0 1: Chen Sheng and Guangwu Refugees Rebellion War (Daze Township Uprising)

Chen Sheng and Guangwu are famous leaders of peasant rebels in China. The uprising led by them was a large-scale refugee uprising in the history of China, which broke out at the end of Qin Dynasty (about 209 BC).

In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died of illness, and his youngest son, Hu Hai, acceded to the throne. This is Qin Ershi.

Qin Ershi was a fatuous and cruel emperor. Under his rule, the corvee tax burden of ordinary people became heavier and heavier, and the criminal law became more and more severe. Working people are struggling with hunger and death.

In 209 BC, Qin Ershi ordered the recruitment of 900 poor farmers in the Huaihe River basin to defend Yuyang (now Miyun, Beijing).

Chen Sheng from a peasant family and Guangwu from a poor peasant family were appointed as captains. When they arrived in osawa Township, Qixian County (southwest of Suxian County, Anhui Province), the continuous rain stopped them here, and they could not reach Yuyang garrison as scheduled. According to the provisions of the Qin law, anyone who misses the deadline will be put to death. So they decided to rebel. In order to create public opinion, they lit a bonfire in the shrine near the station at night, making a fox sound and making a sound of "Great Chu wàng, Chen", which was passed down as a myth by the people.

The two military commanders who escorted them were very violent, so Chen Sheng and Guangwu took the opportunity to kill them, and then said to everyone: You are late for the heavy rain, and you will be beheaded if you are late. Even if they don't kill us, six or seven out of ten people will die defending the frontier. What's more, the strong man's broken wrist is not dead yet. Since you are going to die, do something vigorous! Their words inspired the soldiers to fight. Everyone elected Chen Sheng as a general and a surname, and put forward the slogan "No way to cut, severely punish Qin" to form a refugee riot army. The first peasant uprising broke out in the history of China.

Chen Sheng, led the refugee riot troops, occupied osawa Township, captured Qixian County, and soon captured five or six counties. Wherever the rebels went, poor farmers responded in succession. After Chen Sheng and the rebels led by him captured Chen County, the "Zhang Chu" regime was established, with Chen Sheng as king. This is the first peasant revolutionary regime in the history of China. The rebel army advanced with victory and attacked the state of Qin in three ways. At this time, the insurgents have grown to hundreds of thousands of people and have thousands of personnel carriers. The peasant army led by Zhou Wen, a rebel army, soon reached the war zone in Guanzhong (now Lintong, Shaanxi) and approached Xianyang. Qin Ershi was very alarmed when he saw that the rebels had captured the capital. He quickly sent Shaofu Zhang Han to lead hundreds of thousands of torturers who built a tomb in Lishan Mountain to meet the rebels. At the same time, 300,000 troops were transferred from the frontier fortress to fight against the insurgents. Although the peasant army in Zhou Wen fought bravely, they fought alone and lacked operational experience. Suddenly attacked by Qin Jun, the defeat forced him to quit Hangu Pass and stay in Cao Yang (Lingbao East, Henan Province), waiting for reinforcements. After the peasant army occupied Handan, the old capital of Zhao, the old aristocratic forces who joined the rebel army represented and encouraged them to become the king of Zhao. Chen Sheng reluctantly admitted it for the sake of the tail from wagging the dog, and ordered him to lead an army to the west to support Zhou Wen. Zhang Er and Chen Yu not only failed to rescue the peasant army in Zhou Wen, but stood on their own feet and did not listen to Chen Sheng's command. Then the old nobles of the six countries successively ceded land and became kings. In this way, the insurgents led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu were caught between Scylla and Charybdis. Zhou Wen led the army to fight in Cao Yang for three months and lost many times. Finally, Zhou Wen committed suicide because he was outnumbered and had no backup. Soon, Guangwu, who besieged Xingyang, was killed by the Ministry. After Guangwu's death, the morale of the army collapsed. Several other insurgents were carved up successively by Qin Jun. In 209 BC, in 65438+ February, Zhang Han led Qin Jun to Chen County, and Chen Sheng personally led the rebels to resist, but unfortunately they were defeated because of too few troops. Bobby Chen was assassinated by the driver Zhuang Jia. Chen Sheng's men, such as Lv Chen, persisted in their struggle. This rebel army later joined the rebel army led by Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, and continued to fight against Qin Jun. In 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty was destroyed under the heavy blow of the refugee riot army.

02: The Battle between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang to Destroy the Qin Dynasty

From March of the second year of Qin Ershi (208 BC) to September of the third year, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang inherited the unfinished business of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, joined forces with the anti-Qin forces and overthrew the rule of the Qin Dynasty.

In July of the first year, Chen Sheng and Guangwu took the lead in anti-Qin, which received positive responses from the general public and various anti-Qin forces. In September of the same year, Xiang Liang and an uncle of Xiang Yu, a descendant of Xiang Yan, a famous Chu soldier, killed Huiji County (now Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province) to defend the Yintong Uprising and assembled more than 8,000 elite soldiers. Liu bang in peixian county (now Jiangsu province) from two thousand people; In addition, Ying Bu, Qin Jia, Chen Ying and Li Shang, the old nobles of the former six countries, such as Wei (now northeast Henan), Zhao (now south Hebei and north Henan) and Qi (now most of Shandong), rose one after another.

After the failure of Chen Sheng and the uprising, the old nobles of the original six countries fought for independence in succession, and the anti-Qin armed forces in various places continued to actively fight against Qin. In the spring of two years, Chen Sheng's rebel general Zhao Ping, who captured Guangling (now Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province), named Xiang Liang as a pillar country of the "Zhang Chu" peasant regime in the name of Chen Sheng, and suggested that he lead troops to the western expedition to Qin State. In March, Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu led the troops across the river to the north, and along the way, they collected many anti-Qin armed forces, such as Chen Ying, Ying Bu, General Pu, etc., and defeated and occupied the east of Peng Cheng (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province). Zhang Han, the general of Qin Dynasty, went north to Lixian County (now Xiayi, Henan Province) in order to eliminate the anti-Qin forces of northern ministries one after another after defeating the rebel army of refugees in Chen Sheng and Guangwu (see drama war). When Xiang Liang sent Zhu Jishi to fight against the unfavorable situation and retreat to Xue (now southeast of Tengzhou City, Shandong Province), Liu Bangling led the troops to meet him. At this time, the insurgents have grown to more than 65438+ 10,000 people. Xiang Liang learned the news of Chen Sheng's downfall, accepted Fan Zeng's suggestion, made Xiong Xin, the grandson of Chu Huaiwang who died in Qin, king, and still called Chu Huaiwang an anti-Qin voice. Xiang Liang claimed to be Wu Xinjun, who held the military and political power.

After defeating Zhu Jishi in Lixian County, Zhang Hanjun attacked the anti-Qin forces of Wei, Qi and Zhao, defeated the Qi-Wei allied forces in Lin Ji (now southwest of Henan placanticline) and attacked Dong 'e (now Acheng Town, northeast of Shandong Yanggu). Xiang Liang led the army to help Qi, and defeated the army at the gates of Dong 'e. The Chu army pursued Puyang eastward (now southwest of Puyang, Henan Province), then defeated Qin Jun and retreated to Puyang for defense. At the same time, Xiang Yu and Liu Bangling led the troops to attack Qin Jun in Chengyang (now southeast of the old city of Juancheng, Shandong Province), Qiu Yong (now Qixian, Henan Province), Dingtao (now northwest of Dingtao, Shandong Province) and Chenliu (now southeast of Kaifeng, Henan Province). In September, Zhang Han was supplemented, and the insurgents were wiped out in Dingtao area. Xiang Liang died in battle. In order to avoid being divided by Qin Jun, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang led troops to Pengcheng area, and Chu Huaiwang also moved to Pengcheng from Xu Tai (now the northeast of Xuyi, Jiangsu).

After Ding Tao defeated Xiang Liang, Zhang Han thought that Chu soldiers were not worried enough, so he led the army north to attack Zhao. In September of the same year, Handan (now Hebei), the capital of Zhao State, was captured. Zhao Wangxie and Zhang Zhaoxiang retreated from Xindu (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) to Julu (now Pingxiang Town, southwest of Hebei Province). Zhang Han ordered Wang Li to lead an army of 200,000 to besiege Julu. After that, 200,000 people were stationed in the south ridge of Julu (now in the south of Pingxiang, Hebei Province), and a tunnel was built outside Julu (a grain transportation channel with earth walls on both sides) to supply Wang Li's army. Zhao Wangxie sent people to Pengcheng several times to ask Chu Jun for help. Chu Huaiwang appointed Yi Song as the general, Xiang Yu as the deputy general, and led the main force to go north to save Zhao; Liu Bang was sent to lead some troops (less than 10,000 people) to enter Xianyang (now the northeast of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) by taking advantage of the emptiness in Guanzhong (referring to the area west of Hanguguan). In the winter and November of the third year (Qin system, early October), he led the army to Anyang (now Anyang City, Henan Province) and stayed for 46 days in an attempt to watch the war between Qin and Zhao, in order to benefit the fishermen. The weather is cold and rainy, the army is short of food, the foot soldiers are frozen and hungry, and the giant deer is in danger. 1 1 month, Xiang Yu repeatedly suggested going north to save Zhao immediately, but he didn't listen and ordered the army to behead all disobedient people. Drinking all day. Xiang Yu then killed Yi Song. Chu Huaiwang changed Xiang Yu to a general and led the army to save Zhao. At that time, Zhao Jiang, Chen Yu and Yan Qi and other countries were afraid of Qin Jun and did not dare to go to war.

In December, Xiang Yu led more than 20,000 people through Zhangshui to save Zhao with Ying Bu and General Pu, and won the first battle. Chen Yu invited reinforcements. So, Xiang Yu personally led the main force to cross the river, ordered the sinking of the ship and the breaking of the "cauldron" (cooker), and each person only brought three days' rations to show his determination to fight to the death. To Julu, Qin Jun met, fought nine times, Qin Jun was defeated, and the tunnel was destroyed. He killed Su Jiaojiao, the general of Qin State, captured Wang Li and committed suicide (see the Battle of Julu). The vassal army and others respected Xiang Yu as a vassal general. Later, Xiang Yu attacked the south bank of Zhangshui with 56 points, and repeatedly defeated Qin Jun. Zhang Han failed to make peace and led the army to retreat. Xiang Yu chased General Pu to Sanjiujin (now Linzhang West, Hebei Province) and then defeated Qin Jun, led the army to withdraw south. Xiang Yu was personally led by Chu army and vassal army, and was defeated in Khan (a tributary of Zhangshui River, located near Linzhang, Hebei Province today). Zhang Han was defeated by Lien Chan, accused by Qin Ershi, and was in a desperate situation. In July, he led 200,000 troops to surrender to Chu (see The Battle of Dirty). At this point, all the main forces in Qin Jun have been wiped out. Xiang Yu marched straight into the customs.

In February of three years, Liu Bang led an army to the west from the Party (now Mangshan Town, northeast of Yongcheng, Henan Province). Liu bang used flexible tactics to avoid tackling key problems and take advantage of it. Before attacking Changyi (now Juye South, Shandong Province), we dispatched troops to attack Chenliu to the west, then made a detour to the south, went out of the dangerous road of Duanyuan Pass (now southeast of Yanshi, Henan Province), conquered Wancheng (now Nanyang City, Henan Province), and constantly developed and expanded our team along the way. In August, with a good plan, he bought off the generals of the State of Qin and captured an important pass in Guanzhong (now southeast of Fengdan, Shaanxi). At that time, the main force was annihilated by Xiang Yu, and the internal contradictions of the Qin ruling group intensified. Prime Minister Zhao Gao forced him to kill II and made Zi Ying king of Qin. In September, Zi Ying killed Zhao Gao and sent troops to Miguan (now southeast of Lantian, Shaanxi). Liu Bang bypassed the customs and fought with Qin Jun in Lantian. He won three victories and lost three, and broke it. The army went to Tuba (now southeast of Xi, Shaanxi Province) and reached Xianyang. In October of the first year of Emperor Gaudi (206 BC), Zi Ying, king of Qin, went to war. Liu bang invaded Xianyang and Qin died.

Comments: In this campaign, the rebel army inherited the political slogan of Chen Sheng and "There is no way to attack Qin" ("Historical Records of Chen She Family"), United the anti-Qin forces in various places and overthrew the Qin Dynasty. With the determination to "cross the rubicon" in the battle of Julu, Xiang Yu won nine wars and wiped out Wang from the army, and forced him to land in Tingshui with active and continuous operations, thus wiping out the main force. Liu Bang took advantage of the lack of troops and used flexible tactics to unite and integrate the armed forces along the way to strengthen himself, and finally occupied Xianyang and Qin Dou.