Why Zhuge Liang was worshipped by Shu people is inseparable from his outstanding ability to govern the country. No matter what you think of his military ability, you can't deny his economic achievements. Few people in the three countries can match Zhuge Liang's talent in this respect, and among the many internal affairs talents of Wu Wei, there are only two or three at most.
Shu Han and Jiangdong have one thing in common, that is, both economy and politics are not as developed as the Central Plains. Jiangdong is rich in potential resources, but the development resistance is very great-most of these resistances are man-made; Bashu area has the economic foundation left by the former Liu Zhang regime, but the development resources are relatively scarce. In terms of development difficulty, Jiangdong is similar to Bashu. Therefore, it is an important task for Wu and Shu to adopt policies to stimulate and stabilize domestic development in order to compete with the Central Plains. As a result, the two countries unanimously chose tyranny. Zhuge Liang's explanation for this is: "In troubled times, we have to use severe punishment and severe laws." As for the result, Chen Shou's comments can be referred to.
In addition to strict laws, stimulating the economy is also a major issue. Zhuge Liang took many measures to develop the economy of Shu. These are not discussed much in this article. Let's talk about the system of reclaiming farmland, which was very popular during the Three Kingdoms period.
The system of reclaiming farmland can be described as a major feature of the Three Kingdoms period, which made great achievements in Wei, Shu and Wu dynasties. Among them, the small scale of Shu is of course caused by the environment, which refers not only to the geographical environment, but also to the political environment.
Reclamation areas are divided into military villages and civilian villages. The military camp is mainly built on the border between the two countries, because it involves the army, while the private camp is in the mainland. Among the three countries, Wei's civilian camp is relatively large, while Wu and Shu's civilian camp is relatively small. Military presence in these three countries is very popular. For Wei, her two enemies are "Wu near Shu", so the stationing of wasteland in Shu is not as hot as Wu.
Some people may ask, "Isn't there many places in Shu bordering on Wei? Why are wasteland so scarce? " This question is really good, geographically speaking, this statement is correct, but we should look at this phenomenon more comprehensively in combination with the political environment at that time. Although Shu has many territories bordering Wei, most of them are near the northwest, not the Central Plains. In addition, there are many Shu roads in Yizhou, just like the Yangtze River of Wu State, which can effectively stop the attack of Wei State, and there is no need to cultivate land in this area, so Shu State actually cultivates land only in Hanzhong area bordering the political center of Wei State. As for Shu Dao, it is easier to defend than to attack. In fact, two or three points can be seen from the difficulties Deng Ai experienced in destroying Shu. Therefore, when Li Te came to Bashu in the Jin Dynasty, he would sigh: "Liu Chan has this treasure, but he doesn't use it." )
Wei's rule over the northwest is similar to Shu's rule over the clouds and Wu's rule over Baiyue. Although the region belongs to the sphere of influence of the country, it is far from the political center of the country. Although the border of Shu borders Wei, it rarely borders Luoyang and Xuchang, the political centers of Wei, so wei ren would say "Wu is close to Shu", and these areas far from the political centers are not easy to completely control. Later, Zhuge Liang frequently colluded with Qiang tribes during the Northern Expedition, which just illustrated this point.
It needs to be explained again that the ruling area of Wu State spans the Yangtze River, so there are a lot of wasteland in Jianghuai area, which is also one of the sources of income of Jiangdong regime, but this income is not absolutely stable. At that time, Wu's wasteland was destroyed by Wei, and the Jianghuai area became a long-term conflict area between Wu and Wei, especially in the decade after Battle of Red Cliffs. In addition, Wu's system of reclaiming farmland is essentially different from Wei Shu's. I won't say much about this, until I write an article about Jiangdong economy in the future.
Zhuge Liang's ability to govern the country is a genius, and his governance of Shu has written a glorious page in the history of China.
[Diplomatic storm]
In the troubled times of the Three Kingdoms, during this period, all regimes should simultaneously launch "military, economic and diplomatic" arrows and treat other forces, whether friends or enemies. The role of diplomacy can not be ignored, which is an important topic during the Three Kingdoms period. It reflects the communication skills of a country's political power and other political powers, as well as the ability to control word games.
Wu's understanding and mastery of diplomacy is undoubtedly excellent, especially for heavyweight Jiangdong politicians such as Sun Quan and Lu Su. Shu also has many outstanding diplomats, such as Deng Zhi, and Zhuge Liang is a good talent in this field.
Before the Battle of Red Cliffs started, there was a heated discussion in Wu, the theme of which was how to welcome the arrival of Cao Cao's army. Civil servants headed by Zhang Zhao and Jiangdong Group belong to the main peace faction, while Jiangbei Group headed by Zhou Yu and Lu Su belongs to the main war faction. It must be explained here that Zhang Zhao's proposition is to "welcome Cao" rather than "surrender Cao". There is a big difference between the two. In the original words of Zhang Zhao in the history of the Three Kingdoms, there is no meaning of surrender. It has always been unfair for people to list Zhang Zhao as a "capitulator". The so-called "welcome to Cao Cao" is to swear allegiance to Cao Cao, admit that Cao Shi regime is the "sovereign state" of the regime, and give Sun Quan's son to Cao Cao as a hostage, just like paying taxes in the Southern Song Dynasty to the Northern Jin Dynasty, but it is still a formal independent regime. Even if a well-established regime like Wu surrendered to Cao Cao, Cao Cao could not completely control it at once. Therefore, the matter of "welcoming Cao Cao" only takes a negative attitude towards Cao Cao, instead of completely giving up the achievements of his own construction over the years and giving them to Cao Cao unconditionally and free of charge. Coupled with the instability in the north at that time, Cao Cao could not fully grasp the Jiangdong area with many local tyrants in a short time. Therefore, when Sun Quan adopted the decisions of both sides, there was absolutely no question of surrender or not. He only greeted Cao Cao with gentle or tough means. It is precisely because he did not choose the road taken by Battle of Red Cliffs in the Southern Song Dynasty, and repeatedly refused to "send his son to Wei", so even if he became a vassal of Wei, he would certainly be able to keep his actual political power, so the great patriotic poet Xin Qiji would write many articles praising him. I firmly oppose the statement that Zhang Zhao is a capitulator. He was the greatest contributor to the development of Jiangnan in the early days of Sun Shi regime. He is unwilling to hand over his years of hard work to the enemy without principle. He made peace because he didn't want his hard work in recent years to be destroyed by war, rather than what Pei Songzhi called "the heart is in Han, not Wu". He advocates "peace" probably because he is a civil servant.
The argument ended with Sun Quan choosing to drive Cao Cao away by force. At this time, Zhuge Liang visited Wu at the invitation of Sun Quan and staged a drama of "inspiring Sun Quan with wisdom". Some people think Zhuge Liang is very difficult: before Zhuge Liang came, Sun Quan had resisted Cao. Isn't it unnecessary for you to "inspire Sun Quan with wisdom"? Another good question, let's analyze it carefully. Sun Quan did have the heart to resist Cao. Even if Zhuge Liang didn't persuade him to resist Cao, Battle of Red Cliffs would break out as scheduled. However, it is necessary for Zhuge Liang to stimulate Sun Quan. This "inevitability" is not embodied in "inspiration", but in "wisdom".
First, let's take a look. During the Three Kingdoms period, heroes from all walks of life burned and looted everywhere in the name of "restoring the Han Dynasty". Dong Zhuo claimed to be the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, a thief and a hero. All the Eighth Route Army were pregnant with fake babies, but when they attacked Dong Zhuo, they called themselves "Han thieves". Liu Biao, Sun Jian, Zhang Yan, Gongsun Zan, Yuan Shao and others split China with the slogan of "diligent king"; Cao Cao held the emperor to make the princes; Liu Bei and Liu Zhang used the so-called "Han bloodline" to realize their ambitions. Except Yuan Shu, he really became emperor, so his ending was the funniest of all. Therefore, it can be seen that the Han Dynasty is still very useful in the eyes of politicians.
By chance, troubled times arranged for Zhuge Liang and Sun Quan, two experienced politicians who were only 27 years old, to meet. As mentioned above, the Han Dynasty is still a valuable signboard, so where is Zhuge Liang's wisdom to inspire Sun Quan? I am wise on this signboard. Although Sun Quan is younger than Zhuge Liang, he has been in politics for several years and accumulated considerable political experience. Zhuge Liang will know whether he has the heart to resist Cao. Besides, Sun Quan also sent Lu Su to see Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, which has shown the reality of the problem. So Zhuge Liang paid a return visit to Soochow and responded to Sun Quan's greetings. Politics is often preemptive and uses various means to achieve its goals, which is the focus of diplomatic occasions.
Zhuge Liang's Zhi Ji said that Liu Bei was a member of the Han royal family, so anyone could submit to Cao Cao except Liu Bei. First of all, think about whether Liu Bei is a royal family. This is not what Cao Cao and Sun Quan care about. They didn't buy it, but Zhuge Liang's words reminded Sun Quan and others: "You are just messing around with the signs of the Han Dynasty." This is tantamount to exhausting or at least reducing the degree to which Sun Quan wants to bargain with Liu Bei on political interests.
Although Liu Bei's strength at that time could only be described by the word "weak", Soochow was much stronger than Liu Bei's gang after all, and when he went to Soochow, he probably only needed to sign an "unequal treaty" with Soochow. Therefore, in the face of allies who are stronger than themselves, how to minimize the "inequality" of this treaty is to test the vigilance of diplomatic officials. So Zhuge Liang made an "intellectual shock" to imply that Sun Quan said, "You Wu Dong fought for the Han Dynasty, and we Liu Bei are the royal family of the Han Dynasty." In this way, Sun Quan's mouth was blocked by half, which prevented Sun Quan from putting forward such unequal demands as "We made contributions to the Han Dynasty, how are you going to repay me?". Since Liu Huangshu is the Han Dynasty, and you say you want to fight the Han Dynasty, then you can't embarrass us (Liu Huangshu).
From another perspective, Zhuge Liang's "intellectual stimulation" still has many bright spots. One of them is about Liu Bei's position. Liu Bei is weaker than Sun Quan, but he is also a force after all. How to maintain equality between the two sides in negotiations with allies and not give in to each other is also an important issue. Zhuge Liang's "intellectual impulse" gently told Sun Quan: "We are here to negotiate with you, not to be sent by you." After all, Sun Quan is an old hand in politics, and he will certainly understand Zhuge Liang's meaning after listening. Liu Bei's position has also improved a little. So that this negotiation is based on the equality of both sides, rather than one party succumbing to the other.
Another important place, Zhuge Liang went to Dongwu, which brought Sun Quan important information about Cao Jun, so that Sun Quan could adjust his strategy against Cao Cao in time. Therefore, what Zhuge Liang said to Sun Quan is not only a "shock", but also a key information provision.
To sum up, Zhuge Liang's "intellectual stimulation" to Sun Quan can be said to be unique. This "stimulus" is superficial, and negotiations with Wu Dong are not at a disadvantage. This is Zhuge Liang's real intention and a necessary diplomatic means. This is just like when Jiang Gan tried to persuade Zhou Yu, Zhou Yu preemptively said, "Isn't Ziyi here to be a lobbyist?" This is the same reason.
But in fact, we can still see that Sun Quan is not willing to let Liu Bei be his equal. For example, Liu Bei later entered Yizhou when Sun Quan and Cao Cao made friends in Hefei and ruxu, making Sun Quan gnash his teeth. Once Liu Bei captured Yizhou and occupied Jing and Yi, his strength will be greatly strengthened, and the bargaining chip between Soochow and Liu Bei will be obviously eclipsed, and he will lose his "leader" position in the alliance. Sun Quan's control over Liu Bei will also decline, so Sun Quan is eager to return to Jingzhou, and Liu Bei is not a fool and refuses, so the contradiction between the two sides will accumulate deeper and deeper. This irreconcilable contradiction eventually led to Monroe's occupation of Jingzhou. When Soochow later cooperated with Shu again, it returned to the dominant position (the necessity of Wu-Shu alliance was absolutely invisible, but in fact the second promotion of Wu-Shu alliance also included Sun Quan's meaning, not just the meaning of Shu in the Romance). Now, Liu Bei, unwilling to be inferior, refused again, so he made an expedition to Wu in the name of "revenge for Guan Yu" in an attempt to recapture Jingzhou and save this unfavorable situation, but in the end he failed.
Cao Cao is ambitious, but he is not in a hurry to be emperor. He also used the almost rotten signboard of the Han Dynasty to "hold the emperor to make the princes", which is the genius of Cao Cao. Sun Quan was ambitious, but he also showed the decadent signboard of the Han Dynasty, claiming to "crusade against Han thieves" in order to realize his "high-impedance (Liu Bang) hegemony", which is where Sun Quan was brilliant. Liu Bei is also ambitious. He lacked the basic knowledge of starting a business, but created an "uncle" identity out of thin air, which made him politically justified and won a gold medal in the world. This is where Liu Bei is clever. Zhuge Liang, however, was ordered to send a special envoy to Wu Dong in times of crisis to obtain the greatest political benefits by clever diplomatic means, thus achieving the great cause of Liu Bei, which is Zhuge Liang's cleverness. Political struggle and communication are often so incredible.
The alliance between Wu and Shu is also a major manifestation of diplomatic strategy. Although Wu and Shu have confronted each other several times, their political interests are the same, and they can still stand in the same boat after many twists and turns. Therefore, before Liu Bei died and Zhuge Liang came to power, the first thing to do was to restore diplomatic relations between the two countries. With the joint efforts of Zhuge Liang and Sun Quan, the alliance relationship was finally restored. However, after the battle of Yiling, the alliance between Wu and Shu regressed. This is because the Yiling war caused extremely serious mental trauma to the two peoples. Politics often makes people feel ugly, but it also has a human side, because politics is also manipulated. The Yiling War did harm to the people of the two countries, just like a war between two once very good friends. The second alliance after that can only be regarded as a gesture of reconciliation between the two sides out of grace. Although the alliance between the two countries has been restored, because of the war, it is naturally impossible for feelings to be as good as in the past. The two countries can defeat the enemy without fighting and draw swords against each other, but it is impossible to repeat the situation that Wu helped Shu in times of crisis and Shu contained Wei to alleviate the pressure on Wu.
On the other hand, after the tripartite confrontation, Shu settled the cloud, and Wu took the opportunity to develop its economy during its alliance with Wei. The strength of the two countries has increased, their dependence on each other is not as good as before, and the significance of the alliance is not as good as before. Later, there were few examples of allied forces attacking Wei, and most of them fought by themselves. Shu turned a blind eye when Wu Northern Expedition, and looked on coldly when Wu Northern Expedition. This can't be done.
【 Southern Expedition Cloud 】
Speaking of Zhuge Liang's military talents, I believe that many people's first impression is the so-called "six out of Qishan". Personally, I hold a neutral view of Zhuge Liang's military ability, and I don't belittle or flatter him. In my eyes, Cao Cao is the first strategist in the Three Kingdoms, not Zhuge Liang. However, I also think that Zhuge Liang who can govern the country is greater than Zhuge Liang who can fight. People always worship and praise people who "efficiently kill their compatriots", but don't mention people who "efficiently benefit their compatriots", which may show that human nature still has a combative and competitive side.
Regarding Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition, I used to write an article called "The Spring and Autumn Period of the Northern Expedition", and its evaluation was probably biased. I think it needs further consideration, but I don't want to correct my point of view in this article. Let's write an article to discuss it later. We are also discussing military affairs here, but it is not Zhuge Liang's northern expedition, but the southern expedition of ethnic minorities in Yunli.
Ethnic minorities were a big problem for Han people throughout the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and many fans of the Three Kingdoms ignored the seriousness of this problem. In fact, the Three Kingdoms is only the beginning of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties-an important beginning-which is inextricably linked with the later Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Here, I suggest that every fan of the Three Kingdoms should read the history of the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties to enhance their understanding of the Three Kingdoms. In order to illustrate the importance of ethnic minorities in the Three Kingdoms period, I will briefly introduce their development in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
The feud between ethnic minorities and Han nationality can be traced back to the Warring States Period, when Li Mu of Zhao suppressed Hungarians. But strictly speaking, the problems of ethnic minorities can only be traced back to the Han Dynasty, because there was no concept of "Han people" before the Han Dynasty, although Han people inherited the culture of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period.
Who is just in the feud between Han nationality and ethnic minorities? In my opinion, if we speak with conscience, there is no so-called justice between us. The two sides only represent different national interests. It's just that we Han people are strong and write history, so it is inevitable to belittle ethnic minorities in history books. Among them, insulting words such as "Man Zi", "Man Zi", "Kou" and "Nu" frequently appear in official history. Of course, I'm not saying this to vindicate ethnic minorities-although I don't deny that there is no such thing, after all, the concept of the times is different. In ancient China, where there were no foreign countries, these "thieves" would certainly be regarded as the objects that needed to be attacked and infringed at that time.
Among these ethnic minorities, Hungarian is the most representative. After the fiasco in Mobei during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Hungarian nation began a "humiliating life" for more than a hundred years. During the Three Kingdoms period, they gained development space in Cao Wei Group. After the "Eight Kings Rebellion" in the Jin Dynasty, five ethnic minorities, including Hungarians, staged an uprising against the oppressive rule of the Jin Dynasty government. Wuhu uprising was ready to come out, which soon turned the rulers upside down.
After the Jin government moved south, the troubles in the north became more intense. During this period, there appeared many heroes in troubled times, such as Schleswig, Mu Rongchui, Ran Min (Han nationality) and Fu Jian. Later, the north was unified by Tuoba Northern Wei Dynasty (later changed to Yuanshi County), and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was replaced by the Southern Song Dynasty. Since then, the southern regime represented by the Han nationality and the northern regime of ethnic minorities (mainly Xianbei) began in 65433. In the north, it's the Northern Wei Dynasty. Later, Wei was divided into two countries: Northern Zhou and Northern Qi. These two countries are old enemies. Later, the Northern Zhou Dynasty was usurped by the Sui Dynasty, and the farce of the Jin and Wei Dynasties was staged again. As these stories have nothing to do with this topic, I won't introduce them much. If you are interested, go and see the History of Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties by yourself. During the Three Kingdoms period, the Yue nationality, which was a headache for Wu Dong, was also the protagonist of the south throughout the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Well, I believe that it is not difficult for readers to understand how serious the problems of ethnic minorities are when they see this. Next, we will step into the topic of Shu.
Just as Wu and Wei were troubled by the Yue and Qiang nationalities respectively, it also brought a lot of trouble to the Shuhan regime. How to solve the Manchu problem is a top priority for Shu. In order to solve this problem and rob the resources in the cloud, Zhuge Liang launched a military action against the cloud soon after he took office.
The so-called "Nan Man" mainly lives in the cloud area, which is not a good word, full of arrogance and prejudice of Han people in other countries, and contains the meaning of "backwardness and ignorance". Here, I have to remind you that, admittedly, ethnic minorities are indeed behind the Han people, and they will never be as vivid as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and describe Meng Huo and his party as "Mount Tai" as primitive.
When Zhuge Liang conquered that barbarian, he was in no hurry to seek success. According to the harsh terrain in the cloud, he adopted a series of corresponding strategies to deal with and consume the enemy, and finally successfully captured the cloud.
Meng Huo was Zhuge Liang's opponent when he conquered the clouds. As for Meng Huo, after surrendering to Shu Han in the cloud, he played a civil servant role in Shu Han regime, and his image was quite different from that in Romance. As for the "seven capture Meng Huo", there is no detailed record in history. Only Pei's note simply mentions "seven capture and seven vertical" and does not introduce what kind of capture method it is. There are not many introductions of "seven captures and seven verticals" in romance.
Going south to the cloud is a military action of Shu Han to expand and consolidate political power. Zhuge Liang undoubtedly played an absolutely just role in the romance of this war. However, in reality, there is an interesting thing. It is said that a stone tablet stands in Meng Huo's hometown to commemorate a "hero who fought against foreign invasion", which shows us another point of view. So, can the words on this stone tablet be used as a conclusion of the nature of this war? I think so, too. So Zhuge Liang's expedition to the cloud was "aggression" in nature, but please look at this "aggression" with the concept at that time. In the eyes of people at that time, it was "natural" for heroes to actively explore territory and remove obstacles. Zhuge Liang's expedition to the south only turned his opponents into a minority, which is no different from Cao Cao's appeasement of heroes in the north. The minority "stood up".
Zhuge Liang suppressed the people in Yunzhong area brilliantly, and then Yunzhong temporarily calmed down and accepted the leadership of the Shu-Han regime. However, just as Wu Wei failed to solve the "barbarian problem" in his country, Zhuge Liang failed to fundamentally solve this problem, and his suppression of clouds was only temporary. After Zhuge Liang's death, Yun Chang rebelled again soon.
Wei, Shu and Wu are troubled by the problems of ethnic minorities, and they have also become the targets of various countries. For example, Zhuge Liang once incited a "mountain pass" in Wu during Sun Quan's Northern Expedition to create trouble for Sun Quan. Sun Quan also actively fostered Yizhou Group figures who had contradictions with Jingzhou Group, and even joined forces with the "Na Man" in the cloud to deal with Shu. Of course, Zhuge Liang and Sun Quan are only for the benefit of their own regime. What they have done is right or wrong, or Churchill's sentence: "There will be no eternal friends and enemies between countries, only eternal interests."
The problem of ethnic minorities is extremely complicated and difficult to solve, so it is inevitable that the three countries failed to solve it well. This issue is also one of the factors that make reunification in China difficult. The contradiction between the Han people and them can't be concealed, and forced repression can only temporarily make them appear to yield. Therefore, after the reunification of Jin, it was quickly hit by the "Five Lakes". It was not until the Sui and Tang Dynasties that the Han nationality and ethnic minorities were unified after more than 200 years of conflict, struggle and integration.
[Final conclusion]
Throughout Zhuge Liang's life, he worked diligently and tirelessly to build the country. He is afraid that something in Shu will be ignored by him. His efforts, his ability, his selflessness and his diligence ... made Shu's economy prosperous and made him a political star worshipped by Shu people. His excessive diligence also led to his early death, which was more than ten years shorter than Sun Quan of the same age.
When discussing the Three Kingdoms, many netizens always cling to the force of military commanders to debate. Besides, other important topics were not mentioned at all. Even if it is mentioned, it is just timid and has no respect for those who benefit the people at home. This kind of discussion is one-sided, and for a general, it is even more "one-sided" to discuss only the so-called "strength" and take it as all the standards to measure a general's strength, which does not reflect the real level of a general.
Political talents are diverse. A monarch has the talent of a monarch, a general has the talent of a general, and a civilian has the talent of a civilian. Even so, their talents are often not single. If only one aspect is discussed, it is easy to appear the phenomenon of "one mistake covers up the big, and one beautiful man covers up the ugly". To discuss a politician's actions, we should comprehensively discuss his internal affairs, diplomacy, command and other aspects. Zhuge Liang is a politician. When we talk about him, we shouldn't always dwell on several major events of his Northern Expedition. If we look at his life, we will find that his policy of governing the country is very harsh, his diplomatic skills are superb, his political performances are quite wonderful, and his military talents are controversial.
Although I have expressed my concern for Zhuge Liang more than once, I have to admit that Zhuge Liang is a politician second only to Cao Cao in terms of overall performance, and this "time" is only second to military achievements. However, this does not mean that Zhuge Liang is not great. As one of the most accomplished politicians in the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang's talent is amazing. His performance is second only to that of Cao Cao, but he is on an equal footing with Sun Quan and Liu Bei. It is no accident that he was worshipped and admired by the people of Shu. Outstanding ability to govern the country is Zhuge Liang's greatest place, even greater than his military achievements, so Chen Shou will praise him desperately in this respect.
I don't want to judge whether Zhuge Liang is a great man or a sinner with the tone of so-called "scholar", let alone sum up his life with his several northern expeditions. I can't think that Zhuge Liang is as perfect as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, just as I can't believe that he is as useless as some people say. I just want to say that Zhuge Liang, as a figure who has been discussed for thousands of years, has the meaning of his name. Has exceeded his actual value. This may be "the times make heroes". People worship the perfect spirit, not just himself. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, schools all over the country removed the portraits of Japanese great men and hung up the portraits of China great men, including Zhuge Liang in flared skirts. After thousands of years of creation, he has become a part of China's national spirit, which doomed his name.
We in China have a habit of judging people in black and white, either one or two, or positive or negative. If Xiang Yu is just, then Liu Bang is shameless; If Liu Bang is just, then Xiang Yu is evil; If Liu Bei is just, then Cao Cao is a Chinese thief; If Cao Cao is just, then Liu Bei is a rogue ... but I prefer to look at these heroes of the Three Kingdoms from the perspective of the Greeks. Just like Achilles and hector were heroes in the war, Cao Cao was the overlord of the north, Sun Quan was the hero of Jiangdong, Liu Bei was the little hero of Bashu, and Zhuge Liang was worthy of the position of prime minister in the Liu regime. They are all outstanding "politicians" who made a difference in that era.