Box 1:

(1) The essence of the state: the tool for the economically dominant class to conduct class rule. The fundamental attribute of a country: class nature.

(2) The national nature of China: a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship.

(3) The essence of people's democratic dictatorship: the people are the masters of the country.

(4) the universality of people's democracy: people enjoy extensive democratic rights and the universality of democratic subjects.

(5) The authenticity of people's democracy: the people's right to be masters of their own affairs is guaranteed by system, law and material, and the interests of the broad masses of people are increasingly fully realized.

(6) Fulfilling the functions of the people's democratic dictatorship: cracking down on criminal activities by hostile elements according to law.

(7) The role of adhering to the people's democratic dictatorship is mainly reflected in "two virtues".

(8) The content of the new era of people's democratic dictatorship under the conditions of reform and opening up.

Box 2:

(1) The benchmark of all the contents of China's political life: exercising political rights and fulfilling political obligations according to law.

(2) Political rights and freedoms of China citizens: the right to vote and the right to be elected; Political freedom; Supervision right.

(3) Political obligations that China citizens must fulfill: safeguarding national unity and national unity; Abide by the Constitution and laws; Safeguarding national security, honor and interests; Military service and participation in militia organizations.

(4) The basic principle of citizens' participation in political life: all citizens are equal before the law; Unity of rights and obligations; Individual interests are combined with collective interests and national interests.

(5) All citizens are equal before the law: they enjoy rights, perform obligations and apply laws equally.

(6) The principle of the unity of rights and obligations: the unity of rights and obligations; Establish a sense of rights and obligations.

(7) How to combine individual interests with collective interests and national interests; Personal interests are subordinate to national interests.

Box 3:

(1) Belief in political life: advocating democracy and legal system.

(2) The content of political life: exercising political rights and fulfilling political obligations; Participate in social public management activities; Participate in the construction of socialist political civilization; Pay attention to China's position and role in the international community.

(3) How do middle school students participate in political life? Clarify the role of political life; Learning political knowledge depends on practice.

Lesson Two: Political Participation of China Citizens

1, vote rationally

(1) several ways to understand the election:

O direct election: an election method in which voters directly vote for candidates. It can give every voter a chance to express his will. Choosing the most trustworthy family members in your mind can directly and accurately express the wishes of voters, ensure citizens to exercise their right to vote and stimulate their political enthusiasm.

O indirect election: in the case of a large number of voters and wide distribution, voters first elect their own representatives, and then the representatives elect the representatives at the next higher level or government leaders. It can reduce the difficulty and cost of organizational work, but it is difficult to express the wishes of every voter.

O Equal election: an election method in which the number of formal candidates is equal to the number of candidates to be elected. Equal election can consider the rationality of representativeness and representative structure when determining candidates, but it will limit voters' free choice and affect their enthusiasm.

O Differential election: an election method in which the number of formal candidates exceeds the number of candidates to be elected. Differential election can provide voters with the choice to exercise their right to vote, and it can also form corresponding competition among voters. This is a relatively common election method. In the differential election, candidates introduce their election methods to voters in the form of speeches and defenses in accordance with established rules. It is helpful for voters to understand voters, but without effective supervision, it will easily lead to false propaganda and money transactions.

(2) At present, China implements an election system combining direct election and indirect election. What kind of election method should be adopted in different periods and regions should be determined according to the social and economic system, material living conditions, education level of voters and other specific conditions.

The combination of direct election and indirect election in China is based on the basic national conditions of China's large population and vast territory and the fact that the current social development is relatively backward and unbalanced, which is the choice in line with China's current economic and social development.

(3) cast a rational vote. The right to vote and stand for election are the most basic political rights of citizens. The exercise of this right is the basis and symbol of citizens' participation in state management, and it is also the embodiment of citizens' political participation ability. Whether you can actively participate in the election is an important symbol to measure citizens' sense of participation, belonging and responsibility, and it is also an important symbol to show citizens' political literacy level. Every citizen should make comprehensive consideration and rational judgment, cast his own vote solemnly, and select the person with noble moral character, the most talent and the most ability to exercise power on behalf of our will and fundamental interests.

2, the way of democratic decision-making

(1) System for reflecting social conditions and public opinions: A system in which decision-making organs extensively consult public opinions and brainstorm ideas before making decisions, so that citizens can put forward good suggestions and opinions in various ways and actively participate in decision-making. It can make decision-making not only meet the needs and aspirations of the public, but also be practical.

(2) Publicity system: a system in which decision-making organs publicize decisions involving public interests through publicity boards, publicity boards, computer touch screens, public leaflets, work instruction cards, etc. It is conducive to the public to understand the content of decision-making, express their opinions and put forward suggestions, and improve the transparency of decision-making and public participation.

(3) Expert consultation system: a system that listens to experts' opinions, concentrates scholars' wisdom and gives full play to the decision-making role of experts and scholars through holding demonstration meetings and symposiums. This system is conducive to giving full play to the professional knowledge, relevant information and scientific prediction methods mastered by experts and scholars, playing the role of "telescope" and "microscope" in the decision-making process, and improving the scientificity of decision-making.

(4) Social hearing system: a system that listens to the opinions of relevant groups, experts, scholars and interested parties when making decisions on major issues closely related to the interests of the masses, such as major infrastructure construction, major administrative penalties and major administrative licensing matters. It is conducive to brainstorming and provides scientific basis and institutional guarantee for decision-making.

3. Grassroots democratic form of orderly political participation of China citizens.

(1) Villagers' self-government in rural areas: o Villagers' committee: it is a grass-roots mass self-government organization for villagers' self-management, self-education and self-service, and an institution for villagers to manage village affairs democratically.

O Villagers directly elect village committee cadres through democratic elections in accordance with the principles of fairness, justice and openness. Participate in the decision-making and management of public affairs and public welfare undertakings in the village through villagers' meetings.

O The important role of the village committee: leading villagers to implement villagers' autonomy, managing public affairs and public welfare undertakings in the village, reflecting villagers' opinions to the government, mediating civil disputes, promoting villagers' unity and family harmony, and maintaining social order, production order and living order.

O Villagers can regulate village cadres and their own behaviors through villagers' autonomy regulations or village rules and regulations, and create forms such as village affairs publicity, democratic appraisal of village cadres, and reports of village committees to ensure effective supervision of village cadres' behaviors and work of village committees, so as to institutionalize and standardize villagers' autonomy.

(2) Urban residents' autonomy:

Residents' Committee: a democratic management institution for self-management, self-education and self-service of urban residents, and an autonomous organization of urban residents.

O The cadres of neighborhood committees are directly and democratically elected by residents. Residents manage various affairs through residents' meetings.

O Important functions of neighborhood committees: safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of residents, handling public affairs and public welfare undertakings, mediating disputes among residents, helping to maintain social order and reflecting residents' opinions.

O the great significance of implementing residents' autonomy: it has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of residents to participate in community construction and effectively improved their ability to participate in political life.

(3) Young students should actively participate in orderly political life, try to participate in democratic management activities, learn the knowledge and skills of democratic management, experience the significance and value of democratic management, and gradually enhance and improve the sense of responsibility and practical skills of political participation in practice.

4. Exercise the right of supervision responsibly.

(1) Supervision is the basic political right of citizens.

(2) Several ways of democratic supervision:

Petition system: a system in which citizens supervise by writing to state organs, making phone calls or personally reporting the situation to relevant personnel. It is an important way to exercise the rights of criticism, suggestion, appeal, accusation and exposure endowed by the Constitution, and an effective way to implement democratic supervision.

O System of linking people's deputies with the masses: citizens reflect their opinions, suggestions and demands to people's deputies, form people's deputies' motions, and quickly transmit them to the supervision system of state power organs. It can be proved that citizens' exercise of supervision and participation in democratic supervision can be effectively guaranteed.

O Public opinion supervision system: a system in which citizens publicly express their opinions in news media (TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, etc.). ) Exercise supervision rights according to law and participate in democratic supervision. Public opinion supervision has the characteristics of high transparency, great power, wide influence and fast time limit, and plays a unique role in the supervision of state organs and their staff.

O Other ways: supervision hearing, democratic appraisal meeting, online appraisal of the government and annoying supervisor system are new forms and methods of democratic supervision. With the deepening of political system reform, the government will provide more and more effective channels for citizens to directly exercise their supervisory power and participate in democratic supervision.

(3) the significance of democratic supervision: it is conducive to overcoming bureaucracy and unhealthy practices and improving the work of state organs and their staff; Conducive to safeguarding national interests and the legitimate rights and interests of citizens; It is conducive to inspiring citizens to care about state affairs and making suggestions for socialist modernization.

(4) Exercise the right of supervision responsibly: o Seek truth from facts, truthfully reflect the situation, and do not fabricate or distort the facts, nor falsely accuse or frame others. Can not create trouble, can not contain, impact state organs, intercept official vehicles.

Lesson 3: Our government is the people's government.

1, the main functions of the government

(1) The function of safeguarding people's democracy and maintaining the long-term stability of the country. The government is responsible for defending the independence and sovereignty of the country, protecting citizens' life safety and various legitimate rights and interests, protecting the legitimate property of the state, enterprises and individuals from infringement, safeguarding people's democracy, coordinating contradictions among the people, punishing criminals, and maintaining social security and social order.

(2) the function of organizing socialist economic construction. In the socialist market economy, the government plays a particularly important role in economic construction, mainly in economic regulation, market supervision, social management and public services, so as to promote social and economic development and improve productivity and people's living standards.

(3) the function of organizing socialist cultural construction. On the one hand, the government propagandizes Marxist scientific theory, guides people to resist the erosion of decadent ideas of feudalism and capitalism, carries out "education with ideals, morality, culture and discipline" among all the people, carries forward and cultivates the national spirit, and improves the ideological and moral quality and scientific and cultural quality of the whole nation. On the other hand, the government organizes and develops education, science, culture, health and sports.

(4) the function of providing social services. It is manifested in: the government provides various social public services in building a harmonious socialist society. For example, strengthen the construction of public infrastructure, public cultural facilities and public health facilities; Improve the medical level; Promote the fairness of income distribution and establish and improve the social security system; Control population growth and promote prenatal and postpartum health care; Protect the public environment and prevent all kinds of pollution.

2. Adhere to the principle of being responsible to the people.

Serving the people is the aim of the government, and being responsible for the people is the basic principle of government work, which is determined by the national nature of our country. So, how to adhere to the principle of being responsible to the people? Meet the following three requirements:

(1) Adhere to the working attitude of serving the people. The government and its public officials should firmly establish the idea of serving the people, being sincerely responsible for the people and seeking benefits for the people. In the process of performing official duties, we should go deep into the masses, pay attention to people's livelihood, observe people's feelings and respect public opinion, and we should not harm the interests of the masses, abuse power for personal gain or engage in power and money transactions.

(2) Establish a pragmatic work style. The government and its public officials insist on serving the people, not only in documents and slogans, but also in specific work. We should work hard and implement all the work step by step, one by one, and one by one. We should really focus on studying and solving urgent problems in people's production and life. All the work of the government must stand the test of practice, the masses and history.

(3) Adhere to the working methods of coming from the masses and going among the masses. The government should collect opinions and suggestions from the masses through various channels and make use of various mass organizations and social groups, and take letters and visits from the masses seriously. We must also do practical things for the masses sincerely, try our best to solve difficult problems, and persist in doing good things. System; Establish a strict, fair and honest administrative law enforcement team; Form a standardized, coordinated, fair, transparent, clean and efficient administrative system.

Lesson 4: Our government is supervised by the people.

Summarize the main points of this lesson:

Box 1:

(1) How was the leadership and ruling position of China * * * Production Party established? This is a historical choice and is determined by the nature and purpose of the party.

(2) Enhance the Party's ruling ability: adhere to scientific, democratic and legal ruling, and constantly improve the Party's leadership and ruling style.

(3) The meaning of scientific governance, democratic governance and legal governance.

Box 2:

(1) Theory of Three Represents's centralized generalization: representing the development requirements of advanced productive forces; Representing the orientation of advanced culture; Represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people

(2) Theory of Three Represents's historical achievements: two answers.

(3) Establish Theory of Three Represents as the guiding ideology foundation of the Party: the foundation of building the Party, the foundation of being in power and the source of strength.

(4) How to implement Theory of Three Represents: The key is to keep pace with the times; The core is to uphold the advanced nature of the party.

(5) The essence of Theory of Three Represents: building the party for the public and governing for the people.

(6) To practice Theory of Three Represents, we must persist in taking the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people as the starting point and the end result of all work.

Box 3:

(1) China's characteristic political party system: the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by China's * * * production party.

(2) Friendly and cooperative relations: China's * * * production party is the ruling party, and the democratic parties are participating parties.

(3) The political basis of multi-party cooperation: adhere to the leadership of China * * * Production Party and the Four Cardinal Principles.

(4) The basic principles of multi-party cooperation: long-term survival, mutual supervision, treating each other with sincerity and sharing weal and woe.

(5) The fundamental activity criterion of multi-party cooperation: observing the Constitution and laws.

(6) An important institution of multi-party cooperation: CPPCC.

(7) Advantages of the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of China * * * Production Party: it is conducive to promoting the construction of socialist political civilization; Conducive to promoting the construction of socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization; Conducive to the great cause of peaceful reunification of the motherland.

Lesson 7: China's system of regional ethnic autonomy and religious policies.

Box 1:

(1) New socialist ethnic relations: equality, unity and mutual assistance.

(2) The basic principles of dealing with ethnic relations in China: ethnic equality, ethnic unity and common prosperity of all ethnic groups.

(3) The first principle of dealing with ethnic relations and the meaning of ethnic equality.

(4) the important principles of dealing with ethnic relations and the significance of national unity.

(5) The fundamental principle of dealing with ethnic relations and adhering to the meaning of national prosperity.

(6) Deal well with the relationship between the three basic principles of ethnic relations: ethnic equality is the political basis of national unity, ethnic equality and national unity are the premise of realizing the common prosperity of all ethnic groups, and prosperity is the material guarantee of ethnic equality and national unity.

Box 2:

(1) The meaning of the system of regional ethnic autonomy.

(2) Three-level ethnic autonomous areas: autonomous regions govern the mainland and counties govern the counties.

(3) organs of national self-government: people's congresses and people's governments in autonomous areas.

(4) The core content of the system of regional ethnic autonomy: autonomy.

(5) Why should regional ethnic autonomy be implemented? This is determined by the historical characteristics and reality of our country.

(6) The superiority of the system of regional ethnic autonomy is conducive to maintaining national unity and security; It is conducive to safeguarding the rights of ethnic minority people to be masters of their own affairs; Conducive to the development of socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity and mutual assistance; It is conducive to promoting the vigorous development of socialist modernization.

Box 3:

(1) China's religious policy: the policy of freedom of religious belief; Manage religious affairs according to law; Adhere to the principle of independence and self-management, and actively guide religion to adapt to socialist society.

(2) The accurate connotation of freedom of religious belief.

(3) The connotation of managing religious affairs according to law.

(4) Insist on the connotation of independence.

(5) Actively guide the connotation that religion adapts to socialist society.

(6) Treat religion with a scientific attitude.