Keywords: improvement
Cultivation techniques and measures for high quality and high yield of spring tea
Tea is highly commercialized. Under the condition of market economy, people always plant tea trees with the goal of maximizing economic benefits. Nowadays, with the development of tea production and the improvement of living standards, tea consumption tends to be high-grade. At the same time, the domestic and international tea market exceeds demand, the buyer's market pattern is fully formed, and the quality competition is fierce. Spring tea is of excellent quality and deeply loved by consumers. It is a key season for the development of famous tea production and has obvious economic benefits. In production, highlighting the production of spring tea, improving the yield and quality of spring tea, and promoting the production of famous and excellent tea, especially the production of famous and excellent tea in early spring, are generally concerned by all tea producing areas. At present, the output and proportion of spring tea in our county are generally low, accounting for only about 30% of the annual output, far below the proportion of spring tea in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, which is very unfavorable to the production and development of famous tea and seriously restricts the improvement of tea economic benefits in our county. Therefore, it is very necessary and realistic to explore the main cultivation and management measures to improve the yield and quality of spring tea in our county.
First, the importance of spring tea production
In the past, under the planned economy, due to the lack of tea products, people's consumption needs could not be met, and all of them were purchased and sold by the state. Tea production focuses on improving tea production throughout the year. However, under the condition of market economy, especially under the new situation that the supply of tea at home and abroad exceeds demand, the buyer's market is a foregone conclusion and the quality competition is extremely fierce, it is an objective requirement of tea production at home and abroad to highlight the production of spring tea and increase its output and its proportion in the whole year, which is of great significance to tea production enterprises and producers to improve the market competitiveness of their products and realize the high efficiency of tea production. At present, the tea market at home and abroad is high-grade, especially the famous tea sells well and the price is high, while the low-grade tea and bulk tea sell poorly. Spring tea is a season of tea with the best quality, the most popular with consumers, the highest price and the best economic benefits in a year, and it is also a key season for the production and development of famous tea, with obvious advantages in comprehensive quality and economic benefits. First of all, paying attention to the production of spring tea and increasing the proportion of spring tea in the whole year can improve the comprehensive quality level of tea in the whole year, thus realizing the benefit of Go in tea production. Secondly, highlighting the production of spring tea can promote the production and development of famous tea, especially early spring tea, and further improve the quality and market competitiveness of spring tea. The third is to highlight the production of spring tea, improve the ecological environment of tea, control the tree-shaped tree potential, adjust the temporal and spatial distribution of buds and leaves, further improve the quality of tea at a higher yield level, maximize the economic benefits of tea production, and realize the virtuous circle of tea production and the sustainable development of tea industry.
Secondly, the temporal and spatial distribution, heterogeneity and rotation of tea buds and leaves.
In order to adjust the temporal and spatial distribution of tea buds and leaves, highlight the production of spring tea and achieve the goal of high yield, high quality and high efficiency in tea production, we must first understand and master the temporal and spatial distribution of tea buds and leaves, their heterogeneity and rotation rules.
(1) Time distribution of tea buds and tea leaves. The time distribution of tea bud leaves is spring tea, summer tea and autumn tea. Spring tea is germinated from overwintering buds. Because the tree is nourished in autumn and winter, it has the richest storage nutrition in a year. Once the climate is suitable in spring, tea buds begin to germinate and grow, and the buds and leaves germinate neatly and have good tenderness. It is the best tea in a year, and its yield mainly depends on the number of overwintering buds, the storage level of tree nutrition in autumn and winter and the water supply. Different from Chaze in summer and autumn, spring tea consumes tree nutrients, which are mainly supplemented by topdressing. Due to the high temperature and humidity in summer and autumn, the bud leaves grow rapidly, the tenderness becomes worse, the buds are irregular, and the quality of the bud leaves is far less than that of spring tea.
(2) Spatial distribution of tea buds and leaves. The spatial distribution of tea buds and leaves has vertical distribution and horizontal distribution. In the longitudinal distribution, there are terminal buds and lateral buds. The terminal bud is located on the surface of tea canopy, which first obtains the best growth conditions and tree nutrition, and germinates early and is fat. However, the lateral buds are inhibited by the growth of terminal buds, and the terminal buds can only germinate after picking, which makes the tea tree show obvious characteristics of rotating growth, that is, spring buds germinate from overwintering buds, summer tea germinates from spring tea piles, and autumn tea germinates from summer tea piles. In the horizontal distribution, there are two kinds of central tea and marginal tea. The tea in Peng center germinates early and fat, while the tea in Peng edge germinates late and is relatively thin. This difference is obvious on the non-picking surface (uneven) or curved tea crown, but relatively small on the flat tea crown.
Tea buds and tea leaves germinate, which has certain automatic adjustment ability. In the production, according to the changing law of tea tree buds and leaves in time and space, technical measures are taken to optimize cultivation management, control tree shape, adjust the time and space distribution of buds and leaves, strive for early, abundant, long, strong and tender spring tea buds, promote the production of spring tea, especially early spring famous tea, improve the yield and proportion of spring tea and famous tea, and realize high yield and high quality.
Third, the main factors restricting the yield and quality improvement of spring tea in Guangnan
The problem of low yield and small proportion of spring tea in Guangnan County is very prominent. Generally speaking, the output of spring tea only accounts for about 30% of the annual output, far lower than the proportion of 40-60 in some tea producing areas in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, which seriously restricts the improvement of the economic benefits of tea in Guangnan. After careful analysis, it is considered that the main factors causing the low yield and small proportion of spring tea in Guangnan are:
(1) It is dry in winter and spring. Guangnan county has the climate characteristics of concentrated rainfall and clear distinction between dry and wet. Generally speaking, the rainfall from May to 10 accounts for more than 83% of the annual rainfall, while the rainfall from 1 1 to April of the following year is less than 17%, which is very unfavorable to the production of spring tea and seriously affects the improvement of the yield and quality of spring tea.
First of all, during the winter 165438+ 10 to February of the following year, although the growth of tea trees stopped, the underground root system activities were vigorous. Due to drought and lack of rain, the accumulation of photosynthetic products on the ground and the absorption of soil nutrients and fertilizers by underground roots decreased, and the accumulation and storage of nutrients in tea trees decreased, which led to the decrease of nutrients needed for the germination and growth of spring tea, resulting in low yield and poor quality of spring tea. Secondly, the temperature in early spring in Guangnan returned to the optimum temperature for spring tea germination in late February and early March. However, due to the drought and lack of rain in winter and spring for several months, the soil and air are in the driest period. With the increase of temperature, tea buds germinate and the transpiration of water is strengthened, which increases the water consumption of tea gardens, resulting in a serious shortage of water supply for tea trees, affecting the growth and development of buds and leaves, deteriorating the quality and decreasing the yield. Thirdly, from March to April, not only the soil and air are dry, but also the wind is strong, which accelerates the consumption of water, makes the tea buds quickly loose leaves, reduces the tenderness and deteriorates the quality. Fourthly, due to the drought in winter and spring, it is difficult to apply fertilizer to accelerate germination. Even if it is applied, the absorption and utilization rate of fertilizer by tea trees is extremely low, which further affects the yield and quality of spring tea.
(2) The pruning of tea trees in late autumn is late and biased. In terms of tea cultivation and management technology, the traditional methods under planned economy were used in the past, and the annual output was increased. The economic benefits of spring tea in annual tea production were not well understood, and the key tea season could not be highlighted, which seriously affected the improvement of economic benefits of tea production in Guangnan and did not meet the requirements of market economy. In the light pruning of late autumn tea trees, due to the influence of autumn tea picking and traditional habits, the pruning time is often delayed to 165438+ 10, which delays the germination time of spring tea. In addition, in the pruning method, pruning is traditionally emphasized. Generally, a thick layer is cut off at the top of the crown, which leads to the decrease of photosynthetic area and the accumulation of photosynthetic products in winter, resulting in low yield and poor quality of spring tea.
(three) the tea garden does not apply or apply less base fertilizer. Tea tree has obvious characteristics of nutrient storage and reuse. In winter, the aboveground growth stops, but the underground roots are active and still absorbing nutrients. Most of the absorbed nutrients are stored in the root system and root neck, which becomes the material basis for the germination and growth of buds and leaves in the coming year and plays a decisive role in the early development, fatness and rapid growth of spring tea. Due to the influence of economic conditions, sources of organic fertilizer and insufficient understanding of base fertilizer, in the current tea garden management, most tea gardens generally do not apply or apply less base fertilizer, resulting in less nutrients stored in the roots of tea trees in winter and insufficient supply of nutrients needed for the germination and growth of spring tea buds.
Four, the main cultivation and management measures to improve the yield and quality of spring tea in Guangnan.
(1) Popularizing and applying early bud clone varieties. The variety of early-growing clonal improved tea tree is the internal factor to form early-growing, high-yield and high-quality spring tea. Actively popularizing and applying early bud clone varieties is an important cultivation technical measure to improve the yield and quality of spring tea. According to the research, early bud clones have advantages in time and quality. Generally, early bud varieties can be harvested one week earlier than middle bud varieties, and the yield of spring tea is above 10%. Clonal varieties have the characteristics of neat germination, consistent growth and uniform buds and leaves.
(2) Early light pruning of tea trees in late autumn. The yield of spring tea mainly depends on the number of overwintering buds, the storage of nutrients in trees in autumn and winter and the level of coaches. Therefore, the word "early and light" must be grasped in the light pruning of tea trees in late autumn.
The so-called "early" means that tea trees should be lightly pruned earlier in late autumn. According to the climate situation in Guangnan and the production situation of autumn tea, it is more suitable to light plum in the middle and early days of June 65438+ 10. At this time, most of the autumn tea has been harvested, and the ball inspection at the end of autumn can be picked in advance, which basically does not affect the output of autumn tea. At the same time, it can relatively prolong the dormancy time of crown in autumn and winter, which is beneficial to early spring tea. The so-called "light" means that the degree of pruning should be light and the traditional habits should be changed in operation. Smooth or protruding branches are appropriate for the protruding part of the crown, and it is appropriate not to trim or protrude branches on both sides of the tea crown in principle. In this way, on the basis of breaking the top advantage, the overwintering terminal buds are preserved as much as possible to promote the production of spring tea.
(3) Strengthen soil management of tea garden in autumn. After tea harvesting and other field management operations, the soil is trampled many times, which leads to poor permeability of the soil surface and will seriously affect the nutrient accumulation of tea trees in autumn and winter. Therefore, before the end of the rainy season from late September to early June, 10, the soil between tea trees should be ploughed 25-30 cm. On the one hand, combined with basic fertilization, the soil becomes cold, flat and thin. On the other hand, it deepens the activation of topsoil, increases the ability of water storage and moisture conservation, and increases the soil moisture of tea gardens in autumn and winter.
(4) Strengthen the management of base fertilizer in tea garden in autumn and winter. The effect of base fertilizer is directly related to the overwintering quality of tea trees, thus affecting the germination time, yield and quality of new shoots of spring tea. To do a good job in the management of applying base fertilizer in tea gardens, we must achieve the words "sufficient, early, deep and good". The so-called "sufficient" means that the amount of base fertilizer should be sufficient. According to research, from June 5438 to March of the following year, the nutrients absorbed by tea trees accounted for about 30% of the total nutrients absorbed in the whole year. Therefore, the application amount of base fertilizer (calculated by nitrogen) should not be less than 30% of the annual application amount. The so-called "early" means early and appropriate application. According to isotope 15N tracer study, early application of base fertilizer can increase the absorption and accumulation of nutrients in tea trees, which is beneficial to the increase of tea yield. According to the climate characteristics of Guangnan, base fertilizer should be applied in the first and middle months of 10. The so-called "deep" means that the base fertilizer must be applied deeply, and the absorption roots of tea trees should be led to the depths of the soil as far as possible to improve the cold and drought resistance of tea trees. Generally, deep application is required to 20-25 cm. The so-called "good" means that the quality of the applied base fertilizer is good, which not only contains high organic matter, but also contains rich nutrients for tea trees to absorb, so as to improve soil physical properties and improve soil water and fertilizer conservation capacity. It is required that the base fertilizer is quick-acting, which is beneficial for tea trees to absorb enough nutrients before wintering and prepare for wintering. It is also required that the base fertilizer contains nutrients that can be decomposed step by step to meet the requirement of slowly absorbing nutrients when tea trees overwinter. Therefore, it is best to apply or mix manure, cake fertilizer and compound fertilizer as base fertilizer.
(5) Early application, combined with foliar spraying germination accelerating fertilizer to promote the growth of spring tea. The fertilizer absorption of tea trees has obvious seasonality and concentration. Although basal fertilizer is the material basis for the formation and early development of spring tea shoots, it must absorb a lot of nutrients from the soil to supplement it. During the spring tea period, tea trees absorb nutrients quickly and have a large demand. If the nutrient supply is not timely, it is difficult to guarantee the yield of spring tea. Therefore, it is necessary to topdressing soil and spraying foliar fertilizer to accelerate germination.
1, early application of soil germination accelerating fertilizer. Topdressing generally uses urea and other quick-acting fertilizers, but urea still needs to be decomposed by urease in the soil before it can be absorbed and utilized by tea trees. Therefore, soil germination accelerating fertilizer must be applied early. Otherwise, if topdressing is too late, the contribution of fertilizer to spring tea is not great, and it mainly acts on summer tea. Judging from the climate characteristics of rapid temperature rise in early spring in Guangnan, it is best to apply the germination accelerating fertilizer in early and middle February.
2. Cooperate with soil topdressing and spray foliar fertilizer in time. When tea buds germinate, biological fertilizers such as "accelerating germination, increasing yield and spraying tea trees early" are sprayed to stimulate the vegetative growth of tea trees and the germination and growth of dormant buds. This method has the advantages of small investment and quick effect. Generally, the garden can be opened 3- 10 in advance, and the yield can be increased by more than 10%.
(6) Early implementation of soil covering with grass in tea garden, and earnestly do a good job of water conservation and drought resistance in tea garden in winter and spring. The continuous drought in winter and spring in Guangnan County has seriously affected the production of spring tea in Guangnan. In production, covering tea garden soil with grass is an important measure for water conservation and drought resistance. In autumn, combined with deep ploughing and basal fertilizer application in tea gardens, we will strive to use organic mulching materials such as mountain grass, rice straw, wheat straw and bean straw to spread grass among tea gardens before the middle and late dry season in June 5438+ 10, so as to prevent water loss, preserve water and resist drought, and at the same time improve the moderate soil organic matter content in the surface soil and promote the production of spring tea. The tea garden is covered with hay 1 ton per mu, and the thickness of grass is 5- 10 cm.
(seven) early opening of the garden, timely picking in batches according to the standard, and earnestly grasp the fresh leaves of spring tea under the tree. Picking fresh leaves is not only a harvesting process, but also an important cultivation technical measure, which is closely related to the yield and quality of tea. To do a good job in picking fresh leaves of spring tea, we must work hard on the words "early, tender, stay and clean". The so-called "early" means that spring tea should be picked at an appropriate early stage. When 5- 10% bud leaves reach one bud and one leaf, they should be picked in the garden, which can not only promote the production of famous and excellent tea in early spring, but also extend the picking period of spring tea relatively, adjust the flood peak and facilitate the deployment of labor force. The so-called "tender" means that spring tea is generally made of famous tea, and fresh leaves need to be picked properly. Taking one bud and one leaf as the standard, not only the quality is good, but also the picking rounds can be increased. The so-called "leaving" means that leaves should be left when picking, and horseshoes should not be moved, which will not only affect the quality, but also affect the next round of tea making. Suitable for picking spring tea with fish leaves. The so-called "clean" means that each batch of fresh leaves must be harvested and cleaned to avoid leakage and aging, which will affect the yield and quality. To sum up, spring tea picking must be done in batches in time according to the standard in order to achieve "early, tender, reserved and clean".