Present situation and problems of hawking art in old Beijing
development status
As an excellent traditional culture of old Beijing, hawking art is a form of advertising in old Beijing. After a hundred years, it gradually disappeared due to the influence of economic and social development after the founding of the People's Republic of China. According to the survey, it is difficult to hear the voice of this traditional hawking in the streets and alleys of Beijing at present, and only a handful of people are proficient in these traditional hawking arts. In the past, these old artists concentrated on their unique skills and basically performed independently, thus forming some "personal kings", such as "the king of selling cigarettes" and "the king of selling fruits".
At present, some people have realized this problem. Since 2005, a group of folk artists, such as Zhang Zhenyuan, Zang Hong, Zhang Guilan and Lu Zhidong, have resumed hawking performances in old Beijing in the form of teamwork, and gradually organized some hawking performance teams to publicize the hawking art of old Beijing.
(2) Problems faced
The hawking art in old Beijing can be preserved and developed to this day. Its achievements are hard-won, but it also faces many problems in its own inheritance and development. Combined with the author's investigation, the summary is as follows:
1. Urban economic and social development and cultural context changes. The development of urban economy has greatly changed the whole social outlook and people's behavior. "Old Beijing" is rare, and only a handful of people really understand the art of hawking in old Beijing. Do not understand, do not support, think that the hawking art of old Beijing is a universal culture.
2. The government has limited energy and needs to strengthen its support. Due to the limited functions and functions of the cultural department itself, it is impossible to do a good job in the protection of related folk culture alone. The government wants to establish and manage academic and social work, and Qi Xin wants Qi Xin to cooperate in this work.
3. Lack of excellent inheritors and resource integration. At present, there are not many known inheritors of hawking art in old Beijing. Except for a group of folk artists such as Zhang Zhenyuan, Zanghong, Zhang Guilan, Lu Zhidong and Meng Yanan, no one can publicly perform the hawking art of old Beijing. As mentioned above, before 2005, the artists of Hawking art in old Beijing did not form an effective resource integration, and most of them inherited Hawking art in their own field of vision, which also invisibly caused the non-standardization of resources.
4. Old Beijing hawking art is lacking in successors. With the gradual departure of the older generation, the younger generation can't quickly learn the Beijing dialect, Beijing flavor and Beijing rhyme of old Beijing, resulting in a talent gap, which will inevitably affect the inheritance of old Beijing peddling dramas. It seems that the cultivation of successors is an important task of elders, which inevitably requires their efforts.
Protection of hawker art in old Beijing
The hawking art of old Beijing, as an original oral folk culture showing the living customs of old Beijing, is also the key protection object of intangible cultural heritage. As a treasure of Beijing's intangible cultural heritage, it is a historical accumulation, and the distinctive old Beijing culture permeates it. Based on this, it is of great historical and practical significance to deeply explore and protect the hawking plays in old Beijing.
1. Protection of hawking art in old Beijing from the perspective of intangible cultural heritage protection
The author believes that the protection of the art of selling in old Beijing should start from the following aspects:
(1) Establish a correct awareness of protection and protect the "ecological environment" of hawking art in old Beijing. Great achievements have been made in the protection of intangible cultural heritage, but there are also many problems. For example, some local governments have put forward the slogan of "building a stage with culture and singing opera with economy". Therefore, in the process of protecting the art of old Beijing, we should avoid its tendency of over-exploitation and commercialization, make more efforts in the integration of the art of selling and the inheritance of skills, and combine the art of selling with the ethos of the times to create a number of new works of selling art.
(2) Pay attention to protecting and exploring "noumenon style". For Hawking's art in old Beijing, it is not only the external forms of expression that need to be protected and inherited, but also the "ontological style" of Hawking's art itself. "Ontological style" means that different Hawking needs to be done by different actors. For example, men need to do jobs such as picking their heads, while women mainly sell vegetables and fruits. At the same time, there are many differences in hawking terms, pronunciation methods and matching musical instruments. Therefore, we should pay attention to this problem in the process of inheritance.
(3) vigorously protect and develop outstanding inheritors. The existence of intangible cultural heritage is based on the existence of inheritors. In this field investigation, the author found that these inheritors are old and sick, or tired of dealing with various affairs, or poor and sick, and some people who know this skill just regard it as their usual hobby or means of making a living, which will easily lead to the lack of inheritors in the long run. Most young people are unwilling to learn and inherit the hawking art of old Beijing because of the influence of trendy social concepts. At present, the only known descendants are Meng Yanan and Cang Hong's 23-year-old grandson Zang Zhibiao mentioned above.
(4) Create a cultural context conducive to the development of hawker art in old Beijing. The hawking art of old Beijing is not only a few simple shouts, but also the original ecological culture of old Beijing. With the help of the government, social audience, universities and other forces, we will continue to popularize the hawking art of old Beijing, let it go out of hutongs and alleys, truly enter people's real life, and arouse people's memories and attachment to the customs of old Beijing with a brand-new attitude.
2. Old Beijing hawker art protection under the background of cultural and creative industries.
Cultural and creative industries refer to industries that rely on the wisdom, skills and talents of creative people, create and upgrade cultural resources with the help of high technology, and produce high value-added products through the development and application of intellectual property rights, which have the potential to create wealth and employment. The high development of urban economy has prepared the soil for the rise of cultural and creative industries, global integration has laid the foundation for the development of cultural and creative industries, and the transformation of economic structure has provided opportunities for the development of cultural and creative industries.
Combined with the art of selling in old Beijing, the author thinks that the following ways can be taken to better develop the art of selling in old Beijing:
(1) has created a number of excellent programs on the basis of fully excavating the hawking art of old Beijing. According to the author's investigation, all the old Beijing hawking art exhibitions are almost full, and the audience is mostly authentic old Beijingers, and there are also many foreign tourists. Hearing the voices of decades ago, they felt very cordial and returned to the past.
(2) Sponsoring artists to start businesses and promoting cultural industrialization. In the investigation, the author also found that Meng Yanan, an outstanding inheritor of the old Beijing folk art troupe, made a lot of fruitful explorations in the process of marketization of the old Beijing hawking art, and achieved certain results, such as successfully putting the old Beijing hawking art on the stage and screen, and letting the old Beijing hawking art enter the campus.
(3) Organize various cultural activities to build a multi-level development platform for hawking art in old Beijing. On the basis of full preparation in the early stage, the art of selling in old Beijing can hold regional or national forums in time, enrich the contents of the forums in various forms, awaken the attention of all sectors of society to this traditional art, and create a good external environment for the development of the art of selling in old Beijing.
3. Look at the protection of hawker art in old Beijing from the perspective of visual anthropology.
Visual anthropology is a branch of anthropology, which is the product of the combination of anthropology and film and television. In the past 30 years of reform and opening up, visual anthropology, China has developed rapidly and achieved many achievements. At the same time, as a new discipline, there are also some problems in understanding and practice in the process of development.
At present, great changes have taken place in the writing style of folk chronicles, and it is more and more recognized to record the contents of folk chronicles by digital means. This recording method has an intuitive and vivid display mode and strong application value, and can be included in the database category through digital recording. However, in terms of specific recording methods, we should adhere to the framework of folklore and the recording consciousness of folklore; At the same time, authenticity, integrity and artistry should be maintained in the recording process, and the most authentic folk phenomena should be reproduced and restored through digital means such as photos, videos, research reports and databases. Combined with this survey of Hawking art in old Beijing, the author thinks that the recording should be intuitive, scientific, true and complete.
To sum up, the combination of recording Hawking art in old Beijing from the perspective of visual anthropology, developing it with cultural and creative industries, and protecting it with the theory of intangible cultural heritage will give it a brand-new artistic vitality when protecting and developing this Hawking art, and let it get out of the trough and bloom again.