1, the Sino-British situation on the eve of the Opium War.
Domestically: ① Economically, the germination of capitalism is developing slowly, the natural economy is still dominant and the land is highly concentrated; The government is in financial difficulties. (2) Politically, nepotism, fighting with each other, buying officials and titles, and bribery are common in officialdom; In the army, the equipment is outdated, the practice is not diligent, the operation is not strict, and the law is corrupt. (3) In diplomacy, the country is closed to the outside world.
Foreign countries: ① Britain took the lead in completing the industrial revolution and became the number one capitalist power, and the industrial revolutions in France, the United States and other countries also developed one after another. In order to occupy more sales markets and raw material producing areas, they stepped up their external expansion. (3) Britain opened its doors to China and exported opium to China.
2. The reasons and effects of China's defeat in the Opium War.
Reason: The fundamental reason is that the decadent feudal system cannot resist the new capitalist system. The specific reasons are: a, the government is required to control corruption, the overall national strength is declining, the economy is backward, and the military strength and equipment are backward; B. The Qing government, which was in charge of the war in the Qing Dynasty, was indecisive and had improper military command: ① Changes in social nature: a. Politically, before the Opium War, China was an independent country, and the Qing government exercised complete sovereignty. After the war, China's territorial sovereignty, territorial sovereignty, judicial sovereignty, tariff sovereignty and trade sovereignty began to be seriously damaged. This marks the beginning of China becoming a semi-colony; B Economically, before the Opium War, China was dominated by a self-sufficient feudal economy. After the war, the capitalist countries dumped goods and plundered raw materials in China, gradually involved the China market in the capitalist world market, and the self-sufficient natural economy gradually disintegrated. China began to enter a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. ② Changes in social contradictions: The contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class began to change into the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation (the most important contradiction), and the contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people. (3) Changes in revolutionary tasks: The people of China have changed from opposing their own feudal rule to shouldering the task of opposing aggression and feudalism. Since then, China has entered the period of the old democratic revolution. The Opium War was a turning point in China's history and the beginning of China's modern history.
3. The main contents of the Sino-British treaty of nanking and its annexes and their harm to China.
The main contents of "treaty of nanking" are as follows: ① cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain. (2) Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars. (3) Opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports. (4) The tariff rate of goods imported and exported by British businessmen shall be agreed with Britain.
The Five-Port Trade Charter and the Humen Treaty are annexes to the treaty of nanking. Britain has obtained the privileges of "consular jurisdiction" and "unilateral MFN treatment", renting land, houses and permanent residency at trading ports. Harm: (mainly from the aspects of territory, territorial sea, tariff, justice, loss of trade sovereignty, etc. )
The occupation of Hong Kong Island not only destroyed China's territorial sovereignty, but also became the base for Britain's further aggression against China. (2) The huge compensation is not only a shameless plunder of the people of China, but also a bad example of the invaders extorting compensation from China; (3) The forced opening of five people opened the door to the southeast coast of China and facilitated the invasion of foreign capitalist forces; (4) The stipulation of agreed tariffs made China lose its customs autonomy, which provided favorable conditions for foreign invaders to plunder China economically. (5) The signing of the annex gave Britain more privileges and provided an excuse for the invaders to establish a "concession" in China. After China and Britain signed the treaty of nanking, China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
4. The Second Opium War was the continuation of the Opium War.
From the reasons: A, the purpose of the first Opium War in Britain was to seize more sales markets and raw materials, seize the rights and interests of aggression, and open the China market. B, Britain, France and other countries launched the Second Opium War because it was not in line with the vested interests of the Opium War, and wanted to further open the China market and expand the aggressive rights and interests gained in the first Opium War.
Look from the nature; Both Opium Wars were wars of aggression launched by western powers against China.
From the results: A, after the First Opium War, the powers forced China to sign the unequal treaties such as treaty of nanking and its annexes, the Treaty of Looking at Summer and the Treaty of Huangpu, and China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. B. During the Second Opium War, the great powers forced China to sign unequal treaties, such as Tianjin Treaty, Beijing Treaty and Aihui Treaty. And seized more aggressive rights and interests, making China lose more sovereignty and territory. Foreign aggression not only expanded to coastal provinces, but also penetrated into the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The process of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in China has been further deepened.
5. The main manifestations of the early capital export of western capitalist countries to China.
19 before the 1970s, the economic aggression of western capitalist countries against China was mainly based on commodity export, but the early capital export had also begun, mainly in the following aspects: ① opening foreign firms; ② Opening a bank; ③ Operating shipping companies; 4 set up a factory.
6. What are the subjective and objective reasons for the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom? (page 26)
Subjectively: ① the limitations of the peasant class (selfish, narrow and backward). (2) strategic mistakes (bias, depth, etc.). ).
Objectively: Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded and suppressed together.
7. What are the characteristics of the new ideas sprouted during the Opium War?
(1) The new ideas of Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan and others mainly advocate learning from western science and technology, with the aim of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners"; On the one hand, their thoughts are branded with the changes of the times, on the other hand, they retain a strong feudal color. (2) "Senior Minister New Chapter" advocates learning from the West not only in science and technology, but also in political system, and proposes to imitate the western political system and carry out reforms. It was the first national salvation plan put forward by China people in modern times to build capitalism in China.
The second chapter is the emergence and development of capitalism in China and the formation of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
1, opinions of Westernization School and die-hards, contents of Westernization Movement and its influence on China, and reasons for its failure.
Advocacy: westernization, advocating the use of advanced western science and technology to maintain the rule of the Qing dynasty; Die-hards, conformist, exclusive, hate all foreign things, and advocate maintaining the integrity of the Qing dynasty.
Content: ① In the early stage, a number of modern military industries were founded under the banner of "self-improvement"; (2) Later period: under the banner of "seeking wealth", a number of modern civil industries were set up; (3) From 65438 to the mid-1970s, coastal defense was planned. By the mid-1980s, three navies of Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian were initially built, and the Qing government set up a naval yamen. (4) set up a new school and send overseas students.
Impact (evaluation): First, the bankruptcy of Westernization Movement shows that Westernization Movement can not make China rich and strong, nor can it achieve the purpose of maintaining the rule of Qing Dynasty. Secondly, the progress of the Westernization Movement is as follows: the modern production mode of western countries was introduced, and the first batch of modern enterprises appeared in China; A number of modern scientific and technological talents have been trained; Objectively, it has played a certain role in disintegrating China's feudal economy, thus stimulating the development of capitalism; The establishment of civil industry has also played a certain role in resisting the expansion of foreign economic forces.
Reasons for failure: ① Limited by western powers and blackmailed by foreign craftsmen, it is difficult for enterprises to develop. ② Obstruction and destruction by die-hards within the Qing government. (3) Without a sound and powerful leadership core, it is difficult to achieve great things only by a few local governors who are keen on westernization. (4) Guiding ideology (or failure of social system reform) is the root cause of failure.
2. The characteristics and sources of the national bourgeoisie in China.
Features: It has two sides, namely, revolutionary and compromising weaknesses. There are demands to oppose foreign capitalist aggression and domestic feudal oppression, and to compromise with foreign capitalism and domestic feudalism.
Roots: ① Revolutionary: oppressed and bound by foreign capitalism and domestic feudal forces. Compromise: Due to lack of funds, small scale and weak technical force, we have a certain dependence on it.
3. The main content of treaty of shimonoseki and its influence on China.
(1) Content: (1) Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan; (2) Compensation for Japanese military expenditure of 220 million silver; Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports, and Japanese ships can sail into these ports along inland rivers; (4) The Japanese are allowed to set up factories at trading ports in China, and the distribution of products in mainland China is exempt from domestic tax.
(2) Impact: ① It further undermined China's territorial sovereignty and stimulated the ambition of the great powers to carve up China; (2) Increase the economic burden of the people of China, and facilitate the foreign powers to control the economic lifeline of China through loans; (3) Opening ports for trade, and imperialist aggression forces went deep into Chinese mainland; (4) Invest in setting up factories, further plunder China's raw materials and labor, and hinder the development of China's national capitalism. In a word, treaty of shimonoseki reflects the imperialist demand for capital export and world division. The invasion of China by foreign capitalism has entered a new stage, and the degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
4. Historical conditions of the Reform Movement.
Historical conditions: ① Social background: After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the powers set off a frenzy to carve up China, and the national crisis was unprecedented. ② Class foundation: At the end of 19, with the development of national capitalism, the national bourgeoisie, as a new political force, stepped onto the historical stage and launched the reform and political reform movement. ③ Ideological preparation: In the 1990s, the bourgeois reform thought was further developed, and Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao actively promoted the reform thought. (4)1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei's "writing on the bus" made the reform thought develop into a political movement of patriotism and saving the country.
5./kloc-The content and significance of the debate between reformists and die-hards at the end of 0/9.
Content: Do you want to reform? Whether to promote civil rights. Implement a constitutional monarchy; Should we advocate western learning and reform the education system?
Significance: The essence of the debate is the confrontation between capitalist thought and feudal thought, which freed some intellectuals from the shackles of feudal thought and promoted the upsurge of the reform and political reform movement.
6. The progressive significance of the Reform Movement of 1898 and the reasons for its failure. What inspiration does it leave for people?
The significance of progress: ① the bourgeois reform movement. ② It is a political movement of patriotism and saving the country, which has aroused people's patriotism and national consciousness. ③ It was the first ideological emancipation movement in modern China.
(2) Reasons for failure: (1) Lack of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal courage, only adopting improved methods, pinning their hopes on emperors who have no real power. In the face of the attack of die-hard forces, I hope Yuan Shikai and foreign invaders will be separated from the broad masses of the people.
(3) Enlightenment: The road of bourgeois transformation is not feasible in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China.
7. The main content of the Xin Chou Treaty and its influence.
(1) Content: (1) The Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver, which was paid off in 39 years, with a total principal and interest of 980 million taels; (2) The People's Lane in the eastern suburb of Beijing is designated as the "embassy boundary". ③ Dismantle the fortress from Beijing to Dagu and allow countries to send troops to important places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan; (4) To prohibit the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China; ⑤ Change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; ⑥ Modify the agreement.
(2) Impact: (1) The huge compensation made the people of China and China poorer; (2) The establishment of the "embassy circle" in Beijing made the Qing government completely under the control of foreign powers and became a "foreigner's court". (3) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs ranks above the six ministries, which is convenient for the Qing government to implement the traitorous policy according to the will of the aggressors. (4) Qing officials severely suppressed the anti-imperialist struggle of China people and became accomplices of imperialism. ⑤ Revise the agreement and expand imperialist economic aggression. In a word, it marks the complete establishment of the ruling order of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
Chapter III Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and the Death of Qing Dynasty
1, the historical background of the rise of bourgeois democratic revolution in China in the early 20th century.
Historical background: a, the intensification of imperialist aggression; B, the Qing government implemented the "New Deal"; C at the beginning of the 20th century, the rapid development of national capitalism laid a material and class foundation for the rise of the bourgeois revolutionary movement in China. D. The people's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles are surging.
2. Briefly describe and correctly evaluate the Three People's Principles.
The Three People's Principles: Sun Yat-sen in the People's Daily? The preface interprets the political program of the League as the Three People's Principles of "nationality", "civil rights" and "people's livelihood". "Drive out the main road and restore China", that is, Sun Yat-sen's nationalist thought; "Founding the country" is Sun Yat-sen's civil rights thought, which is the core of Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles and the "foundation of political revolution". "Land equalization system" is Sun Yat-sen's livelihood thought.
Evaluation of the Three People's Principles: ① It is a relatively complete program of bourgeois democratic revolution. ② Expressed the political and economic interests and demands of the bourgeoisie, and reflected the common aspiration of the people of China for national independence and democratic rights. It promoted the development of bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement. (3) There is no clear anti-imperialist demand and no thorough agrarian revolution program. Therefore, it is impossible for bourgeois revolutionaries to completely complete the task of democratic revolution.
3. The attitude of imperialism towards China Revolution after Wuchang Uprising.
Attitude: A. Mobilize troops and prepare to interfere in the China Revolution. B, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded with each other to suppress the China Revolution. C) Ambassadors of various countries intercept all taxes collected by China Customs to prevent them from falling into the hands of revolutionaries. D. Under the condition that open armed intervention can't stop the revolution, the powers actively foster new agents under the guise of "strict neutrality".
4. The merits and demerits of the Xinhai Revolution.
Achievements: ① It overthrew the feudal autocratic monarchy that ruled China for thousands of years, and created a relatively complete modern national democratic revolution, which was of epoch-making significance. (2) The Revolution of 1911 established the first bourgeois republic government in the history of China and formulated the Provisional Constitution, which made the concept of democracy deeply rooted in people's hearts and played an important role in promoting social progress in China. It has created favorable conditions for the development of national capitalism. (4) It has dealt a blow to the imperialist forces of aggression in China to a certain extent, and has a great influence on promoting the national liberation struggle of Asian countries.
Lessons: Due to the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie, the Revolution of 1911 did not complete the task of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism, the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society did not completely change, and the revolutionary achievements were stolen by Yuan Shikai.
Chapter IV The Rule of Beiyang Warlords
1. The reasons and significance of the short spring of China's national industry in the early years of the Republic of China.
Reasons: First, the victory of the Revolution of 1911 cleared some obstacles for the development of capitalism in China. B, the improvement of the political status of the bourgeoisie, the Nanjing Provisional Government's decree to encourage the development of industry and the stimulation of corporate profits stimulated the national bourgeoisie's enthusiasm for investing in emerging industries, and saving the country through industry became one of the main social progress thoughts at that time. C During the First World War, European and American powers temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China, and their capital and commodity exports to China decreased. D the rise of mass anti-imperialist patriotic movements promoted the development of capitalism by advocating domestic products and boycotting foreign goods.
Significance: the further development of capitalism has become the material basis for the rise of the new democratic revolution, and the growth of the national bourgeoisie has set off a new cultural movement, making full ideological preparations for the May Fourth Movement and the rise of the new democratic revolution; The growth of the proletariat stepped onto the political and historical stage in the May 4th Movement, and the transformation from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution provided a class foundation for the establishment of China.
2. Comment on the proposition and practice of "saving the country by industry" in combination with relevant historical facts before and after the First World War.
After the Revolution of 1911, "saving the country by industry" and "democracy" became two major ideological trends in China at that time. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal monarchy, established bourgeois democracy and system in form, promulgated a series of policies and decrees to protect and reward the development of industry and commerce, improved the political and economic status of the national bourgeoisie to a certain extent, and stimulated their enthusiasm for investing in emerging industries. People of insight who broke away from the feudal camp also strongly advocated the development of industry, and "saving the country through industry" became a craze for a while, and the popularity of this trend of thought effectively promoted the development of capitalism. However, the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary task has not been completed, and the nation has not yet become independent. Relying solely on "saving the country through industry" cannot make China embark on the road of prosperity.
3. Sun Yat-sen's efforts to defend the harmonious system.
(1) In order to defend the harmonious system of * * *, after the "Song case", Sun Yat-sen first called on the southern provinces to rise up against Yuan and set off a "second revolution"; (2) After Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, Sun Yat-sen published "Proclamation for Yuan" and "Proclamation for Yuan for the Second Time", calling on the people to stand up for * * * and set off a "national protection movement"; (3) When Duan refused to restore the provisional constitution and Congress, Sun Yat-sen resolutely raised the banner of "protecting the law" and launched a movement to protect the law. Soon, Sun Yat-sen called for the Northern Expedition.
The fifth chapter is the New Culture Movement and the birth of China * * * Production Party.
1, the background of the rise of the new culture movement, the main contents in the early stage and the new contents and significance in the later stage.
Background: ① Politics: After the failure of the Revolution of 1911, the powers supported Yuan Shikai as emperor and stepped up their aggression against China. ② Economy: During World War I, capitalism in China further developed. (Root) ③ Ideological and cultural aspects; With the spread of western enlightenment thought and the edification of democratic thought, Yuan Shikai set off a countercurrent of respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways. (direct cause)
The main contents of the primary stage: a, advocating democracy and science, and opposing tyranny, ignorance and superstition; B, advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new culture and oppose old literature.
New content in the later period: with the news of the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, a group of advanced elements in the movement vigorously promoted the October Revolution; In China, Li Dazhao raised the banner of socialism for the first time.
The significance of the new culture movement: ① the dominant position of feudal thought was shaken and people's thoughts were liberated unprecedentedly; ② China intellectuals were baptized by democracy and science in the movement, which promoted the development of natural science in China. ③ It played a role in propaganda and mobilization during the May 4th Movement. (4) The socialist ideology spread in the later period is the ideological weapon to save the country and transform the society. ⑤ Conducive to the popularization and prosperity of culture.
2. Briefly describe the direct causes, slogans and three major achievements of the May 4th Movement.
Direct cause: The failure of China's diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference became the fuse of the May 4th Movement.
Slogans: "Fighting for state power from outside, getting rid of national thieves from inside", "Abolishing Article 21" and "refusing to sign a peace treaty".
Three major achievements: ① Release the arrested students. (2) Eliminate traitors. Refuse to sign a peace treaty.
3. Summarize the historical conditions and great significance of the birth of China * * * production party.
Historical conditions: ① class foundation: the growth of the working class and the development of the workers' movement; ② Theoretical basis: the spread of Marxism; ③ Organizational basis: * * The establishment of the early organization of the production party; ④ External cause: * * International aid.
Historical significance: ① Guided by Marxist theory, it is a new working-class party. ② Represent the interests of the broad masses of people in China and the Chinese nation. (3) Bring light and hope to the people of China. (4) With the China * * * Production Party, China's revolution has taken on a new look.
Chapter VI The Rise and Failure of the National Revolutionary Movement
1, the reason why China * * * production party decided to cooperate with the Kuomintang and the significance of cooperation between the two parties.
Reason: ① Necessity: The tragedy of February 27th made the China * * * production party realize that if the proletariat wants to win the revolution, it must unite and ally, and divide and isolate the enemy to the maximum extent. (2) Possibility: Kuomintang is a revolutionary democrat with prestige and revolutionary base areas; Sun Yat-sen was repeatedly frustrated by the revolution, and was willing to accept the help of the * * * production international and the * * * production party, and agreed to cooperate with the * * * production party to reorganize the Kuomintang in the form of "intra-party cooperation"; * * * Promote international production.
Significance: it is conducive to the development of the two parties and the progress of the China revolution; It provided conditions for the arrival of the Great Revolution.
2. The political basis of bipartisan cooperation.
Sun Yat-sen reinterpreted the Three People's Principles at the first National Congress of the Kuomintang, and developed the old Three People's Principles into new Three People's Principles adapted to the spirit of the times. The New Three People's Principles are consistent with some principles of the democratic revolutionary program of the China Party, which is the political basis for the cooperation between the two parties.
3. Causes and lessons of the failure of the Great Revolution.
(1) reason: objectively speaking, the reactionary forces at home and abroad are too strong, and they joined hands to stifle the China revolution; The Kuomintang Rightists defected to the revolution and the cooperation between the two countries was destroyed. Subjectively, the young China * * * production party lacks revolutionary theoretical accomplishment and practical experience; The central and international representatives represented by Chen Duxiu made the mistake of right capitulationism and gave up the leadership of the revolution.
(2) Lessons: ① We must uphold the leadership of the proletariat over the revolution. ② We must master revolutionary armed forces and persist in armed struggle.