2. Recite some function words in classical Chinese, understand the meaning of their polysemous words and accumulate them.
3. Pay attention to the semantic changes of notional words in classical Chinese and modern Chinese: some words have expanded, some words have shrunk and some words have changed.
Write an article in modern Chinese first, and then consider turning it into classical Chinese. Once you are proficient, you can do it in one step. And pay attention to the grammar of ancient Chinese.
For example, I heard that you want to learn classical Chinese. Think about it and gather your daily accumulation to help you. It is gratifying to recite the classics of ancient scholars and learn from your wisdom. It's only been a few months since I learned the methods of classical Chinese. I hope you study hard and think more. In a few years, we will see you!
2. Classical Chinese reading composition spectrum translation is commonly used in classical Chinese reading comprehension for reference: 1. Wu Shuqing said: "When an article is written, it is unique without modification. This ingenious article must be carefully thought out and revised. If the article has been drafted, it will be checked from beginning to end. If there is something wrong, it must be erased; If the machine is not round, it should be finished to make it round; If the blood is not coherent, it must be one; When syllables have no leaves, they must be adjusted: with such careful consideration, natural defects are rare. If you scribble for a while, you will be a spot on the white jade. " Wu Shuqing said: "When writing an article, if the draft is not retouched, it will be a stroke of genius. Secondly, you must think carefully and revise it carefully. If the drafting and creation of the article have been decided, it is necessary to check the circle from beginning to end. If there is something wrong with the style, you must straighten it and make it smooth. Where the structure is imperfect, it should be tempered repeatedly to make it perfect; Where the context is inconsistent, we should accommodate it to make it coherent; The syllables are not harmonious, so we should adjust them to make them harmonious. With such careful scrutiny, there are few natural shortcomings. If you are impetuous for a while, you will only try your best to make small achievements casually. The flaws (in the article) will not cover up, and eventually the spots on the jade will remain. " Note: Wu Shuqing: Although the second ancient people are famous, if you do more articles, you will know the defects, waiting for no one to criticize you, but that's when you do it. Otherwise, put it aside. Once we look at it again a few months later, we will clearly know ugliness and it will be easy to change it, but only if we change it from time to time. Although the ancients said: if you have done too many articles, you can know your own shortcomings without waiting for others to criticize you. But when he just finished writing, you couldn't find them yourself, only a few months later. If he could find them, how could he? If this is not the case, it is better to put it aside and wait until a few months later (this article). It will be much easier to modify it if you watch it. Only in this way can it be correct and appropriate. At the age of three, Sun Xin, an old man who knew Ouyang Wenzhong, asked him in words. As the saying goes, "there is no other skill, just study hard and do more, and work by yourself;" The world suffers from writing less and is lazy to read. When every article comes out, it is to plead for others. If it is really so rare, you don't have to blame others for the shortcomings, but you can look at it more. " In recent years, Sun Xin met Ouyang Xiu and took the opportunity to ask him how to write a good article. Ouyang Xiu replied: "There is no other way but to study hard and write more, and you will naturally write well;" The disadvantage of this world is that they write too little to read. If they write an article, they just want to surpass others. Therefore, they seldom achieve their goals. The shortcomings of the article need not be pointed out by others. As long as they write more, they can find the result.
3. Classical Chinese translation and writing skills 1. Basic methods: literal translation and free translation There are two basic methods for classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough.
The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns.
The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word.
These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change.
"Stay": that is, keep. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement. , can remain unchanged when translating.
For example, there is no need to translate the words "King of Chu", "Yan Ying" and "Yan Zi" in Yan Zi's Envoy to Chu. "Delete" means delete.
Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, the word "Yan" in I'm going to be sick is a modal particle and cannot be translated. This sentence means "I am boring myself instead."
Another example is: "Yuzi and Amethyst were seriously ill, but Amethyst died first". The word "He" is a conjunction, which means "Yuzi and Amethyst are both seriously ill, and Amethyst died first." "Supplement" means supplement.
(1) Change monosyllabic words into disyllabic words, such as "lead a wife to this desperate situation" in The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, and the word "wife" means "wife and children"; (2) Make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence, such as "When you speak, you are not sad at all" in "Qin is dead", which translates as: (Ziyi) When you speak, you are not sad at all. "Change" means replacement.
Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".
"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns.
For example, "Why don't you hear the news" in Everyone dies, and "Why" is the inversion of "Why". The sentence of prepositional object means "why". "Change" means flexibility.
On the basis of being faithful to the original text, translate related words on the spot. The word "left and right" in Ziyou Asking Left and Right (all the players died) refers to his people, and the word "left and right" in Yan Zi's envoy to Chu refers to a recent minister.
Ancient Chinese translation formula ancient Chinese translation has its own order, first browse the whole article and grasp the main idea; Understand the theme first, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so you need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, contact the following sentences, think carefully, try to figure out the tone, and strive to be reasonably close between words. If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain.
Names and place names need not be translated. Names, according to the convention, are mine, and Er and Ru are yours. Omitting inversion is regular.
Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence. After the translation, you must carefully compare the sentences, understand the tone, make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing.
Third, the cross formula analysis of the translation method of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination With the full implementation of the new Chinese curriculum standard, the translation of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination has also undergone fundamental reforms, and most papers have added literal translation questions. In this way, students' mastery and understanding of content words, function words, different sentence patterns, common sense of ancient culture and semantic relations between sentences can be examined, as well as their written expression ability.
This is much more difficult than the previous multiple-choice questions. Therefore, to do a good job in classical Chinese translation, we must master the necessary methods (1).
That is, supplement, which supplements the ellipsis elements in the ellipsis sentences in classical Chinese when translating. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.
1. Completes the subject, predicate or object omitted from the original text. Example 1: "I was shocked to see the fisherman and asked what I had not done."
Translation sentence: "(Taoyuan people) were surprised when they saw the fisherman and asked him where he came from." Exodus 2: "One spit, then descend, and three spit."
The predicate "drum" is omitted after "zai" and "San" and should be added in translation. Example 3: "Jun and Ju Lai."
The object "Zhi" is omitted after "He". 2. Add related words that can make the meaning clear.
Example: "Without treatment, it will benefit the deep" is a hypothetical sentence, and the translation sentence: "(If) without treatment, it will be deeper". (2) Delete.
That is, deletion refers to all function words, auxiliary words that play a symbolic role in sentence structure and auxiliary words that fill syllables in ancient Chinese, but they are deleted in modern Chinese because there are no words to replace them. Example 1: "It takes courage to fight."
Translation: "Fighting depends on courage". "Fu" is a phrase. If it is deleted, it will not be translated.
Example 2: "Confucius: What's wrong?" Translate the sentence: "Confucius said: What is simplicity?" "Zhi" is the symbol of prepositional object, so it will not be translated if it is deleted. Exodus 3: "The teacher's teaching has been handed down for a long time."
The fashion of learning from teachers has long since disappeared. "Ye" is a modal particle in the sentence, which plays a role in calming emotions and has no practical significance.
In translation, it can be completely removed. (3) tune.
That is to say, when translating inverted sentences in classical Chinese, we should adjust the inverted sentences in ancient Chinese into sentences in modern Chinese to conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese, so as to make the translated sentences smooth. So we need to adjust the word order of sentences. Generally, there are four situations: 1, and the preposition moves backward.
Example: "What a pity! You are not good. " It can be adjusted to "You don't like it very much."
2. Postposition attributive moves forward. For example, "a group of officials who can stab me in the face will be rewarded."
It can be adjusted to "there are too many officials and people who can stab me in the face." 3. The prepositional object moves backward.
Example: "Why do you want to fight?" Can be adjusted to "how to fight". 4. Preposition phrases move forward.
"It's also from Yangzhou." It can be adjusted to "Return from Yangzhou".
(4) check in. That is to say, all characters, proper nouns, country names, year numbers, names of people, things, names of people, official positions, place names, etc. Synonymy between ancient and modern times can remain unchanged in translation.
Example: In the spring of four years, Teng was ordered to guard Baling County. In the spring of four years, Teng was demoted to Baling County as a satrap.
"Four Years in Li Qing" is the year number, and "Baling County" is a place name, which can be kept directly. (。