The name of the garden
Historically, entertainment areas used different names because of their different contents and forms. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties in China and the Assyrian Period in West Asia, the territory where animals were raised for hunting and sightseeing was called Xihe Hunting Garden. During the Qin and Han Dynasties in China, the emperor's resting area was called garden or palace garden. Belonging to the government or private is called garden, garden pool, residential garden, different industries and so on. The word "garden" can be found in poems after the Western Jin Dynasty. For example, there is a saying in Hans Zhang's Miscellaneous Poems in the Western Jin Dynasty that "spring is warm and sunny, and Baiyang is in the garden"; Yang Xuanzhi, a Galand of the Northern Wei Dynasty, commented on Zhang Lun's residence in Xingnong, saying: "The beauty of gardens and ponds is beyond the reach of kings." After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the word "Garden" was used more widely, and it was often used to refer to the above-mentioned various amusement places.
Types of gardens
According to different angles, gardens can be divided into the following categories: classical gardens and modern gardens are distinguished by history; Geographically, there are Chinese gardens and Western gardens. According to the scale, there are forest gardens, urban gardens and gardens; According to the function, there are comprehensive gardens, zoos, botanical gardens, children's parks and urban green spaces. Among the classical gardens, China gardens include royal gardens, private gardens and temple gardens. Western classical gardens include regular gardens and natural wind-induced gardens. Different countries can be subdivided into different types in different times. Classification of modern parks Due to the differences in national conditions and concepts, the classification of parks is not the same, and it is difficult to form a conclusion. (1) American parks include national parks, comprehensive parks, sports parks, waterfront parks, botanical gardens, zoos, urban parks, children's parks and urban parks. (2) German parks include forest parks, national parks, comprehensive parks, suburban green spaces, botanical gardens, zoos, sports and playgrounds, squares and decorative roads, fruit and vegetable gardens, etc. (3) Japanese parks include historical parks, regional parks, scenic parks, botanical gardens, zoos, comprehensive parks, sports parks, city parks and children's parks. (4) Parks in China include classical gardens, scenic parks, comprehensive parks, memorial parks, botanical gardens, zoos, children's parks, urban parks and residential parks.
The function of garden
According to modern understanding, gardens are not only used for recreation, but also have the function of protecting and improving the environment. Plants can absorb carbon dioxide, release oxygen and purify the air; It can absorb harmful gases and dust to a certain extent and reduce pollution; It can adjust the temperature and humidity of the air and improve the microclimate; It also has the protection functions of reducing noise, preventing wind and fire. What is particularly important is the psychological and spiritual benefits of gardens. Leisure in the beautiful and quiet garden is helpful to eliminate the tension and fatigue caused by long-term work and restore the spirit and physical strength. Activities such as culture, entertainment, sports and popular science education in gardens can enrich knowledge and spiritual life. In terms of layout, gardens can be divided into two categories: the regular type is the representative of western gardens, the natural type of Italian courts, French terraces and China royal gardens, the private gardens in China, Suzhou gardens and Lingnan gardens, which are mixed with modern architectural rules and natural styles.
Garden development
From the way of development, gardens can be divided into two categories: one is a natural garden that can be formed by using the original natural wind, eliminating weeds and chaos, repairing development, opening up paths, arranging garden buildings, and without personnel labor. For example, Wang Wei's Wangchuan industry in the Tang Dynasty built a private villa in a natural valley with mountains and lakes, which can be called a mountain villa; For example, Zhangjiajie in Dayong County, Hunan Province, and Jiuzhaigou in Songpan County, Sichuan Province are large-scale natural areas with beautiful scenery, which can be used with a little construction and development, and are called natural scenic spots; Such as Mount Tai, Mount Huangshan and Wuyishan, which have a long history of development and contain cultural relics, myths and legends, religious art and other contents, are called scenic spots. The other is man-made gardens, that is, environments created to improve ecology, beautify the environment and meet the needs of recreation and cultural life within a certain geographical scope, such as small gardens, gardens and parks. China's classical gardens enjoy a high reputation in the world, represented by Suzhou gardens, as well as Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master Garden, Huanxiu Villa, Lotus Garden and Lion Forest.
Garden realization
The so-called garden realization-that is, gardening Usually, the quality of garden landscape depends on the designer's ingenuity, clever use of regional and environmental characteristics, integration of his own aesthetic concepts and uniqueness. So the design is in the front and the layout is in the back; Material selection in front and construction in the back; Beautify the front and blend the back. Of course, regardless of the effect and investment, it is not advisable to build a garden now. It is also shallow, and without area, the times will be difficult to flourish.
landscape architecture major
Training objective: to cultivate talents for landscape construction and management who meet the needs of China's social and economic development in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century, have all-round development in morality, intelligence and physique, have solid basic theory, wide knowledge, strong adaptability, strong working ability, high comprehensive quality, innovative spirit and certain professional skills, and have the basic abilities of urban greening, landscape architecture, landscape engineering, landscaping and garden plant cultivation, breeding and maintenance management. Main courses: introduction to landscape architecture, fine arts, botany, landscape engineering drawing, surveying, preliminary design, computer-aided design, introduction to landscape design (bilingual teaching), environmental art, urban green space system planning, landscape architecture, landscape design, landscape engineering, introduction to landscape plants (bilingual teaching), landscape dendrology, landscape floral design, lawn science, garden plant protection, garden construction operation, etc. Graduates of this major should have the following knowledge, ability and quality: 1, and have solid basic theories and knowledge of landscape architecture, design art and other disciplines. With certain painting skills and aesthetic knowledge, I can apply the corresponding artistic theory and design techniques to the artistic creation of natural landscapes and plant materials. 3, master the planning of scenic spots, forest parks, urban green space system planning, all kinds of garden green space planning and design, garden architecture design, garden engineering design, garden plant landscaping design methods. 4. Have the basic skills of scenic spots and urban landscaping construction management. 5, master the necessary garden plant cultivation, breeding and maintenance management technology. 6, with the ability of investigation and decision-making, organization and management and scientific research, independent access to knowledge, information processing and innovation. 7, familiar with China's land greening, scenic spots and forest park construction, forest resources, land resources management and protection, as well as urban environment and protection principles, policies and regulations. 8. Have certain scientific research and practical work ability, and understand the theoretical frontier, application prospect and development trend of landscape architecture at home and abroad. 9. Strong English comprehensive application ability and computer application ability; Master the basic methods of literature retrieval and applying modern information technology to obtain information. 10, understand the basic knowledge of physical education and the basic methods of physical exercise, and reach the standard of students' physical health; Learning the basic theories and knowledge of humanities, social sciences and natural sciences has a high comprehensive quality. Employment orientation: graduates can be employed in urban landscaping, architecture and environmental engineering, municipal gardens, public utilities, urban and rural planning and construction management and other related industries and departments, and can also continue to study for master's degrees in landscape architecture, urban planning, environmental art and other majors? * Candidates are required to have a certain artistic foundation and expressive ability of thinking in images. Examable title: professional title certificate: technician, assistant engineer, engineer, senior engineer, professor-level senior engineer, etc. These can be evaluated as long as the conditions are sufficient. There are also registered architects, registered cost engineers, registered urban planners and registered architects. Take the national unified examination. At present, landscape architects have not organized the national qualification examination, and the state is planning the way, name and content of the qualification examination. Relevant qualification certificates: florist (junior, intermediate and advanced), green chemical engineer (junior, intermediate and advanced), landscape architect (junior, intermediate and advanced), plant protection worker (junior, intermediate and advanced) and so on.
Chinese classical gardens
China gardens have a long history and are the treasures of ancient architectural art in China. Gardening has a long history. As early as Zhou Wuwang's time, there were activities to build palaces. Her formation is mainly influenced by the ruling class thought and the art of Buddhism, Taoism, painting and poetry. For example, in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the ruling class fought fiercely, the country was divided, and Taoism and Buddhism prevailed, resulting in metaphysics. At this time, scholars or people are eager to learn. The structure of classical gardens in China is dominated by natural landscapes, with artificial buildings such as palaces, corridors, buildings and pavilions, imitating nature by artificial means, which is permeated with humanistic thoughts in different historical periods, especially the ideological realm of poetry, ci and painting. The classification of ancient gardens in China can be classified in different ways from different angles. There are generally two classifications. (1) is divided into 1 according to the identity of the residents, and the royal garden is a garden for emperors to rest and enjoy. The ancients said that there is no king in the world. In the view of the ruling class, the mountains and rivers of the country belong to the royal family. Therefore, it is characterized by large scale, many mountains and waters, magnificent architectural colors and tall buildings. The existing famous royal gardens are: Beijing Summer Palace, Beijing Beihai Park, Hebei chengde mountain resort. 2. Private gardens are leisure gardens for royal consorts, princes and nobles, wealthy businessmen and others. It is characterized by its small scale, so rockeries and fake water are often used, and the buildings are small and exquisite, showing its elegant and quaint colors. Existing private gardens, such as Gongwangfu in Beijing, Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou, Liuguo, Canglang Pavilion, Netlion Garden and Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai. (2) According to the geographical location of the garden, it is divided into 1, and the northern gardens are of the northern type. Because the region is wide, the scope is larger; Because most of them are located in the capital, the buildings are magnificent. Limited by natural meteorological conditions, there are few rivers, lakes, boulders and evergreen trees. Due to the rough development of style, aesthetic feeling and charm are insufficient. Representatives of northern gardens are mostly concentrated in Beijing, Xi and Luoyang. Kaifeng, especially represented by Beijing. 2. The southern part of Jiangnan is densely populated, so the garden area is small; Because there are many rivers and lakes, garden stones and evergreen trees, the garden scenery is more delicate and exquisite. Because of the above conditions, it is characterized by brightness, elegance, simplicity and deep twists and turns, but it is slightly cramped because of its small area. The emergence of southern gardens; Table is mostly concentrated in Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other places, especially Suzhou. 3. Lingnan type is located in the subtropical zone, with evergreen seasons and many rivers, so the gardening conditions are better than those in the north and south. Its obvious characteristics are tropical scenery and tall and spacious buildings. The existing Lingnan gardens include the famous Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Guangdong, Dongrong Keyuan and Yuyin Mountain Residence in Panyu. The essential characteristics of classical gardens in China are: 1, the flooding landscape type of Moshan, and the native landscape type composed of natural resources such as topography, hydrogeology and native plants, which are the constituent elements of the spatial subject of classical gardens in China. The exquisite craftsmanship of local materials and the artistic expression of garden landscape are one of the main features of my traditional gardens in China. China's classical gardens emphasize that "although it is made by people, it is natural", "it comes from nature and is higher than nature", and people's understanding and feelings about nature. 2. Ideal environment suitable for human habitation Pursuing ideal human habitation environment and creating healthy, comfortable, fresh and pleasant microclimate conditions. Because the living environment in ancient China was relatively bad, China classical garden landscaping paid great attention to the improvement of microclimate conditions, and created a more comfortable and pleasant environment, such as the layout of mountains and rivers, the planting of plants, the construction of pavilions, etc. , are based on light and shadow, airflow, temperature and other factors affecting human comfort, forming a comfortable and pleasant ideal living environment. 3. Coincidentally, the visual boundary of borrowing scenery is not limited to the courtyard. By borrowing scenery, the visual boundary of space is expanded, so that the garden landscape is linked and echoed with the external natural landscape, creating a holistic garden landscape. Whether moving or watching, you can see beautiful scenery and pursue unlimited spatial visual effects. 4. Progressive spatial organizations, such as dynamic and static combination, contrast between reality and reality, connecting the preceding with the following, step by step, fascinating, and tortuous changes in space, often divide the whole garden into many spaces with different shapes, scales and personalities, and mix all the elements that make up the space together, crisscross and hide each other, separating nature, landscape and human landscape. 5. Look at the big space effect from a small place. Ancient landscape painters grasped the typical characteristics of various beautiful scenery in nature, refined and cut them, repeatedly presented peaks and valleys in the small courtyard, and highlighted the three-dimensional spatial effect on the two-dimensional garden site. "Build infinite space with limited area". "Big" and "small" are relative, and the key is to "fake the natural scenery, create the true interest of mountains and rivers, and get the artistic conception of gardens". 6, intriguing garden culture People often use landscape poems and landscape paintings to express their thoughts and artistic conception of pursuing detachment and natural harmony. Classical gardens often express the artistic conception of the landscape through couplets, stone carvings, calligraphy, art, literature, philosophy, music and other forms, thus making the elements of the garden rich in connotation and landscape thickness. China classical gardens refer to China landscape gardens represented by private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River and royal gardens in the north. They are unique in the history of world garden development and are valuable historical and cultural heritage of all mankind. The classification of classical gardens in China can be classified in different ways from different angles. There are generally three classifications: 1. Artificial landscape garden is a kind of garden with the highest aesthetic realm when Chinese gardening develops to the stage of full consciousness creation. This kind of garden is built in a flat place, especially in a town. It is also called "urban mountain forest" to create a small environment simulating nature and wildness in the urban architectural environment, just like an oasis. 2. Natural landscape gardens are generally built in scenic spots in the suburbs of Shan Ye or the outer suburbs of cities and towns, including landscape gardens, mountain gardens and waterscape gardens. The key to building a natural landscape garden is to choose a base. If the site is selected properly, the natural scenery will be much more interesting than the low-cost artificial landscape garden. [According to the status and affiliation of the possessor] 1. The royal garden is a garden for emperors to rest and entertain. The ancients said that there is no king in the world. In the view of the ruling class, the mountains and rivers of the country belong to the royal family. Therefore, it is characterized by large scale, many mountains and waters, magnificent architectural colors and tall buildings. The existing famous royal gardens include the Summer Palace in Beijing, Beihai Park in Beijing and the Summer Resort in Chengde, Hebei. Belonging to the emperor and the royal family, it is called Yuan, Yuan Yong, Yu Garden and Yu Garden in ancient books. 2. Private gardens are the gardens of the royal family, princes and nobles, wealthy businessmen, etc. It is characterized by its small scale, so rockeries and fake water are often used, and the buildings are small and exquisite, showing its elegant and plain colors. Existing private gardens, such as Gongwangfu in Beijing, Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou, Lingering Garden, Netlion Garden and Yu Garden in Shanghai. It belongs to the private property of nobles, bureaucrats and gentry. In ancient books, it is called garden, garden pavilion, garden villa, billiard hall, mountain pond, mountain villa, other businesses, thatched cottage and so on. 3. Temple Gardens The affiliated gardens of the Buddhist Temple Taoist Temple also include the garden environment in the inner courtyard and peripheral areas of the temple. [According to the geographical location of the garden] 1, the northern type of northern garden, because of its wide geographical area and large scope; Because most of them are located in Baixian County, the buildings are magnificent. Limited by natural meteorological conditions, there are few rivers, lakes, boulders and evergreen trees. Therefore, beauty and charm are insufficient. Representatives of northern gardens are mostly concentrated in Beijing, Xi, Luoyang and Kaifeng, especially in Beijing. 2. Jiangnan-type south is densely populated, so the garden area is small; Because there are many rivers and lakes, garden stones and evergreen trees, the garden scenery is more delicate and exquisite. Because of the above conditions, it is characterized by beauty, elegance, simplicity and deep twists and turns, but it is a bit cramped because of its small area. Representatives of southern gardens are mostly concentrated in Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other places, especially Suzhou. 3. Lingnan type is located in the subtropical zone, with evergreen seasons and numerous rivers, so the gardening conditions are better than those in the north and south. Its obvious characteristics are tropical scenery and tall and spacious buildings. The existing Lingnan gardens include the famous Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Guangdong and Keyuan Garden in Dongguan. 4. In addition to the three major theme styles, there are various forms such as Bashu Garden and Western Region Garden. China classical gardens have their own ways to deal with some design concepts of eastern and western gardens; Moreover, after combining its own historical, cultural and geographical characteristics, it also presents some unique features. 1, the natural worship of harmony between man and nature 2, the landscape types that imitate the natural landscape pattern 3, the poetic expression 4, the comfortable and pleasant living environment 5, the expansion of vision 6, the gradual spatial sequence 7, the visual effect of seeing the big from the small 8, the euphemistic and implicit emotional expressions of the four classical gardens in China, namely Summer Palace, Summer Resort and Humble Administrator's Garden, The types of professional companies in the garden industry of Suzhou's four famous classical gardens (Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden and Liuyuan Garden) are as follows: first, flower seedling companies include flower production companies, flower planting companies, breeding companies, seed sales companies, leasing companies and fresh cut flower sales companies; second, landscaping engineering companies include lawn and ground cover plant production companies, seed companies and garden machinery sales companies, etc.
[Edit this paragraph] The origin and development of China gardens.
China's gardening should begin in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, that is, "Xi". Shang Zhouwang's "Drinking good wine and having fun is good for dogs and horses, filling palaces and terraces with sand dunes (note: Guangzong area, Xingtai, Hebei), where many wild animals (birds) are placed ...". Zhou Wenwang has a Lingta, "Fang Qili", in which lush vegetation, birds and animals multiply. The original "trap" was to enclose places with beautiful natural scenery and raise animals for the emperor to hunt, so it was also called sightseeing. The emperor and the princes are embarrassed, but there are differences in scope and standardization. " The emperor is a hundred miles, and the princes are forty. "The han dynasty called yuan. On the basis of the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty developed an early tour of the Forbidden City, which mainly focused on gardens. In addition to arranging gardens for the emperor to rest, celebrations were held to handle court affairs. Weiyang Palace of Emperor Gaozu, Sixian Garden of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, Shanglin Garden of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Dongyuan Garden of Liang Xiaowang (also known as Liangyuan Garden, Tuyuan Garden and Suiyuan Garden) and Paradise of Xuan Di are all famous gardens in this period. From the pavilions in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes murals and Li Rongjin's Hanyuan Map in Yuan Dynasty, we can see that the gardening in Han Dynasty has reached a high level and scale. Historical documents such as Mei Cheng's Tu Yuan Fu, Sima Xiangru's Shang Lin Fu, Ban Gu's Xi Du Fu, Sima Qian's Historical Records, Miscellanies of Xijing and Sanfu Huang Tu all record the above gardens in detail. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is an important period in the history of China's social development. At one time, the social economy was prosperous and the culture was prosperous. The literati class pursues the beauty of the natural environment, and traveling to famous mountains and rivers has become a common fashion in the upper class of society. Many famous works such as Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, Zhong Rong's Shi Pin and Tao Yuanming's The Peach Blossom Garden were published during this period. Emperor Taizong "made great efforts to make Qiang Bing rich", the society entered the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and the design of the imperial court became more and more exquisite. In particular, the stone carving technology was already very skilled, and the palace buildings were all carved with jade, which was particularly gorgeous. " The Forbidden City, Dongduyuan, Shenduyuan and Cuiwei Palace are unprecedented. Tang Quan Palace built by Emperor Taizong in Xi 'an Anli Mountain was later converted into Huaqing Palace by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. The palaces and pavilions here are "connected into a city", and the king of the Tang Dynasty is "soft singing and slow dancing, the music of silk and bamboo, the king can't get enough of it". Du Fu once wrote a long poem "From Beijing to Fengxian, Talk about Love in 500 Words", which described and denounced the decadent life of princes and nobles. Gardening in Song and Yuan Dynasties also had a prosperous period, especially in the use of stones. Under the slogan of "prosperity", Song Huizong is building a great project. He is accomplished in painting, especially enjoying stones. First, the "Artificial Bureau" was set up in Suzhou and Hangzhou, and then the "Yingfeng Bureau" was set up in Suzhou to collect folk exotic flowers and stones and transport them to Kaifeng, Kyoto, to build palaces. Wanshou Mountain, called "Shoushan Genyue" in ancient times, is a royal garden of considerable scale. In addition, there are some famous gardens, such as Joan Garden, Yichun Garden and Fanglin Garden. Today, several lake stones on display at Suoguo Temple in Kaifeng are really strange and extraordinary in shape. Suzhou, Yangzhou, Beijing and other places also have the remains of "Huashigang", all of which are very spectacular. During this period, a large number of literati and painters participated in gardening, which further strengthened the artistic conception of freehand brushwork landscape garden. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the peak of China's garden creation. The establishment of royal gardens was the most active in Kanggan period of Qing Dynasty. At that time, social stability and economic prosperity provided favorable conditions for the construction of large-scale freehand brushwork natural gardens, such as Yuanmingyuan, Summer Resort and Changchun Garden. Private gardens are the main achievements of Jiangnan gardens built in Ming Dynasty, such as Canglang Pavilion, Xiu Yuan, Humble Administrator's Garden and Jichang Garden. At the same time, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, a theoretical work of garden art creation, Yuanye, was produced. Their creative ideas still follow the creative source of Tang and Song Dynasties, and the creative techniques from aesthetics to garden artistic conception are "seeing the big from the small", "sumeru mustard seed" and "heaven and earth in the pot". The view of nature, freehand brushwork and artistic conception have become the dominant position of creation, and the architecture in the garden has played the most important role and become the main landscaping means. Gardens have gradually developed from sightseeing to being able to travel and live. Large-scale gardens not only imitate natural landscapes, but also imitate places of interest in one garden, forming a style of taking gardens with gardens and big gardens with small gardens. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the exploration of gardening theory was stagnant. Due to foreign aggression, the impact of western culture, the collapse of the national economy and other reasons, garden creation flourished and declined. However, the achievements of China's gardens have reached the peak of its history, and its gardening techniques have been respected and imitated by western countries, which has set off a "China garden fever" in western countries. From the east to the west, China garden art has become the mother of gardens and the miracle of world art.
Although it is a bit slow, it is still very hard to learn the garden well. It is very hard to learn drawing, architecture, botany, chemical landscape planning and so on, and because of the needs of the course, I often stay up late to draw pictures.