(1) The "containment" strategy of Truman Administration (1945- 1953) is a major change in the foreign strategy of the United States after the war, indicating that the United States and the Soviet Union moved from wartime cooperation to post-war opposition and confrontation, laying the strategic foundation for the United States to dominate the world for decades after the war. ?
The main contents of containment strategy are as follows: ① Carrying out Truman Doctrine and implementing the Cold War against the Soviet Union. (2) Implement the Marshall Plan, and implement policies of fostering, assisting and controlling Western Europe and Japan. (3) Carry out the Fourth Plan, frantically suppress the national independence movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and promote neocolonialism. He helped Chiang Kai-shek to fight China's civil war, launched the Korean War of aggression, and attempted to establish an American-controlled anti-* * fortress in Asia to curb the development of capitalism in Asia. (4) The policy of political isolation, economic blockade, military siege and diplomatic non-recognition was carried out against new China in an attempt to stifle the new regime. ⑤ Organizing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is to bring the military forces of major capitalist countries in Western Europe and North America into the strategic track of the United States. During this period, the focus of American foreign strategy was Europe, the main rival was the Soviet Union, and the main goal was to expand and control Western Europe and Japan in Asia, Africa and Latin America. ?
(2) Eisenhower Administration's "liberation" strategy and "Eisenhower Doctrine" (1953~ 196 1)?
After the Korean War, the Eisenhower Administration adjusted the global strategy of the United States: ① It put forward the "liberation" strategy for socialist countries, the core of which was to try to "liberate socialist countries from the rule of the * * * production party" and bring them into the "free world" in the west by means other than war. Militarily, Eisenhower administration put forward "large-scale revenge strategy" and "war brinkmanship policy" to deal with socialist countries. (2) in Asia, Africa and Latin America, step up expansion. In view of the situation in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, "Domino Theory" and "Eisenhower Doctrine" have been put forward successively. ?
(3) The "peace strategy" and "holding an arrow in one hand and an olive branch in the other" adopted by the Kennedy and Johnson administrations (1961-969) are essentially counter-revolutionary strategies of peace and war to peacefully evolve in socialist countries and promote neo-colonialism in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In military strategy, the Kennedy and Johnson administrations implemented "flexible coping strategy" and "two and a half wars" against the Soviet Union and China. ?
(4) Nixon and Ford's Nixon Doctrine (1969~ 1977)?
The so-called "Nixon Doctrine" refers to a set of diplomatic thoughts and foreign strategies put forward by Nixon in order to safeguard the hegemonic position of the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the strength and position of the United States were seriously weakened and its international strategic position declined. Nixon's doctrine was first put forward at1July 25, 969, when Nixon delivered a speech on American Asian policy in Guam. Nixon doctrine has three pillars: partnership, power status and negotiation. The contents of Nixon Doctrine are as follows: ① Taking the establishment of "partnership" among allies as the cornerstone of American foreign policy, it requires allies to coordinate policies and jointly deal with the Soviet Union; Give in to each other economically to help the United States tide over the difficulties; Militarily, * * * shares the responsibility of military expenditure and national defense. (2) With strength as the backing and negotiation as the means, the Soviet Union is restricted through negotiation to maintain the balance of power between the United States and the Soviet Union. ③ Use China to restrict the Soviet Union and actively open the door to relations with China. (4) Shorten the front and strengthen the key points in the Third World. The essence of Nixon doctrine: Nixon doctrine is the product and expression of the decline of American hegemonic position. It was put forward under the unfavorable situation that the United States is on the strategic defensive, and its purpose is to continue to safeguard the global hegemony of the United States. Supplement: U.S. President Nixon's visit to China 197 1 normalized Sino-U.S. relations, which reflected a major turning point in U.S. China policy. This is related to the difficult situation of the United States at that time: ① the need for the United States to adjust its Asian policy. The failure of the war of aggression against Vietnam led to the upsurge of domestic anti-war movement, and the United States hoped to get out of Vietnam as soon as possible; ② The pattern of international relations has changed. Nixon put forward five power centers, saying that China is one of them, and improving relations with China will help the United States and the Soviet Union compete for hegemony; The loss of American economic hegemony, the frequent outbreak of the dollar crisis, the final collapse of the capitalist monetary system centered on the dollar, and the relative decline of American economic strength. ?
(5) Carter's "World Order Strategy" (1977- 198 1 year). ?
The Carter administration continued Nixon doctrine in the early days and put forward the "world order strategy" after taking office. Its main contents include: ① Strengthening trilateral cooperation among Japan, the United States and Europe. (2) Develop political and economic relations between the North and the South, reduce the hostility of the Third World to the United States and weaken the influence of the Soviet Union. (3) Taking easing the relationship between the East and the West as the "primary goal", and emphasizing economic and moral strength to deal with the expansion of the Soviet Union. ④ Take US-China relations as the "central link" of US global policy, promote the normalization of relations with China, and seek to establish a strategic cooperative relationship with China against the Soviet Union. ⑤ Attach importance to human rights diplomacy. 1the victory of Iran's Khomeini revolution in February 1979 and1the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in February 1999 dealt a heavy blow to the foreign policy of the Carter administration. 1980 1, "Cartesianism" was introduced, and the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union was once again tense. ?
[6] The Reagan administration's diplomatic strategy of "seeking peace through strength" (198 1- 1989)? Reagan came to power at a time when the United States was at home and abroad. Reagan abandoned the previous strategy of easing and maintaining the balance of power, put forward the slogan of "rejuvenating the national prestige" and "expanding the army to resist the Soviet Union", and formulated the following policies: ① The Reagan administration put forward the "Star Wars Plan" from 65438 to 0985, seeking the strategic advantage of the United States over the Soviet Union, promoting the economic development of the United States and dragging down the Soviet Union. (2) Pursuing a tough policy towards the Soviet Union and launching fierce competition with the Soviet Union in the Third World and armaments. (3) Efforts should be made to restore the leading position of the United States in the western world and make allies obey the overall anti-Soviet strategy through a strong foreign policy. ④ In the early days of Reagan's administration, US-China relations experienced ups and downs, and then stabilized. Sino-US economic and trade relations have developed rapidly. ?
(7) The global strategy of the Bush administration (1989- 1993)?
During the administration of President George H.W. Bush, the global strategy of the United States changed greatly in the two periods before and after the Cold War. ① 1989 put forward the strategy of surpassing containment at the beginning. The so-called "beyond containment strategy" refers to: under the condition of not giving up military containment, taking economic assistance as bait and "peaceful evolution" as the soul, seizing the favorable opportunity of socialist countries to carry out reform and opening up, promoting American values and political and economic models through political, economic, ideological, cultural and diplomatic non-military means, cultivating pro-Western opposition within socialist countries, and finally bringing the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe into the western system. At the end of 2 1989, the "New Atlanticism" was put forward to establish a new European pattern: NATO, Europe and CSCE were advocated as the basis for establishing a new European pattern, the essence of which was to maintain and strengthen the leading position of the United States in the process of reshaping the European pattern and ensure the political and economic interests of the United States in Europe. (3) To implement a two-pronged policy of maintaining the basic framework of US-China relations and inducing China's "peaceful evolution" towards China. ④ Pay more attention to the influence of the turmoil in the third world on the United States and strengthen the ability of the United States to cope with regional crises. 199 1 year to implement the desert storm plan and attack Iraq. ⑤ The idea of "new world order" put forward by the United States is essentially to transform the world according to American values under the leadership of the United States. ?
(8) The Clinton administration's strategy of "participation and expansion"?
"Participation and expansion strategy" has "one goal" and "three pillars". The so-called "one goal" is to consolidate and expand America's "leading position" in the world, that is, America's world hegemony. To this end, the United States proposes to guard against potential strategic rivals and new superpowers, control Western Europe, East Asia, Southwest Asia and the former Soviet Union, and focus on curbing those countries that have the potential to become global powers, such as China and Russia. The so-called "three pillars" refer to economic security, military strength, democracy and human rights. Its contents are as follows: ① Put economic issues at the center of foreign policy. Highlight the ideological factors in American diplomacy, vigorously promote American values such as "freedom", "democracy" and "human rights" in diplomacy, and strive to establish a world dominated by capitalism headed by the United States. (3) Maintain a strong military force to meet new security challenges. After the end of the Cold War, the American policy towards China wavered for a time, and the American ruling class was caught in the debate of "containment" or "contact" with China. After reflection, the Clinton administration has established a policy of "all-round contact" with China, that is, it hopes to ensure the realization of American strategic interests through contact rather than confrontation; Through contact with China, we can influence domestic and foreign policies and change China; By attracting China to participate in the international system, China will follow the international rules and norms advocated by the United States. ?
(9) Bush Administration (200 1 -2008)?
200 1 after George W. Bush took office, his foreign policy mainly included the following aspects: ① pursuing unilateralism and seeking to establish the hegemonic position of the United States. (2) Emphasize military priority and pay attention to cultivating American military strength. ③ Pay attention to American security. ④ Taking the fight against international terrorism as the central task of the Bush administration's foreign policy. ⑤ The global strategy of the United States has further shifted to the Asia-Pacific region. ⑥ In March 2003, the United States launched a war against Iraq without the consent of the United Nations, aiming at controlling oil in the Middle East, promoting American democracy in the Middle East, shaping a new pattern in the Middle East and influencing international politics. ⑦ Propose a preemptive strategy to crack down on "rogue states" and terrorists. ?
⑽ Obama administration (2009-? )?
Obama will largely inherit President Bush's global strategic concept. In fact, during its second term, the Bush administration made considerable adjustments to its global strategy, greatly reducing unilateralism and no longer emphasizing the preemptive strategy. However, people are deeply impressed by what the Bush administration did in its first term, and it is difficult to distinguish the real goal of Obama's slogan of "change". Therefore, when Obama really enters the White House, the "change" he needs to make is not fundamental, but technical; In other words, maintaining the balance of global strategic adjustment and the sustainability of implementation will be an important style of the Obama administration's global strategy.