale. First defeated the conqueror Li Zicheng, and then invaded the capital. From then on, the Qing Dynasty really began to rule China and became the real master of China.
Among the 0/2 emperors of the Qing Dynasty/KLOC-0, apart from the founding emperors Nurhachi and Huang Taiji, several others have to be mentioned, that is, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, who created the "prosperous period of Kanggan".
"The Prosperous Age of Kanggan" is the most prosperous period in the history of Qing Dynasty, and its appearance can not be separated from the contribution of Kangxi. After Kangxi ascended the throne, facing the devastated society destroyed by the ten-year war, he decided to change this situation, reduce taxes for farmers to resume production, reduce corvee to support the people ... and announced a series of reform measures.
Later successors Yongzheng and Qianlong followed the basic framework formulated by Kangxi and carried out a series of reforms to vigorously develop social productive forces. In agricultural production, vigorously promoting high-yield crops has increased the income of the country and reduced the burden on the people.
Coupled with peace and prosperity, people don't have to worry about being troubled by war. During this period, the population of China exceeded 1 100 million for the first time, and then exceeded 300 million. The Qing Dynasty became the most populous country in the history of China's feudal dynasty, which laid the foundation for China's populous country.
At the same time, during that period, the Qing government in China continued to expand its territory, and successively unified Mongolia, Northeast China, Xinjiang, Tibet and Taiwan Province Province, laying the territory of China today and realizing the great reunification of the Chinese nation.
However, under the seemingly calm lake surface, there is actually an undercurrent surging, and what is hidden behind the peaceful and prosperous times is a huge crisis.
Gan Long, who was addicted to his ancestors and his own merits, did not expect that what he experienced was the last glory in history of qing dynasty. His inheritance was not passed down from generation to generation as he imagined, but was destroyed after his death 100 years.
Since the prosperous time of Kanggan, political corruption and social contradictions have intensified, and the rule of the Qing court has gradually become insufficient. At the same time, if he indulges in the magnificent scene of "Kanggan Prosperity", where can he see the back of the world he is in power? This is another scene that he never dreamed of.
In the18th century when Qianlong lived, on the other side of the globe, a country that will be called "the empire that never falls" is rising. 1In the 1960s, Britain began a century-long industrial revolution. From the technical innovation of cotton textile industry, Britain gradually entered the mechanical age of manufacturing industry.
New machines were invented one by one in this land of England and put into production activities. The use of gunpowder and steel gave Britain the most powerful ship and gun in the world. The enclosure movement in full swing has contributed the most primitive accumulation to the development of capitalism. At this time of China, industrial production is still dominated by manual work, and the army still uses broadswords and spears.
It is not that the world never gave the Qing Dynasty a chance to rise, but that the prosperous times blinded the rulers. When the British envoy came to visit Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, the smug emperor refused the British request to open a port for trade. He believes that "China is rich in products and has everything. It is not to borrow foreign goods to exchange needed goods."
After the prosperity of Kanggan, I never imagined that decades after he said that, the trading port he didn't want to open was torn open by British guns.
Since 1840, the first opium war, China has repeatedly fought and lost wars with western powers, so it is impossible to compromise again and again, exchange interests for peace and sign treaties one by one. Even Japan, a small country that used to be a vassal of China, is shockingly powerful.
From the First Opium War to the Second Opium War, from the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 to Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, after repeated failures, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty gradually realized that the dream of "going to China" had been broken.
At this time of the Qing dynasty, it can be said that mountains and rivers are broken and stormy. Peasant uprisings followed; Outside, western powers are exerting pressure. It was the last emperor Puyi who later said that "ruthlessness is the emperor's home".
1906, the last emperor of the Qing dynasty was born, that is, the last emperor in the feudal history of China. Puyi was not the son of Guangxu, but after the death of Emperor Guangxu, Cixi made him emperor. He was only three years old that year.
Puyi, who ascended the throne of the emperor, began his ill-fated career as an emperor. It is strange that he was emperor three times in his life, but it is true.
However, he was the real emperor for only three short years, which was also the last three years of the Qing Dynasty. The young emperor can't change the fate of the dynasty's demise. Finally, in 19 12, under the cheers of revolutionaries and pressure from Yuan Shikai, the six-year-old emperor abdicated. Qing, dead.
19 17 years later, Pu Yi, who was only 12 years old, was re-elected as the emperor with the support of Zhang Xun, a legacy of the former dynasty. But this time, he was only emperor of 12 days, and was ousted by Duan.
1932 After the September 18th Incident, Japan, which tried to rule China, established Manchukuo in the northeast of China and supported Puyi as emperor. This time, however, it is more like a puppet than an emperor. The Japanese just want to use their status as the last emperor to consolidate their rule.
Throughout Puyi's career as an emperor, what really made him feel like an emperor was his time in the Forbidden City, but this time ended forever on February 19 12.
Only after the Revolution of 1911 did people realize that the Qing Dynasty was just an empty shell. Revolutionaries all over the country believe that the Qing Dynasty should be over and replaced by a society where everyone is equal. Without an emperor, everyone is equal.
The revolutionaries reached an agreement with Yuan Shikai, then the prime minister of the Qing court, and the rule of the Qing dynasty was coming to an end.
19 12 February 12, this morning, the last emperor Puyi completed the last early dynasty in his life. However, this early dynasty was different from the past. The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty found that ministers did not bow as before, but simply bowed.
The young emperor didn't understand why the ministers did this, but the grieving Jade Dragon Queen knew in her heart that the feudal dynasty wouldn't work in today's world.
The concept of equality for all has been deeply rooted in people's hearts. Even if the court minister wanted to pass it on from generation to generation, he would kneel down to the emperor for 1000 times. But Yuan Shikai, who is eyeing one side, won't agree.
At this time, Yuan Shikai had gained the rule of the world, only waiting for the last emperor to stamp the letter of abdication.
When the young last emperor didn't understand what had happened, the tearful Yulong had stamped the abdication edict at the urging of Yuan Shikai. Queen Yulong's cries echoed in the court; The minister of civil and military affairs of Manchu dynasty was full of sadness; The young last emperor just wanted to retire early to play.
What he didn't know was that the Qing dynasty, which existed for nearly 300 years, collapsed while the voice of reading the abdication letter echoed in the court.